Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Recent Trends [Kõva köide]

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Electrocatalysts for Low Temperature Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Recent TrendsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 616 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x170x36 mm, kaal: 1474 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Jul-2017
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527341323
  • ISBN-13: 9783527341320
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527341320.html
Meeting the need for a text on solutions to conditions which have so far been a drawback for this important and trend-setting technology, this monograph places special emphasis on novel, alternative catalysts of low temperature fuel cells. Comprehensive in its coverage, the text discusses not only the electrochemical, mechanistic, and material scientific background, but also provides extensive chapters on the design and fabrication of electrocatalysts.
A valuable resource aimed at multidisciplinary audiences in the fields of academia and industry.
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxiii
1 Principle of Low-Temperature Fuel Cells Using an Ionic Membrane 1(34)
Claude Lamy
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Thermodynamic Data and Theoretical Energy Efficiency under Equilibrium (j=0)
2(6)
1.2.1 Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cell
2(3)
1.2.2 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell
5(3)
1.3 Electrocatalysis and the Rate of Electrochemical Reactions
8(8)
1.3.1 Establishment of the Butler-Volmer Law (Charge Transfer Overpotential)
9(2)
1.3.2 Mass Transfer Limitations (Concentration Overpotential)
11(2)
1.3.3 Cell Voltage versus Current Density Curves
13(2)
1.3.4 Energy Efficiency under Working Conditions (j not equal 0)
15(1)
1.3.4.1 Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cell
15(1)
1.3.4.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell
15(1)
1.4 Influence of the Properties of the PEMFC Components (Electrode Catalyst Structure, Membrane Resistance, and Mass Transfer Limitations) on the Polarization Curves
16(3)
1.4.1 Influence of the Catalytic Properties of Electrodes
17(1)
1.4.2 Influence of the Membrane-specific Resistance
17(1)
1.4.3 Influence of the Mass Transfer Limitations
18(1)
1.5 Representative Examples of Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
19(11)
1.5.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Electronics
19(6)
1.5.2 Hydrogen/air PEMFC for the Electrical Vehicle
25(5)
1.6 Conclusions and Outlook
30(1)
Acknowledgments
31(1)
References
31(4)
2 Research Advancements in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells 35(40)
N. Rajalakshmi
R. lmran Jafri
K.S. Dhathathreyan
2.1 Introduction
35(3)
2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
38(12)
2.2.1 Current Scenario
41(2)
2.2.2 Ideal Properties for Electrocatalyst, Catalyst Support, and Current Collectors for Market Entry
43(1)
2.2.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Bringing Down Pt Loading
44(1)
2.2.4 Types of Catalyst Supports (Activated Carbon, CNT, Graphene, etc.)
44(2)
2.2.5 Non-Pt-Based Catalysts
46(1)
2.2.6 Catalyst Corrosion and Fuel Cell Life (Protocols for Testing)
46(1)
2.2.7 Type of Fuels (Alcohols)
46(4)
2.3 Alkaline Fuel Cells
50(9)
2.3.1 Fuels for Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells
50(4)
2.3.2 Types of Catalysts
54(1)
2.3.3 Types of Membranes
54(3)
2.3.4 System Development
57(2)
2.4 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells
59(3)
2.4.1 Catalyst Development
59(2)
2.4.2 System Development
61(1)
2.5 Regenerative Fuel Cells
62(2)
2.5.1 Electrocatalysts
62(1)
2.5.2 System Development
63(1)
2.6 Conclusions and Outlook
64(1)
Acknowledgments
65(1)
References
65(10)
3 Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells 75(38)
Claude Lamy
3.1 Introduction
75(1)
3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Pt-based Plurimetallic Electrocatalysts
76(14)
3.2.1 Preparation Methods of the Catalysts
76(6)
3.2.1.1 Electrochemical Deposition
76(1)
3.2.1.2 Impregnation-Reduction Methods
77(1)
3.2.1.3 Colloidal Methods
78(3)
3.2.1.4 Carbonyl Complex Route
81(1)
3.2.1.5 Plasma-enhanced PVD
82(1)
3.2.2 Characterization of Catalysts and Determination of Reaction Mechanisms by Physicochemical Methods
82(8)
3.2.2.1 Physicochemical Characterizations
82(1)
3.2.2.2 Electrochemical Measurements: Cyclic Voltammetry and CO Stripping
83(2)
3.2.2.3 Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (EMIRS, FTIRS)
85(1)
3.2.2.4 Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry
86(2)
3.2.2.5 Chromatographic Techniques
88(2)
3.3 Mechanisms of the Electrocatalytic Reactions Involved in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
90(15)
3.3.1 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen
91(2)
3.3.2 Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen
93(3)
3.3.3 Electrocatalysis of CO Oxidation
96(2)
3.3.4 Oxidation of Alcohols in a Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell (DMFC, DEFC)
98(16)
3.3.4.1 Oxidation of Methanol
99(3)
3.3.4.2 Oxidation of Ethanol
102(3)
3.4 Conclusions and Outlook
105(1)
Acknowledgment
106(1)
References
106(7)
4 Direct Hydrocarbon Low-Temperature Fuel Cell 113(32)
Ayan Mukherjee
Suddhasatwa Basu
4.1 Introduction
113(1)
4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
114(5)
4.2.1 Efficiency of DMFC
116(1)
4.2.2 Methanol Crossover
116(1)
4.2.3 Catalyst for Methanol Electrooxidation
117(2)
4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell
119(6)
4.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEFC
120(1)
4.3.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEFC
120(1)
4.3.3 Ethanol Crossover
121(1)
4.3.4 Catalyst for Ethanol Electrooxidation
122(3)
4.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cell
125(4)
4.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC
126(1)
4.4.2 Anion Exchange Membrane-based DEGFC
126(2)
4.4.3 Catalyst for Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation
128(1)
4.5 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell
129(2)
4.5.1 Catalyst for Formic Acid Electrooxidation
130(1)
4.6 Direct Glucose Fuel Cell
131(1)
4.7 Commercialization Status of DHFC
132(2)
4.8 Conclusions and Outlook
134(3)
References
137(8)
5 The Oscillatory Electrooxidation of Small Organic Molecules 145(20)
Hamilton Varela
Marcelo V.F. Delmonde
Alana A. Zulke
5.1 Introduction
145(2)
5.2 In Situ and Online Approaches
147(5)
5.3 The Effect of Temperature
152(3)
5.4 Modified Surfaces
155(2)
5.5 Conclusions and Outlook
157(1)
Acknowledgments
157(1)
References
158(7)
6 Degradation Mechanism of Membrane Fuel Cells with Monoplatinum and Multicomponent Cathode Catalysts 165(32)
Mikhail R. Tarasevich
Vera A. Bogdanovskaya
6.1 Introduction
165(1)
6.2 Synthesis and Experimental Methods of Studying Catalytic Systems under Model Conditions
166(3)
6.2.1 Synthesis Methods Followed
166(1)
6.2.1.1 Polyol Technique of Synthesis of Pt/C Catalysts
167(1)
6.2.1.2 Thermochemical Method of Synthesis of Bi-and Trimetallic Catalysts
167(1)
6.2.2 Electrochemical Research Methods
167(1)
6.2.3 Structural Research Methods
168(1)
6.3 Characteristics of Commercial and Synthesized Catalysts
169(10)
6.3.1 Corrosion Stability of CMs (Supports)
169(2)
6.3.1.1 Electrochemical Corrosion Exposure
169(2)
6.3.1.2 Chemical Corrosion Exposure
171(1)
6.3.2 Electrochemical and Structural Characteristics of Catalytic Systems
171(28)
6.3.2.1 Monometallic Catalysts with Pt Content of 20 and 40 wt.%
171(3)
6.3.2.2 Bimetallic Catalytic Systems (PtM)
174(1)
6.3.2.3 Trimetallic Catalysts (PtCoCr/C)
175(4)
6.4 Methods of Testing Catalysts within FC MEAs
179(2)
6.5 Mechanism of Degradation Phenomenon in MEAs with Commercial Pt/C Catalysts
181(6)
6.6 Characteristics of MEAs with 40Pt/CNT-T-based Cathode
187(1)
6.7 Characteristics of MEAs with 50PtCoCr/C-based Cathodes
188(4)
6.8 Conclusions and Outlook
192(1)
Acknowledgments
193(1)
References
193(4)
7 Recent Developments in Electrocatalysts and Hybrid Electrocatalyst Support Systems for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 197(44)
Surbhi Sharma
7.1 Introduction
197(1)
7.2 Current State of Pt and Non-Pt Electrocatalysts Support Systems for PEFC
197(2)
7.3 Novel Pt Electrocatalysts
199(4)
7.3.1 1D, 2D, and 3D Nanostructures
200(3)
7.4 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon Supports
203(4)
7.4.1 Mesoporous Carbon Supports
203(1)
7.4.2 Carbon Nanotube Supports
204(1)
7.4.3 Graphene-based Supports
205(2)
7.5 Pt-based Electrocatalysts on Novel Carbon-free Supports
207(6)
7.5.1 Tungsten Oxides and Carbides
207(1)
7.5.2 Tin Oxide Supports
208(2)
7.5.3 Titanium Nitride Supports
210(1)
7.5.4 Doped Metal-based Supports
211(2)
7.5.4.1 Doped Tin Oxide
212(1)
7.5.4.2 Doped Titanium Dioxide
212(1)
7.6 Pt-free Metal Electrocatalysts
213(1)
7.6.1 Metal on Novel Carbon Supports
213(1)
7.6.2 Metal on Novel Carbon-free Supports
214(1)
7.7 Influence of Support: Electrocatalyst-Support Interactions and Effect of Surface Functional Groups
214(4)
7.7.1 Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity
215(1)
7.7.2 Enhancing CO Tolerance
216(2)
7.8 Hybrid Catalyst Support Systems
218(5)
7.8.1 Carbon-enriched Metal-based Supports
218(3)
7.8.2 Polymers in Catalyst Support Systems
221(1)
7.8.3 Polyoxometalates Liquid Catholytes
222(1)
7.9 Conclusions and Outlook
223(1)
References
224(17)
8 Role of Catalyst Supports: Graphene Based Novel Electrocatalysts 241(26)
Chunmei Zhang
Wei Chen
8.1 Introduction
241(2)
8.2 Graphene-based Cathode Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
243(7)
8.2.1 Graphene-supported Nonnoble Metal ORR Catalysts
244(2)
8.2.1.1 Transition Metal-Nitrogen (N) Graphene Catalysts
244(1)
8.2.1.2 Graphene-supported Metal Oxide/Sulfide Nanocomposites
244(2)
8.2.2 Graphene-supported Noble Metal Catalysts
246(4)
8.2.2.1 Graphene-supported Pt/Pt-alloy ORR Catalysts
247(3)
8.2.2.2 Graphene-supported Other Metal Alloys as ORR Catalysts
250(1)
8.3 Graphene-based Anode Catalysts
250(6)
8.3.1 Graphene-based Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation Reaction
251(2)
8.3.2 Graphene-based Catalysts for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction
253(1)
8.3.3 Graphene-based Catalysts for Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction
254(2)
8.4 Conclusions and Outlook
256(1)
Acknowledgment
256(1)
References
257(10)
9 Recent Progress in Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction for Alkaline Fuel Cells 267(50)
Qinggang He
Xin Deng
9.1 Introduction
267(5)
9.1.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells
267(2)
9.1.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
269(3)
9.2 Nonnoble Metal Electrocatalysts
272(24)
9.2.1 Carbon-supported Metal-Nb Matrix
272(8)
9.2.1.1 Fundamental Overview
272(1)
9.2.1.2 Proposed Active Sites
273(3)
9.2.1.3 Synthesis Methods
276(4)
9.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides
280(3)
9.2.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides
283(2)
9.2.4 Transition Metal Carbides/Nitrides/Oxynitrides
285(2)
9.2.4.1 Transition Metal Carbides
285(1)
9.2.4.2 Transition Metal Nitrides/Oxynitrides
286(1)
9.2.5 Perovskites
287(2)
9.2.6 Metal-free Electrocatalysts
289(29)
9.2.6.1 Carbon Nanotube-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts
289(4)
9.2.6.2 Graphene-based Metal-free Electrocatalysts
293(1)
9.2.6.3 Other Types of Metal-free Carbon Electrocatalysts
294(2)
9.3 Conclusions and Outlook
296(3)
References
299(18)
10 Anode Electrocatalysts for Direct Borohydride and Direct Ammonia Borane Fuel Cells 317(30)
Pierre-Yves Olu
Anicet Zadick
Nathalie Job
Marian Chatenet
10.1 Introduction
317(1)
10.2 Direct Borohydride (and Ammonia Borane) Fuel Cells
318(2)
10.2.1 Basics of DBFC and DABFC
318(1)
10.2.2 Main Issues of the DBFC and DABFC
319(1)
10.3 Mechanistic Investigations of BOR and BH3OR at Noble Electrocatalysts
320(9)
10.3.1 Different Families of (Electro)Catalysts for the BOR
320(3)
10.3.2 BOR Mechanism at Pt Surfaces
323(1)
10.3.3 The issue of H2 Generation (and Possible Oxidation) during the BOR
324(1)
10.3.4 Effects of the Mass Transfer, Pt Loading, and Active Layer Thickness on the BOR
325(3)
10.3.5 Does the BH3OR Mechanism Differ from the BOR?
328(1)
10.4 Toward Ideal Anode of DBFC and DABFC
329(7)
10.4.1 Practical Benchmarks for the Evaluation of Anode Electrocatalyst Materials
330(3)
10.4.1.1 Rotating Disk Electrode Studies in Half-Cell Configuration
330(1)
10.4.1.2 Hydrogen Evolution and Faradaic Efficiency of the Electrocatalysts
331(2)
10.4.2 Performances of DBFC and DABFC Unit Cells
333(2)
10.4.3 Toward Optimal BOR and ABOR Electrocatalysts?
335(1)
10.5 Durability of DBFC and DABFC Electrocatalysts
336(3)
10.5.1 From FC Studies
336(1)
10.5.2 From Accelerated Stress Tests
336(3)
10.6 Conclusions and Outlook
339(1)
References
340(7)
11 Recent Advances in Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Low-Temperature Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells 347(26)
Srabanti Ghosh
Thandavarayan Maiyalagan
Rajendra N. Basu
11.1 Introduction
347(1)
11.2 Fundamentals of Electrooxidation of Organic Molecules for Fuel Cells
348(4)
11.3 Investigation of Electrocatalytic Properties of Nanomaterials
352(1)
11.4 Anode Electrocatalysts for Direct Methanol or Ethanol Fuel Cells
353(6)
11.4.1 Nobel Metal-based Nanostructured Catalysts
353(1)
11.4.2 Palladium-based Nanostructured Catalysts
354(1)
11.4.3 Improved Performance of Binary and Ternary Catalysts
355(2)
11.4.4 Effect of Support on Catalytic Activity of Nanostructured Electrocatalysts
357(2)
11.5 Anode Catalysts for Direct Polyol Fuel Cells (Ethylene Glycol and Glycerol)
359(2)
11.6 Conclusions and Outlook
361(1)
References
362(11)
12 Electrocatalysis of Facet-controlled Noble Metal Nanomaterials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells 373(28)
Xiaojun Liu
Wenyue Li
Shouzhong Zou
12.1 Introduction
373(1)
12.2 Synthesis of Shape-controlled Noble Metal Nanomaterials
374(9)
12.2.1 One-pot Chemical Reduction
375(2)
12.2.2 Seed-mediated Growth
377(1)
12.2.3 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Synthesis
378(3)
12.2.4 Galvanic Replacement
381(2)
12.2.5 Electrochemical Deposition
383(1)
12.3 Applications of Shape-controlled Noble Metal Nanomaterials as Catalysts for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
383(6)
12.3.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
383(2)
12.3.2 Methanol Oxidation Reaction
385(1)
12.3.3 Ethanol Oxidation Reaction
386(1)
12.3.4 Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction
387(2)
12.4 Conclusions and Outlook
389(1)
Acknowledgment
390(1)
References
390(11)
13 Heteroatom-Doped Nanostructured Carbon Materials as ORR Electrocatalysts for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells 401(22)
Thandavarayan Maiyalagan
Subbiah Maheswari
Viswanathan S. Saji
13.1 Introduction
401(1)
13.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Methanol-tolerant ORR Catalysts
402(1)
13.3 Heteroatom-doped Nanostructured Carbon Materials
403(12)
13.3.1 Synthesis of Heteroatom-doped Carbon Materials
403(1)
13.3.2 Single Heteroatom-doped Carbon Nanomaterials
403(8)
13.3.2.1 N Doping
403(3)
13.3.2.2 Stability of N-doped Graphene
406(2)
13.3.2.3 B Doping
408(1)
13.3.2.4 P Doping
408(1)
13.3.2.5 S Doping
409(1)
13.3.2.6 XPS Analysis
409(2)
13.3.2.7 Halogen Doping
411(1)
13.3.3 Dual Heteroatom-doped Carbon Materials
411(3)
13.3.4 Multiheteroatom-doped Carbon Materials
414(1)
13.4 Heteroatom-doped Carbon-based Nanocomposites
415(1)
13.5 Conclusions and Outlook
416(1)
References
417(6)
14 Transition Metal Oxide, Oxynitride, and Nitride Electrocatalysts with and without Supports for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cathodes 423(20)
Mitsuharu Chisaka
14.1 Introduction
423(1)
14.2 Transition Metal Oxide and Oxynitride Electrocatalysts
424(9)
14.2.1 Stability
424(3)
14.2.2 Activity
427(17)
14.2.2.1 Evaluation of ORR Activity
427(4)
14.2.2.2 Active Sites for ORR
431(2)
14.3 Transition Metal Nitride Electrocatalysts
433(1)
14.4 Carbon Support-Free Electrocatalysts
434(1)
14.5 Conclusions and Outlook
435(1)
Acknowledgment
436(1)
References
436(7)
15 Spectroscopy and Microscopy for Characterization of Fuel Cell Catalysts 443(24)
Chilan Ngo
Michael J. Dzara
Sarah Shulda
Svitlana Pylypenko
15.1 Introduction
443(1)
15.2 Electron Microscopy
444(5)
15.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
444(2)
15.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
446(1)
15.2.3 In Situ TEM
446(3)
15.2.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
449(1)
15.3 Electron Spectroscopy: Energy-dispersive Spectroscopy and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
449(2)
15.4 X-ray Spectroscopy
451(4)
15.4.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
452(1)
15.4.2 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
453(2)
15.5 Gamma Spectroscopy: Mossbauer
455(1)
15.6 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy
456(3)
15.7 Complementary Techniques
459(3)
15.7.1 X-ray Diffraction and Small-angle/Wide-angle X-ray Scattering
459(1)
15.7.2 Gas Adsorption/Desorption and Thermal Analysis Techniques
460(1)
15.7.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods
461(1)
15.7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
461(1)
15.7.5 Atom Probe Tomography
461(1)
15.8 Conclusions and Outlook
462(1)
References
462(5)
16 Rational Catalyst Design Methodologies: Principles and Factors Affecting the Catalyst Design 467(22)
Sergey Stolbov
Marisol Alcantara Ortigoza
16.1 Introduction
467(1)
16.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
468(1)
16.3 Recent Progress in Search for Efficient ORR Catalysts
469(2)
16.4 Physics and Chemistry behind ORR
471(4)
16.5 Rational Design of ORR Catalysts
475(7)
16.5.1 Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Stability
475(3)
16.5.2 Catalytic Activity toward ORR
478(4)
16.6 Rationally Designed ORR Catalysts Addressing Cost-effectiveness
482(1)
16.7 Conclusions and Outlook
483(1)
References
483(6)
17 Effect of Gas Diffusion Layer Structure on the Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell 489(22)
Branko N. Popov
Sehkyu Park
Jong-Won Lee
17.1 Introduction
489(1)
17.2 Structure of Gas Diffusion Layer
490(3)
17.2.1 Single-layer Macroporous Substrate
491(2)
17.2.2 Dual-layer Gas Diffusion Layer
493(1)
17.3 Carbon Materials
493(1)
17.4 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Treatments
494(5)
17.5 Microporous Layer Thickness
499(1)
17.6 Microstructure Modification
500(1)
17.7 Conclusions and Outlook
500(5)
Acknowledgment
505(1)
References
505(6)
18 Efficient Design and Fabrication of Porous Metallic Electrocatalysts 511(22)
Yaovi Holade
Anais Lehoux
Hynd Remita
Kouakou B. Kokoh
Teko W. Napporn
18.1 Introduction
511(1)
18.2 Advances in the Design and Fabrication of Mesoporous Metallic Materials
512(8)
18.2.1 Dealloying Route: the Great and Positive Aspect of Controlled Dissolution/Corrosion
512(1)
18.2.2 Nanoarchitecture Engineering by a Templating Approach: From 1D to 3D Multiscale Design
513(2)
18.2.3 Controlled Radiolytic Synthesis: An Elegant Process for Designing Multispatial Nanostructures
515(2)
18.2.4 Other Strategies for Tuning Porosity in Metallic Nanomaterials: Nanocages, Nanoframes, and so on
517(3)
18.3 Nanoporous Metallic Materials at Work in Electrocatalysis
520(6)
18.3.1 Anodic Catalysis: Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Molecules
520(3)
18.3.2 Cathodic Catalysis: Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction
523(1)
18.3.3 Other Electrochemical Applications: Fuel Cells, Electroanalysis, and Sensing
524(2)
18.4 Conclusions and Outlook
526(1)
References
527(6)
19 Design and Fabrication of Dealloying-driven Nanoporous Metallic Electrocatalyst 533(24)
Zhonghua Zhang
Wang Ying
19.1 Introduction
533(2)
19.2 Design of Precursors for Dealloying-driven Nanoporous Metallic Electrocatalysts
535(3)
19.2.1 Compositions
536(1)
19.2.2 Fabrication Methods of Precursors
537(1)
19.3 Microstructural Modulation of Dealloying-driven Nanoporous Metallic Electrocatalysts
538(4)
19.3.1 Control Over the Dealloying Process
539(3)
19.3.2 Further Modification of NPMs
542(1)
19.4 Catalytic Properties of Dealloying-driven Nanoporous Metallic Electrocatalysts
542(9)
19.4.1 Nanoporous Metals
543(2)
19.4.2 Nanoporous Alloys
545(2)
19.4.3 Nanoporous Nanocomposites
547(1)
19.4.4 Other Dealloyed Nanostructured Alloys
548(2)
19.4.5 Density Functional Theory Calculations
550(1)
19.5 Conclusions and Outlook
551(1)
Acknowledgments
551(1)
References
551(6)
20 Recent Advances in Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction 557(22)
Kotaro Sasaki
Kurian A. Kuttiyiel
Jia X. Wang
Miomir B. Vukmirovic
Radoslav R. Adzic
20.1 Introduction
557(1)
20.2 Pt ML on Pd Core Electrocatalysts (PtML/Pd/C)
558(6)
20.2.1 Synthesis, Structure, and Activity
558(2)
20.2.2 Potential Cycle Tests between 0.6 and 0.9 V
560(3)
20.2.3 Performance at High Current Densities
563(1)
20.3 Pt ML on PdAu Core Electrocatalyst (PtML/PdAu/C)
564(6)
20.3.1 Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability
564(1)
20.3.2 Potential Cycle Tests between 0.6 and 1.0 V
565(2)
20.3.3 Potential Cycle Tests between 0.6 and 1.4 V
567(3)
20.4 Further Improving Activity and Stability of Pt ML Electrocatalysts
570(9)
20.4.1 Nitride-stabilized Cores
570(3)
20.4.1.1 PtMN (M = Fe, Co, and Ni) Core-Shell Catalysts
570(3)
20.4.1.2 Pt ML on PdNiN Core Catalysts
573(1)
20.4.2 Intermetallic Pd-based Nanoparticles
573(5)
20.4.3 Iridium (Ir)-based Nanoparticle Cores
578(1)
20.5 Conclusions and Outlook
579(1)
Acknowledgments 579(1)
References 580(5)
Index 585
Thandavarayan Maiyalagan is currently an Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry at SRM University, Kattankulathur, India. He received his Ph.D in Physical Chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, and completed postdoctoral programs at Newcastle University (UK), Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) and at the University of Texas, Austin (USA). His main research interests concern new materials and their electrochemical properties for energy conversion and storage devices, electrocatalysts, fuel cells and biosensors. He has delivered various key lectures in many national and international forums. He has published over 80 articles on the innovative design of the materials for energy conversion and storage.

Viswanathan S. Saji received his Ph.D. (2003) degree from the University of Kerala, India and was a Research Associate at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (2004-2005) and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (2005-2007). Later, he moved to South Korea where he was a Postdoctoral Researcher at Yonsei University (2007-2008) and Sunchon National University (2009), Research Professor at Chosun University (2008-2009), Senior Research Scientist at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (2009-2010) and Research Professor at Korea University (2010-2013). In 2014, he joined the University of Adelaide, where he was an Endeavour Research Fellow in the School of Chemical Engineering. Presently, he is working as an Executive Director to CIOSHI, Kerala, India.