| Contributors |
|
ix | |
| Preface |
|
|
1 Introduction: What is Sustainable Desalination? |
|
|
1 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 Desalination and the Growing Water Security Concerns |
|
|
1 | (5) |
|
2 Environmental Impact of Desalination: Current Status and Mitigation Approaches |
|
|
6 | (9) |
|
3 Economic Sustainability of Desalination |
|
|
15 | (7) |
|
4 Society and Desalination |
|
|
22 | (4) |
|
|
|
26 | (5) |
|
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
2 Membrane-Based Desalination Technology for Energy Efficiency and Cost Reduction |
|
|
31 | (44) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 Trends and Limitations of Leading Desalination Technologies |
|
|
31 | (10) |
|
2 Novel Membrane-Based Desalination Technologies for Reducing Desalination Cost |
|
|
41 | (14) |
|
3 Hybrid Desalination Technology for Energy Efficiency and Cost Reduction |
|
|
55 | (11) |
|
|
|
66 | (9) |
|
|
|
67 | (7) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
3 Autonomous Solar-Powered Desalination Systems for Remote Communities |
|
|
75 | (52) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
2 Water Needs for Remote Communities |
|
|
77 | (5) |
|
|
|
82 | (7) |
|
4 Renewable Energy-Powered Water Technologies/Systems |
|
|
89 | (11) |
|
5 Operation and Maintenance |
|
|
100 | (4) |
|
6 Socioeconomic Integration, Costs, Public Perception, and Market Potential |
|
|
104 | (8) |
|
|
|
112 | (15) |
|
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
|
117 | (8) |
|
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
4 Thermodynamics, Exergy, and Energy Efficiency in Desalination Systems |
|
|
127 | (80) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
2 Thermodynamic Essentials |
|
|
132 | (16) |
|
|
|
148 | (9) |
|
4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Desalination Processes |
|
|
157 | (17) |
|
5 Entropy Generation Mechanisms in Seawater Desalination Technologies |
|
|
174 | (11) |
|
6 Second Law Efficiency for a Desalination System Operating as Part of a Cogeneration Plant |
|
|
185 | (5) |
|
|
|
190 | (17) |
|
Appendix A Seawater Properties Correlations |
|
|
192 | (8) |
|
Appendix B Pitzer Parameters |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
|
|
202 | (5) |
|
5 Brine Management in Desalination Plants |
|
|
207 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
207 | (9) |
|
2 Modeling of Brine Discharge |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
3 Technologies Used in Brine Treatment |
|
|
219 | (13) |
|
|
|
232 | (5) |
|
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
6 Advanced Membrane-Based Desalination Systems for Water and Minerals Extracted From the Sea |
|
|
237 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
|
|
240 | (4) |
|
3 Zero Liquid Discharge Strategy Through Integrated Membrane-Based Desalination Systems: Description of the Process |
|
|
244 | (3) |
|
4 Economics and Energy Consumption of the Process |
|
|
247 | (8) |
|
5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
|
|
255 | (6) |
|
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
7 Nanoparticle Incorporation into Desalination and Water Treatment Membranes---Potential Advantages and Challenges |
|
|
261 | (44) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 Membranes for Water Treatment: Background and Motivation for Nanoparticle Incorporation |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
2 Nanoparticles and Their Unique Properties |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
|
|
266 | (28) |
|
4 Conclusions and Future Prospects |
|
|
294 | (11) |
|
|
|
295 | (10) |
|
8 Prospects and State-of-the-Art of Carbon Nanotube Membranes in Desalination Processes |
|
|
305 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
305 | (4) |
|
2 Types of CNTs Used in Membrane Fabrication |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
3 Types of CNT Composite Membranes |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
4 Fabrication Processes for CNT Membranes for Desalination |
|
|
313 | (5) |
|
5 Solute Transport Properties of CNT Membranes |
|
|
318 | (3) |
|
6 Characterization Tools for CNT-Based Membranes |
|
|
321 | (6) |
|
7 Environmental Sustainability of CNT Membranes |
|
|
327 | (5) |
|
8 Challenges and Future Perspectives |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
|
|
334 | (7) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (4) |
|
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
9 Satellites-Based Monitoring of Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Desalination |
|
|
341 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
3 HAB Monitoring and Mapping Using Remote Sensing |
|
|
346 | (21) |
|
|
|
361 | (6) |
|
10 Desalination as a Municipal Water Supply in the United States |
|
|
367 | (32) |
|
|
|
1 Primer on US Municipal Desalination and the US Municipal Water Sector |
|
|
369 | (4) |
|
2 Deciding on Municipal Desalination |
|
|
373 | (5) |
|
3 Public Financing Challenges and Private Opportunities |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
4 Energy Intensity and Alternative Energy Opportunities |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
5 Environmental and Health Protections for Municipal Desalination |
|
|
383 | (7) |
|
6 Brackish Water Desalination in Florida, California, and Texas |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
7 Seawater Desalination in Florida, California, and Texas |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
11 Commercialization of Desalination and Water Treatment Technology: Shining a Light on the Path From Research Project to Intellectual Property Acquisition |
|
|
399 | (15) |
|
|
|
1 How Entrepreneurs Seek Valuable Ideas |
|
|
400 | (8) |
|
2 Considerations for Researchers Embarking on New Projects Aimed at Generating Saleable Intellectual Property |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
3 Potential Desalination Value Creation for Researchers---An Example From the Oil and Gas Industry |
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
| References |
|
414 | (1) |
| Index |
|
415 | |
