Water Resources and Hydrometeorology of the Arab Region illustrated edition

Deals with climate and hydrology (surface and sub-surface) of the Arab Region. This book summarizes the topography, climate, surface hydrology and groundwater of the whole Arab region. It is suitable for water resources engineers.

This book mainly deals with climate and hydrology (surface and sub-surface) of the Arab Region. The book contains twelve chapters and three appendices. These chapters comprise a historical introduction, physiographic features and geological settings of the region, climate, analysis of precipitation, evaporation and evapotranspiration, river basins and flow, wadi basins and flow, erosion and sedimentation, groundwater resources, non-conventional water resources, storage of water and impacts of the water scarcity on the future of the region. Appendices I, II and III, on a CD-ROM at the end of the book, list meteorological data, hydrologic data and water quality data used in preparing the book. The book contains reviews of several topics coupled with case studies, data analysis, discussions and conclusions which apply to several areas of water resources planning, development and management. More than 300 sources of literature are included for reference. The extensive coverage of the hydro meteorology and water resources of the Arab Region as presented in the book is essential for all water resources engineers and other professionals as well as researchers and research students involved in these areas of interest. The book is an ambitious attempt to summarize the topography, climate, surface hydrology and groundwater of the whole Arab region. It assembles a lot of material which is readily available only in consultants' reports and similar sources. There are a number of statistical tables covering these topics.

Dedication		v
Foreword		vii
Preface		ix
Historical Introduction		1	(22)
Ancient Civilisations		1	(1)
Highlights on the Old Civilisations in the Arab Region in Relation to Water Resources Planning, Utilisation and Management		2	(13)
The Egyptian Civilisation		2	(6)
The Sumerian, Babylonian Assyrian and Nabatean Civilisations		8	(5)
The Yemenite Civilisation		13	(1)
The North-Africa Civilisation		14	(1)
Highlights on the Holy Religions in Relation to Water and Water Resources		15	(3)
From magic to religion		15	(1)
Water as described in the Holy Books		15	(2)
Establishment of the water law		17	(1)
From a Shining Past to a Gloomy Present		18	(5)
Physiography and Geology of the Arab Region		23	(54)
Brief Description of the Physical Setting of the Arab Region		23	(8)
Brief Description of the Geological Setting of the Region		31	(4)
Physical and Geological Settings of the Countries Members of the Arab Region		35	(42)
The Western subregion states		36	(9)
The Middle subregion states		45	(10)
The Eastern subregion states		55	(22)
Climate of the Arab Region		77	(58)
General Climate of the Arab Region		77	(13)
Air circulation and wind		80	(2)
Temperature		82	(1)
Humidity		83	(1)
Length of daytime		83	(1)
Sunshine		83	(2)
Radiation		85	(1)
Cloudiness		86	(1)
Precipitation		86	(2)
Evaporation and evapotranspiration		88	(2)
Classification of Climate		90	(4)
Climate of the Arab Countries		94	(36)
Western subregion		94	(14)
Central subregion		108	(6)
Eastern subregion		114	(16)
Climate Change in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean		130	(5)
Analysis of Precipitation Data		135	(36)
Annual Rainfall		135	(18)
Homogeneity of rainfall series		135	(13)
Frequency distribution of annual rainfall		148	(5)
Seasonal and Monthly Rainfall		153	(8)
Wet season, wettest month and its contribution to total rainfall, and number of rainy days		153	(1)
Variability of monthly rainfall, wet and dry spells		154	(7)
Long and Short Duration Rainfalls		161	(10)
Formulation of intensity-duration and intensity-duration-frequency relationships		161	(1)
Daily and maximum 24-h rainfall		162	(3)
Short-duration rainfall (shorter than 24-h)		165	(6)
Evaporation and Evapotranspiration		171	(52)
Background and Definitions		171	(2)
Evaporation		172	(1)
Evapotranspiration		172	(1)
Instrumental Measurement		173	(9)
Measurement of evaporation		173	(2)
Measurement of evapotranspiration		175	(7)
Estimation of Evaporation		182	(12)
Introduction		182	(1)
Calculation (estimation) of evaporation, Eo, using the water balance method		183	(1)
Estimation of free water evaporation using climatic data		183	(11)
Estimation of Evapotranspiration		194	(29)
Actual evapotranspiration (ET)a		194	(2)
Consumptive use, and potential and reference evapotranspiration		196	(17)
Comparison between the different approaches used for estimating reference evapotranspiration		213	(7)
Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions		220	(1)
Concluding Remarks		221	(2)
Runoff and River Flow		223	(56)
Runoff		223	(13)
Runoff process		223	(3)
Rainfall-runoff relationships		226	(1)
Modelling the catchment performance		227	(9)
Rivers		236	(31)
Large river basins		236	(20)
Small river basins		256	(11)
Annual Flow Series		267	(12)
Independence of the series		267	(8)
Frequency analysis of annual flow		275	(1)
Concluding remarks		275	(4)
Wadis and Wadi Flow		279	(54)
Introduction		279	(1)
Wadi Basins and Wadi Hydrology in Yemen		280	(14)
Drainage basins of Yemeni wadis		280	(5)
Wadi hydrology and surface water quality in Yemen		285	(9)
Wadi Basins and Wadi Hydrology in Oman		294	(12)
Drainage basins of Omani wadis		294	(3)
Wadi hydrology and surface water quality in Oman		297	(9)
Wadi Basins and Wadi Hydrology in Saudi Arabia		306	(15)
Drainage basins of Saudi wadis		306	(2)
Wadi hydrology and surface water quality of Saudi wadis		308	(13)
Wadi Basins and Wadi Hydrology in the United Arab Emirates		321	(3)
Drainage basins in the United Arab Emirates		321	(2)
Surface water hydrology in U.A.E.		323	(1)
A Short Account of Wadi Flows in the Eastern Sub-region		324	(1)
A Short Account of Wadi Flows in the Western Subregion		325	(4)
General remark		325	(1)
Summary of wadi flows by country		326	(3)
A Short Account of Wadi Flows in the Central Sub-region		329	(4)
General remark		329	(1)
Summary of wadi flows by country		329	(4)
Erosion and sedimentation in drainage basins and in storage reservoirs		333	(36)
General Background and Definitions		333	(2)
Measurement/Estimation of Erosion		335	(7)
Formula of Wieschmeier & Smith (1978)		336	(1)
Experimental plots		336	(1)
Erosion maps and sediment discharge		337	(1)
Experimental basins		338	(1)
Measurements taken over large areas		339	(3)
Sediment Yield of Drainage Basins		342	(1)
Predictive equations		342	(1)
Gross erosion and sediment delivery ratio computations		343	(1)
Generalised erosion and sediment yield maps		343	(1)
Sediment Discharge of Flowing Streams		343	(11)
Sediment measurement		343	(2)
Sediment transport functions		345	(1)
Sediment discharge and concentration in rivers and wadis of the Arab Region		346	(8)
Reservoir Siltation		354	(15)
Monitoring reservoir siltation		356	(1)
Trap efficiency of reservoirs		357	(1)
Case studies of reservoir siltation		358	(8)
Reservoir of the High Aswan Dam, Egypt/Sudan		366	(3)
Groundwater Resources		369	(76)
Introduction		369	(1)
Brief Description of Groundwater Basins in the Arab Region		370	(6)
Grand Occidental Erg		371	(1)
Grand Oriental Erg		372	(1)
Murzuq Basin		372	(1)
Tadouni-Tanzrouft Basin		373	(1)
Nubian sandstone Basin		373	(1)
The Kufra and Sarir Basins		373	(1)
Hadramaut Basin		374	(1)
Az-Zarqua Basin		374	(1)
Amman Az-Zarqua Basin		374	(1)
Groundwater formations in the Arabian Peninsula		374	(2)
Brief Account of Groundwater Salinity in the Arab Region		376	(1)
Groundwater Resources by Country		377	(68)
Mauritania		377	(2)
Morocco		379	(3)
Algeria		382	(2)
Tunisia		384	(4)
Libya		388	(4)
Egypt		392	(5)
The Sudan		397	(3)
Djibouti		400	(2)
Somalia		402	(1)
Comoros		402	(1)
Syria		402	(5)
Lebanon		407	(1)
Palestine		407	(2)
Jordan		409	(4)
Iraq		413	(3)
Kuwait		416	(4)
Bahrain		420	(1)
Qatar		420	(2)
Saudi Arabia		422	(3)
United Arab Emirates (UAE)		425	(3)
Oman		428	(8)
Yemen		436	(9)
Non-Conventional (New) Water Resources		445	(44)
General Introduction		445	(1)
Principles underlying the Search for New Water Resources		446	(9)
Reuse of wastewater		446	(1)
Water desalination		447	(5)
Deep groundwater		452	(1)
Import of water		452	(1)
Rain harvesting and cloud seeding		453	(1)
Virtual water		454	(1)
New (non-conventional) Sources of Water in the Arab Region		455	(27)
Wastewater Reuse		455	(10)
Desalinated water		465	(5)
Deep/non-rejuvenated (fossil) water		470	(6)
Water import/transport		476	(2)
Water harvesting		478	(3)
Virtual water		481	(1)
Environmental and Social Impacts, and Some Remedial Measures		482	(7)
Quality of treated wastewater		483	(1)
Availability of energy		484	(2)
Groundwater abstraction		486	(2)
Water transport		488	(1)
Virtual water		488	(1)
Water Storage		489	(30)
Introduction		489	(1)
Some Hydrological Aspects of Reservoir Storage		490	(4)
Water balance		490	(2)
Reservoir live storage capacity		492	(1)
Design flood for the spillway of the dam		493	(1)
Surface Storage Reservoirs in the Arab Countries		494	(12)
Morocco		495	(2)
Algeria		497	(1)
Tunisia		498	(1)
Egypt and the Sudan		499	(1)
Lebanon		500	(1)
Syria		501	(2)
Iraq		503	(1)
Jordan		503	(2)
Yemen		505	(1)
Recharge Dams		506	(13)
General		506	(1)
Experiences of some countries with recharge dams		507	(12)
Water Scarcity in the Arab Region-Major Problems and Attempts to alleviate their Impacts		519	(30)
Water Scarcity		519	(10)
Addressing water shortage		519	(1)
Demography and share in water resources per capita in the region		520	(4)
Projection of future shares per capita of the available water resources		524	(1)
Distribution of water resources among the three major sectors of water use		525	(1)
Land use		526	(3)
Measures of Water Poverty		529	(6)
Water stress concept		530	(1)
Social water stress index (SWSI)		531	(1)
Water poverty index		532	(1)
Expanded water poverty index (EWPI)		533	(1)
Comparative global scene		534	(1)
Water crisis		535	(1)
Adverse Impacts of Water Scarcity and Remedial Measures		535	(3)
Priority water resources issues in the Arab Region		535	(1)
Adverse impacts		536	(2)
Potential Areas of Conflict on water resources in the Arab Region		538	(11)
Surface Water Resources		538	(3)
Groundwater resources		541	(1)
Water resources development, Case studies from the Arab region		542	(3)
Water resources remedial measures		545	(4)
References		549	(18)
References Index		567	(6)
Geographical Index		573	(6)
Note to the Reader/User of the Book		579	(2)
Contents of Appendices		581