| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
| Author |
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xxv | |
| Executive Summary |
|
xxvii | |
| Cautions |
|
xxix | |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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"Cannabis"---A Comprehensive Term |
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1 | (1) |
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The Widespread Misunderstanding That Marijuana Is "Flowers" of Cannabis sativa |
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1 | (3) |
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Why Cannabis Is Controversial |
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4 | (1) |
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Sexual Reproduction in Cannabis |
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5 | (1) |
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How the Four Kinds of Horses Are Similar to the Four Kinds of Cannabis sativa |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Genetic Relationships of Different Kinds of Cannabis Plants |
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11 | (1) |
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The Criminalization and Suppression of Cannabis |
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12 | (2) |
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The Relegitimization of Cannabis |
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14 | (1) |
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The Decriminalization and Resurrection of Industrial (Nonintoxicating) Cannabis |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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The Decriminalization and Resurrection of Medical Cannabis |
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16 | (1) |
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The Decriminalization and Resurrection of Recreational Cannabis |
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16 | (1) |
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Benefit/Harm Analysis of the Many Ways That Cannabis Is Used |
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17 | (1) |
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The Interface of Cannabis Science and Public Policy |
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17 | (2) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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19 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Prehuman and Early History of Cannabis sativa |
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23 | (10) |
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The Family Tree and Prehuman Antiquity of Cannabis sativa |
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23 | (1) |
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The Incredibly Parallel Histories of Cannabis and Its Closest Relative, Hamulus (Hop) |
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23 | (3) |
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Uncertainty Regarding the Early Historical Association of Cannabis and People |
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26 | (1) |
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Location of the Prehuman Distribution Range |
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26 | (1) |
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The Habitat of Ancient Wild Cannabis sativa |
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27 | (1) |
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The "Camp-Follower" Model of Early Domestication of Cannabis sativa |
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27 | (2) |
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How Adaptation to Streamside Soils Led to Water-Based Fiber Extraction |
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29 | (1) |
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Earliest Geographical Centers of the Four Kinds of Domesticated Cannabis sativa |
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30 | (1) |
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Early Old World Geography of Fiber and Marijuana Classes of Cannabis sativa |
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30 | (1) |
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Early Migrations of Fiber and Marijuana Kinds of Domesticated Cannabis sativa |
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31 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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32 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 The Ecology of Wild Cannabis sativa |
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33 | (18) |
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33 | (1) |
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Evaluating Wildness in Cannabis sativa Populations |
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34 | (1) |
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Geography of Wild Cannabis sativa |
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34 | (1) |
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Habitats and Plant Communities Occupied |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Edaphic (Soil) Limitations |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Environmental Factors Controlling Germination |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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Phenotypic Plasticity: A Key to Success |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Human Eradication Efforts |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (16) |
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What Is "Sex" in Flowering Plants? |
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51 | (1) |
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Maleness and Femaleness in Cannabis in Comparison to Other Flowering Plants |
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51 | (1) |
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Differences between Male and Female Cannabis Plants |
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52 | (1) |
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Male Plants and Their Flowers |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Female Plants and the Pollination of Their Flowers |
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54 | (1) |
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Remarkable Development of Unpollinated Female Flowers |
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55 | (3) |
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Monoecious ("Hermaphroditic") Kinds of Cannabis sativa |
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58 | (2) |
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Cross-Fertilization and Self-Fertilization |
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60 | (1) |
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Genetic Determination of Sex |
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60 | (1) |
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Sex-Associated DNA Markers |
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60 | (1) |
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Environmental Determination of Sex |
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60 | (1) |
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Modification of Sex by Hormonal Treatment |
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61 | (1) |
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Reduction and Elimination of Males for Human Purposes |
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61 | (1) |
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Culling of Most Male Plants When Seeds Are Produced for Industrial Hemp |
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61 | (1) |
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Culling of All Male Plants for the Purpose of Producing Marijuana |
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61 | (1) |
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Selection of Female-Predominant Monoecious Strains |
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62 | (1) |
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Generation of Seeds Producing "All-Female" Plants |
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62 | (1) |
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Use of Environment and/or Hormones by Marijuana Growers to Increase Females |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Summary of the Demise of Male Cannabis under Domestication |
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63 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (8) |
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Introduction to Reproductive Photoperiodism in Cannabis sativa |
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67 | (1) |
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Autoflowering (Day-Neutral) Plants |
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68 | (1) |
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Latitudinal Photoperiodic Adaptation |
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69 | (2) |
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The Interaction of Photoperiodism, Killing Frosts, and Seed Production |
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71 | (1) |
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Photoperiodic Problems for Plants of Northern Origin Grown Close to the Equator |
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71 | (1) |
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Photoperiodic Problems for Plants of Semitropical Origin Grown in Northern Latitudes |
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72 | (1) |
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Photoperiodic Problems for Semiequatorial Drug Strains in Northern Climates |
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73 | (1) |
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Unsuitable Photoperiod May Not Be the Only Cause of Poor Performance |
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73 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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74 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Shoot and Foliage Architecture |
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75 | (16) |
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75 | (1) |
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Basic Leaf Botany of Cannabis |
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75 | (1) |
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Shoot Architecture of Wild Plants |
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75 | (1) |
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Shoot Architecture of Plants Grown in Different Field Configurations |
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76 | (2) |
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Shoot Architecture of Fiber Crops |
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78 | (2) |
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Reducing the Height of Marijuana Plants |
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80 | (2) |
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"Sea of Green" and "Screen of Green" Cultivation Methods |
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82 | (2) |
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Reducing the Height of Fiber Plants |
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84 | (1) |
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Resistance to Catastrophic Stem Damage |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Protective Unicellular Hairs |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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88 | (3) |
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91 | (52) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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The Golden Age of Hemp in the Western World |
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93 | (1) |
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The Labor-intensive Pre-Twentieth Century Period |
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94 | (1) |
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The Twentieth Century Great Demise of Hemp in the Western World |
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94 | (5) |
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99 | (1) |
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The Two Basic Classes of Stem Fiber: Phloem (Bast) and Xylem (Wood) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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The Economically Important Stem Tissues |
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100 | (1) |
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Ambiguities Regarding Stem Tissue Anatomical Terms |
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101 | (1) |
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How the Three Kinds of Fiber Contribute to Stem Strength |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Fiber Extraction Technologies |
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105 | (4) |
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How Domestication Has Altered Cannabis sativa for Fiber Production |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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Textiles, Fabrics, and Clothing |
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111 | (2) |
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Substrates for Plant Growth |
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113 | (1) |
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Horticultural Planting Media |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Pressed and Molded Fiber Products |
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113 | (1) |
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Paper and Specialty Pulp Products |
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114 | (2) |
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Building Construction Products |
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116 | (1) |
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Construction Wood Products (Pressboard, Moldings) |
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117 | (1) |
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Concretized and Masonry Construction Products (Stucco, Building Blocks, Tiles) |
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117 | (3) |
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Animal Bedding Based on Hurds |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Compressed Cellulose Plastics |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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General Growth Requirements |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Maintaining Seed Viability in Storage |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Wind, Rain, and Hail Damage |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Market Development and Future Needs |
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136 | (3) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (36) |
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Introduction to Edible Fixed Oil |
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143 | (1) |
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Introduction to Hempseed and Hemp Oil |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (2) |
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Oil Extraction and Processing Technology |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Nutritional Qualities of Hemp Seed and Oil |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Other Significant Dietary Constituents |
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155 | (1) |
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Environmental Control of the Development of Fatty Acids |
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155 | (1) |
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How Domestication Has Altered Cannabis sativa for Oilseed Production |
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155 | (1) |
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Review of Key Information Presented in Previous
Chapters |
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155 | (1) |
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The Traditional Use of Tall, Highly Branched Plants to Produce Hempseed |
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156 | (1) |
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The Use of Short, Compact Plants to Produce Hempseed |
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157 | (1) |
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Selection for Seed Characteristics |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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Seed Size vs. Seed Quantity |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Hemp Seed and Oil Culinary Limitations |
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160 | (1) |
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Processed Food Products for Humans |
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161 | (1) |
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Raw Hempseed Sprouts for Humans |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Nutraceutical Extracts (Dietary Supplements), Functional Foods, and Fortified Foods |
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164 | (2) |
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Cosmeceutical Products (Nutritional Cosmetics) |
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166 | (1) |
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Industrial (Nonedible) Products |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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THC Contamination of Oilseed Products |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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The Potential Use of Oilseed Cultivars to Produce CBD and "Highless Marijuana" |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Market Development and Future Needs |
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175 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (12) |
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Introduction to Essential Oil |
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179 | (1) |
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The Nature of Cannabis Essential Oil |
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179 | (2) |
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Possible Plant-Protective Functions of the Essential Oil of Cannabis |
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181 | (1) |
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Value of Cannabis Terpenoids as Commercial Repellents |
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181 | (1) |
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Medical Significance of Terpenes in Cannabis |
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181 | (1) |
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Why Eliminating Terpenes by Irradiating Medical Marijuana May Be Harmful |
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182 | (1) |
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Evolution of Essential Oil in Domesticated Cannabis |
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182 | (1) |
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Odor and Other Organoleptic Qualities of Marijuana |
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183 | (1) |
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Odor Has Become a Key Selling Criterion for Marijuana |
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184 | (1) |
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The Importance of Terpene Odor for Oilseed Cannabis |
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184 | (1) |
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Odor Detection and Law Enforcement |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Market Potential for Cannabis Essential Oil |
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187 | (1) |
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Breeding Cultivars for Essential Oil Harvest |
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188 | (1) |
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Breeding Marijuana Strains for Attractive Terpene Profile |
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188 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (8) |
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191 | (1) |
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Merits of Cannabis sativa as a Source of Biomass |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Nonseed Use of Hemp as Livestock Feed |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Hemp as a Protective Companion Plant |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Hempseed as a Growth Medium for Fungi and Other Microorganisms |
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196 | (1) |
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Hemp as an Agricultural Pollen Barrier |
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196 | (1) |
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Edible Shoots (Stems and Foliage) |
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197 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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197 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Cannabis Chemistry: Cannabinoids in Cannabis, Humans, and Other Species |
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199 | (24) |
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Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis: The Plant's Drug Factories |
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199 | (5) |
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Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa |
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204 | (1) |
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Clarification of the Term "Psychoactive" |
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204 | (1) |
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Clarification of the Term "Drug" |
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204 | (1) |
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Basic Chemistry of the Cannabinoids |
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204 | (3) |
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Decrease of Intoxicant Ability by Transformation of THC to CBN |
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207 | (1) |
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Variation of Cannabinoids among Different Kinds of Cannabis Plants |
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208 | (1) |
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Conversion of Nonintoxicant CBD to Intoxicant THC in the Laboratory and Possibly in the Human Body |
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209 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis and Genetics of the Cannabinoids of Cannabis |
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209 | (2) |
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Quantitative Variation of Cannabinoids in Different Plant Parts |
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211 | (1) |
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Quantitative Variation of Cannabinoids in Relation to Length of Growth Period |
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212 | (1) |
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Quantitative Variation of Cannabinoids in Relation to Environmental Factors |
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212 | (1) |
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Quantitative Variation of Cannabinoids in Relation to Stress |
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212 | (1) |
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Quantitative Variation of Cannabinoids in Relation to Chromosome Doubling |
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213 | (1) |
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Qualitative Variation of Cannabinoids in Relation to Stage of Plant Development |
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213 | (1) |
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Qualitative Variation of Cannabinoids in Relation to Environmental Factors |
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213 | (1) |
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Nature vs. Nurture in the Determination of Cannabinoids of Cannabis sativa |
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213 | (1) |
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Environmental Factors Influencing the Qualitative Development of Cannabinoids |
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214 | (1) |
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Breeding for High and Low Levels of Cannabinoids |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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THC Test Protocols for Industrial Hemp |
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216 | (1) |
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Informative Online Websites Regarding THC Sampling Procedures for Hemp |
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217 | (1) |
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Adaptive Purpose of the Cannabinoids |
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217 | (2) |
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Expanded Definitions of Cannabinoids |
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219 | (1) |
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Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
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220 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Nonmedical Drug Usage |
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223 | (52) |
|
Reliability of Counterculture Information |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Sequence of Psychological Impacts |
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224 | (1) |
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Pleasant Psychological Effects |
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224 | (1) |
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Unpleasant Psychological Symptoms |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Concern for Mental Status |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome |
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228 | (1) |
|
Marijuana as a "Gateway Drug" |
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229 | (1) |
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Concern for Lung Function |
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229 | (1) |
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Societal vs. Individual Health |
|
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
|
Risk of Contamination and Adulteration of Street Marijuana |
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232 | (1) |
|
Risk of Exposure to Indoor Grow-Op Environments |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
|
The Great Debate: Is Cannabis Relatively Harmful or Benign? |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Representative Viewpoints That Cannabis Is Relatively Harmful |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Representative Viewpoints That Cannabis Is Relatively Benign |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Global Usage of Marijuana |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
A Brief History of Nonmedical Psychotropic Usage of Cannabis Drugs |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
Modern Spiritual Usage of Cannabis |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Cannabiphobia and the Cultural War on Marijuana |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Growing Public Acceptance of Marijuana |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
The Genetic "Improvement" of Marijuana Due to Law Enforcement |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
Formal Botanical Nomenclature and "Strains" of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
The Evolution of High-THC Strains |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
"Sativa Type" and "Indica Type," the Two Domesticated Kinds of Marijuana Plants |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
Selection for Color in Marijuana Strains |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Distortion of Botanical and Horticultural Terms by the Marijuana Trade |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Technologies for Preparing Cannabis Drugs |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Advanced Nonsolvent Technologies for Preparing Concentrates of Gland Heads |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Technologies for Smoking and Vaping Cannabis Drugs |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Simple (Nonfiltering) Pipes |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
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262 | (1) |
|
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263 | (1) |
|
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264 | (2) |
|
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|
266 | (2) |
|
Preferred Modes of Marijuana Consumption |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Ethical Perspectives of Decriminalization and Legalization of Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
|
|
270 | (5) |
|
Chapter 13 Medical Marijuana: Theory and Practice |
|
|
275 | (76) |
|
Introduction to the Controversy |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
How Medical Does Marijuana Have to Be to Qualify as "Medical Marijuana?" |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Medical Marijuana as a Pretext for Nonmedical Use |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
A Brief History of Medical Usage of Cannabis |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
Noncannabinoid Medicinal Components |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Bias in Research on Medical Marijuana |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Bias against Euphoric Medicines |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
The Issue of Incapacitation (Reduction in Abilities) while Intoxicated |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Transfer of Bias against THC to Nonintoxicating Cannabinoids |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
The Importance of Experimental Design in Evaluating Medical Marijuana |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
The Precautionary Principle in Relation to Medical Marijuana |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Recent Authorized Medical Marijuana Production and Usage |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological Terminology for Marijuana |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Comparative Therapeutic Value of Pure Chemicals and Herbal Mixtures |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Medicinal Importance of Combining THC and CBD |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
The Accidental Medicinal Value of Indica Type Strains |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Overview of Medical Marijuana Preparations |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
Medical Marijuana Drug Delivery Systems |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Safer Respiratory Systems |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Valsalva Maneuver and Prolonged Breath-Holding |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Synthetic Oral Cannabis Drugs |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Dermal and Mucosal Drug Absorption |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
THC Dosages, Absorption Rates, and Time Course of Effects |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Blood Concentrations of THC in Relation to Safe Driving |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
The Endocannabinoid System as a Basis for Much of the Medical Value of Marijuana |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Overview of the Endocannabinoid System |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
Introduction to Cell Receptors and G Protein-Coupled Receptors |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Endocannabinoid Receptors |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
Intercellular Communication Involving Endocannabinoids |
|
|
306 | (3) |
|
The Broad Range of Compounds Affecting the Endocannabinoid System |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Effects of Cannabinoids on Nonendocannabinoid Physiological Systems |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Medical Importance of the Endocannabinoid System |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Extensive Activity of the Endocannabinoid System Limits Targeted Therapy |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Evolution of the Endocannabinoid System and Potential for Nonhuman Patients |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
The Endocannabinoid System in Relation to the Lack of Overdose Marijuana Mortality |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
LD50 (Median Lethal Dose) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Comparative Overdose Lethality of Cannabis and Other Drugs |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Cannabinoids as a Possible Basis for Eliminating the Need for Herbal Medical Marijuana |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Medical Conditions for Which Cannabis Has or May Have Value |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Alzheimer's Disease and Other Forms of Dementia |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Anorexia and Appetite Loss |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal Diseases |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Multiple Sclerosis and Spasticity |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Medical Application of Specific Cannabinoids |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Other Natural Cannabinoids |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Cautions Regarding Medical Marijuana |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Limitations of Expert Medical Guidance in the Use of Medical Marijuana |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Allergies Due to Cannabis sativa |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Is Marijuana a Bona Fide Medicine? Tentative Conclusions |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
Medical-Ethical Perspectives of Legalization of Medical Marijuana |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
Chapter 14 Medical Marijuana: Production |
|
|
351 | (20) |
|
The Need for High Standards of Professionalism |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Fundamentals of Marijuana Plant Production |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
Planting Density and Yields |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Governmental Production Quotas |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
High-Pressure Sodium Lighting |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Light-Emitting Diode Lighting |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Atmospheric Growth Conditions |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Air-Borne Contaminants in Relation to Stickiness |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Carbon Dioxide Concentration |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Microbiological Safety and Sterilization |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Monitoring and Controlling the Production of Standardized Herbal Marijuana |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Informative Online Documents and Websites Regarding Production of Medical Marijuana |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Biotechnological Approaches of Potential Importance to Medicinal Marijuana |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
|
|
367 | (4) |
|
Chapter 15 The Commercial Marijuana Revolution |
|
|
371 | (34) |
|
A Sea Change for Better or Worse |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Commercial Obscuration of the Distinction between Medical and Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Physician Gatekeepers for Hire to Provide Legal Access to Pseudopatients |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Prescription Drugs vs. Over-the-Counter Herbals |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
The Evolution of Physician Acceptance of Medical Cannabis |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Softening of Medical Opposition |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Profit-Driven vs. Health-Driven Medical Marijuana |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Patient Financial Reimbursement |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Medical vs. Recreational Marijuana Markets |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
The Role of "Big Tobacco" |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Professional Niches in the Developing Marijuana Business Sector |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Opposition to Commercialization of Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Medical Opposition to Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Political Opposition to Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Badmouthing the Competition |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Growing Societal Acceptance of Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
The Need for Caution in Legitimizing Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Effects of Increased Availability of Authorized Cannabis |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Effects on Prevalence of Usage |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Financial Guesti mates of the Potential Monetary Value of Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Economic Effects of Legitimizing Recreational Marijuana on the Illegitimate Marijuana Industry |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Costs of Production of Marijuana |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Elementary Business Hazards: Will the "Pot Boom" Become a "Pot Bubble?" |
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
Possible Scenarios of Success or Collapse of Sectors of the Marijuana Market |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Why Not Harvest CBD from Hemp? |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Genetically Engineered Cannabis sativa |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Marketplace Constraints Related to "Cheap Highs" |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Comparative Costs of Pot and Booze |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Coexistence of Black and White Markets |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Absence of Foreign Competition for Authorized Marijuana |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Market Production Models: Big vs. Small-Scale Businesses |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
State Monopoly vs. Private Sector |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Home Delivery ("Weed on Wheels") |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Potency as a Determinant of Sales Restriction |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
The Age of Majority---A Problematical Determinant of Sales and Consumption Restrictions |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Opium Poppy as a Business Model for Marijuana Production |
|
|
397 | (3) |
|
Laughing Gas as a Business Model for Marijuana Production |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
The Great Irony: From Counterculture Drug to Mass-Marketed Commodity |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
The Cannabis Roads to Heaven and Hell |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
The Precautionary Principle in Relation to Commercial Development of Cannabis |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Reasonable Regulatory Risk Management |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
Chapter 16 Sustainability |
|
|
405 | (18) |
|
The Reputation of the Cannabis Plant for Sustainability |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
How Major Crops Harm the World and Why Cannabis sativa Can Be Beneficial |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Comparative Environmental Friendliness of Cannabis sativa and Other Crops |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous Environmental Advantages |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Environmental Disadvantages |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Environmentally Friendly Commercial Products |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Thermal Insulation Products |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
State Subsidization of Industrial Hemp---Good or Bad? |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Environmental Cost of Indoor Production of Marijuana |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Ecological Damage from Irresponsible Illegal Cultivation of Marijuana |
|
|
416 | (3) |
|
The Dangerous Concept of Employing Bioweapons to Eliminate Marijuana Plants |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Sustainability Depends on Using Sustainable Methods |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
Chapter 17 Germplasm Resources |
|
|
423 | (24) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
In Situ vs. Ex Situ Conservation of Wild Germplasm |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Private Ownership of Germplasm vs. Long-Term Conservation in Public Collections |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
World Gene Bank Situation |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
Seed Storage in Gene Banks |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Clonal Storage in Gene Banks |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Cell and Tissue Storage in Gene Banks |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
The Importance of N.I. Vavilov |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Seed Storage Conditions for Cannabis sativa |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
The Challenge of Preventing Pollen Contamination of Cannabis sativa Germplasm |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
The Shamefully Inadequate State of Germplasm Preservation of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
The Germplasm Importance of Wild-Growing Cannabis sativa |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
The Germplasm Importance of Landraces of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Chinese Germplasm of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
World Gene Bank Collections of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
European "National Collections" of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
The Vavilov Institute Collection |
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
The Gatersleben Collection |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
North American Public Germplasm Collections of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Germplasm Collections and the Future of Industrial Hemp |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Germplasm Resources for Fiber |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Germplasm Resources for Oilseed |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Germplasm Resources for Essential Oil |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Germplasm Collections and the Future of Medicinal and Recreational Marijuana |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Medicinal and Recreational Cannabis |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Guide to the Most Commonly Grown Industrial Hemp Cultivars |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
|
|
439 | (8) |
|
Chapter 18 Botanical Classification and Nomenclatural Issues |
|
|
447 | (28) |
|
Theoretical Classification Issues |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Scientific Classifications Often Differ |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
Scientific Names Are Often Ambiguous |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Geographical Uncertainties Complicate Interpretation of Groups |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Possible Relationships among Wild Ancestors, Domesticates, and Escapes |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Classification Difficulties Due to Hybridization |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Stereotypical Thinking---A Roadblock to Biological Classification |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Classification Difficulties Due to Obliteration of Populations by Humans |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Taxonomic Splitting and Rank Inflation |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
The Semantic "Legal Species" Issue (or Dressing Up a Wolf in Sheep's Clothing) |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Domestication Complicates Classification |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
A Comparison of Competing Classification Systems for Cannabis |
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
Semantic Difficulties Concerning Sativa Type and Indica Type Cannabis sativa |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Homogenization Due to Gene Flow |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Alternative Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Treatments |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Cannabis Assemblages as Conventional Taxa |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Cannabis Cultivar Assemblages as "Groups" under the Cultivated Plant Code |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
Crop-Wild Assemblages as Nonformal Groups |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Occam's Razor in Relation to the Evolution and Classification of Cannabis |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
How Many Species of Cannabis Merit Recognition? |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
A Rationale for Emphasizing the Principal Selected Character Complexes in Classification |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
Identification Key to Subspecies and Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Curiosities of Science, Technology, and Human Behavior |
|
|
472 | (3) |
| Literature Cited |
|
475 | (66) |
| Index |
|
541 | |
