Energy Resources, Utilization & Technologies

Explanatory text that treats the complete fundamentals of energy and current energy resources, technologies developments, solutions to energy issues and new concepts ranging from fossil fuel to solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, fuel cells, thermo-electric systems, nuclear energy and nanotechnology concepts to generate clean energy. The theoretical aspects of various energy conversion technologies, and design practices in light of national and international perspectives are discussed with educational examples. Every technique is explained in detail and every chapter is concluded with a reference section, recommended reading and a number of questions. Intended for university students with various backgrounds, who are involved in energy science and engineering (chemistry, physics, environmental sciences, earth sciences, petroleum, mining and mechanical engineering). Recommended for professionals seeking an introduction to the subject.

Explanatory text that treats the complete fundamentals of energy and current energy resources, technologies developments, solutions to energy issues and new concepts ranging from fossil fuel to solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, fuel cells, thermo-electric systems, nuclear energy and nanotechnology concepts to generate clean energy. The theoretical aspects of various energy conversion technologies, and design practices in light of national and international perspectives are discussed with educational examples. Every technique is explained in detail and every chapter is concluded with a reference section, recommended reading and a number of questions. Intended for university students with various backgrounds, who are involved in energy science and engineering (chemistry, physics, environmental sciences, earth sciences, petroleum, mining and mechanical engineering). Recommended for professionals seeking an introduction to the subject.

Foreword		v
Preface		vii
Acknowledgement		ix
Chapter 1 Introduction - Energy Fundamental Concepts, Sources and Utilization
1.1 Introduction		1	(1)
1.2 Energy Cycle of the Earth		2	(1)
1.3 Scientific Concepts of Energy		3	(4)
1.3.1 Different Forms of Energy		3	(3)
1.3.2 Properties of Energy		6	(1)
1.3.3 Energy Sinks		6	(1)
1.3.4 Energy Units		6	(1)
1.4 Classification of Energy Resources		7	(2)
1.4.1 Nonrenewable Energy Sources		7	(1)
1.4.2 Renewable Energy Sources		8	(1)
1.5 Availability of Global Nonrenewable Energy Resources		9	(5)
1.6 Trends of Global Energy Usage		14	(4)
1.6.1 Energy Consumption by Energy Type		14	(1)
1.6.2 Fuel Wise Usage Nonrenewable Energy Sources by Various Countries		15	(1)
1.6.3 Energy Consumption by Sector		16	(2)
1.7 Mix of Utilization Energy Resources		18	(7)
1.7.1 Energy Resources and their Utilization - USA		18	(1)
1.7.2 Energy Resources and their Utilization - India		19	(6)
1.8 Energy Parameters for National Developmental Planning		25	(3)
1.8.1 Energy Intensity		25	(1)
1.8.2 Energy/GDP Ratio		25	(1)
1.8.3 Energy Planning		26	(1)
1.8.4 India-Energy - GDP - Elasticity		27	(1)
1.9 Environmental Effects of Energy Usage		28	(3)
1.9.1 Climate Change - Greenhouse Gas (CO2) Emissions from Energy Usage		29	(2)
1.10 Renewable Energy Sources and their Importance		31	(13)
1.10.1 Environmental Effects of Renewable Energy Resources		34	(3)
Questions		37	(1)
Multiple Choice Questions		38	(4)
References		42	(2)
Chapter 2 Solar Energy
2.1 Introduction		44	(1)
2.2 Characteristics of Solar Radiation		45	(1)
2.3 Extra Terrestrial Radiation		45	(6)
2.3.1 Spectral Distribution		46	(1)
2.3.2 The Changing Terrestrial Solar Spectrum		47	(1)
2.3.3 Power Density and Solar Constant		47	(2)
2.3.4 Solar Constant (So)		49	(1)
2.3.5 Solar Energy Potential		50	(1)
2.4 Solar Radiation Distribution over the Earth's Surface		51	(7)
2.4.1 Solar Geometry: Sun-Earth Geometric Relationship		51	(2)
2.4.2 Angle of Declination		53	(2)
2.4.3 Geographic Distribution of Solar Radiation		55	(2)
2.4.4 Solar Energy: Indian Scenario		57	(1)
2.5 Solar Radiation Measurement Instruments		58	(3)
2.5.1 Full-Sky Instruments		58	(1)
2.5.2 Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP)		58	(2)
2.5.3 Direct Sunlight Instruments		60	(1)
2.5.4 Broadband Detectors		61	(1)
2.6 Solar Energy Technologies		61	(13)
2.6.1 Solar Thermal Power and Its Conversion		62	(3)
2.6.2 Flat Plate Collector		65	(5)
2.6.3 Energy Balance Equation and Flat Plate Collector Efficiency		70	(3)
2.6.4 Testing the Efficiency of a Collector		73	(1)
2.6.5 Loss Coefficient of Flat Plate Collectors		73	(1)
2.7 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems		74	(14)
2.7.1 Types of Concentrating Collectors		74	(1)
2.7.2 Parabolic Dish System		74	(3)
2.7.3 Solar Collectors' Efficiency		77	(2)
2.7.4 Acceptance Angle		79	(1)
2.7.5 Thermodynamic Limits of Concentration (Max Achievable Temperature)		79	(1)
2.7.6 The Central Power Tower System		80	(2)
2.7.7 The Parabolic Trough System		82	(1)
2.7.8 Tracking CPC and Solar Swing		83	(1)
2.7.9 Tubular Solar Energy Collectors		84	(1)
2.7.10 Major Parabolic Trough Collector Power Plants		85	(3)
2.8 Solar Energy Storage Methods		88	(7)
2.8.1 Thermal Storage Integrated with CSP		89	(1)
2.8.2 Solar Pond		89	(4)
2.8.3 Battery Storage for Solar Energy		93	(2)
2.8.4 Other Solar Energy Storage Solutions		95	(1)
2.9 Solar Energy Applications		95	(21)
2.9.1 Solar Water Heating		95	(7)
2.9.2 Solar Distillation		102	(3)
2.9.3 Solar Pumping		105	(5)
2.9.4 Solar Cooking		110	(5)
2.9.5 Solar Energy for Heating, Cooling and Ventilation		115	(1)
2.10 Solar Thermal Power		116	(7)
2.10.1 Thermoelectric Technology		117	(1)
2.10.2 Thermionic Technology		118	(2)
2.10.3 Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD) Technology		120	(2)
2.10.4 Alkali-metal Thermoelectric Technology		122	(1)
2.11 Photovoltaic Effect		123	(41)
2.11.1 Photovoltaic Cells		123	(1)
2.11.2 Photovoltaic Materials		124	(1)
2.11.3 How Semiconductor Materials Work in a Solar Cell		125	(1)
2.11.4 Effect of Light on Silicon		125	(1)
2.11.5 Potential Barrier		126	(1)
2.11.6 The Negative-Carrier (Donor) Dopant		127	(1)
2.11.7 The Positive-Carrier (Acceptor) Dopant		128	(1)
2.11.8 The Junction		129	(2)
2.11.9 The Potential Barrier in Action		131	(1)
2.11.10 Band Theory for Electron Behavior in Solids		132	(1)
2.11.11 Types of Semiconductor Materials		133	(1)
2.11.12 Semiconductor Junctions for Solar Cell Devices		134	(2)
2.11.13 Physical Form of Semiconductor Materials Used for PV Cells		136	(2)
2.11.14 Light Absorption by a Semiconductor in a Solar Cell		138	(1)
2.11.15 Current in a PV Cell		138	(1)
2.11.16 Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic Cell		139	(4)
2.11.17 Concentrator Cells		143	(1)
2.11.18 Application of Photovoltaics		143	(9)
Questions		152	(2)
Problem Solving		154	(8)
References		162	(2)
Chapter 3 Biomass Energy
3.1 Photosynthesis		164	(1)
3.2 Biomass and Biomass Energy		165	(1)
3.3 The Potential of Biomass Energy		166	(8)
3.3.1 Biomass Conversion Routes		167	(2)
3.3.2 Classifications of Biomass Conversion Technologies		169	(5)
3.4 Biogas		174	(22)
3.4.1 What is Biogas?		174	(1)
3.4.2 Uses of Biogas		174	(2)
3.4.3 Biogas and the Global Carbon Cycle		176	(1)
3.4.4 Biogas Production and Process Microbiology		176	(1)
3.4.5 Anaerobic Digestion (AD)		176	(3)
3.4.6 Important Characteristics of Biogas as a Fuel		179	(1)
3.4.7 Biogas Plant Technology		179	(12)
3.4.8 Application of Anaerobic Digestion for Municipal Waste Water Treatment and Biogas Production		191	(3)
3.4.9 Storage/Transport of Biogas for Combined Heat and Power Applications (CHP)		194	(2)
3.5 Biomass Gasification Process		196	(20)
3.5.1 Theory of Gasification		196	(1)
3.5.2 Gasification Mechanism		197	(1)
3.5.3 Producer Gas and Syngas		198	(1)
3.5.4 Air Requirement for the Gasification Process		199	(1)
3.5.5 Gasifiers and their Mechanism of Function		199	(10)
3.5.6 Properties of Producer Gas		209	(2)
3.5.7 Gasifier Fuel Characteristics		211	(4)
3.5.8 Gasification for Power Generation		215	(1)
3.6 Future Biomass Combustion Technologies		216	(3)
3.6.1 Biomass Pyrolysis		216	(1)
3.6.2 Biomass Cogeneration		217	(2)
3.7 Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste		219	(4)
3.7.1 Basic Techniques of Energy Recovery		219	(1)
3.7.2 Parameters Affecting Energy Recovery		220	(1)
3.7.3 Assessment of Energy Recovery Potential		221	(1)
3.7.4 Technological Options		222	(1)
3.8 Energy Plantation		223	(2)
3.8.1 Energy Plantation as Global Renewable Energy Resource		223	(1)
3.8.2 Social Forestry		224	(1)
3.8.3 Silviculture Energy Farms		225	(1)
3.9 Environmental Impacts of Biomass Energy Systems		225	(2)
3.9.1 Environmental Risks and Benefits		225	(2)
3.10 Biomass Resource Development in India		227	(9)
3.10.1 Biomass Energy Policies and Programs		227	(1)
3.10.2 Technological Advancement in Biomass Energy		228	(1)
Questions		228	(2)
References		230	(6)
Chapter 4 Wind Energy
4.1 Properties of Wind		236	(1)
4.2 Wind Energy		237	(6)
4.2.1 Global Potential of Wind Energy		238	(4)
4.2.2 Availability of Wind Energy in India		242	(1)
4.3 Wind Velocity and Winds Energy		243	(2)
4.3.1 The Wind Resource		243	(1)
4.3.2 Weibull Distribution		243	(2)
4.4 Wind Machine Fundamentals		245	(3)
4.4.1 Principles of Wind Energy Conversion		245	(1)
4.4.2 Types of Wind Machines and their Characteristics		246	(2)
4.4.3 Windmill Performance		248	(1)
4.5 Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Mills		248	(14)
4.5.1 Design Aspects of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)		249	(7)
4.5.2 Design Aspects of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)		256	(3)
4.5.3 Wind Turbine Site Selection		259	(2)
4.5.4 Wind Power vs. Tower Height		261	(1)
4.6 Wind Energy Farms		262	(1)
4.7 Wind Power Economics		263	(2)
4.7.1 Cost and Operating Characteristics of Wind Power		263	(1)
4.7.2 Wind Mill Operation and System Integration Issues		264	(1)
4.8 Recent Technology Developments		265	(2)
4.8.1 AC-DC-AC Converters		265	(1)
4.8.2 Hybrid Wind, Battery, and Diesel Systems		266	(1)
4.9 Environmental Impacts of Wind Power		267	(4)
Questions		268	(1)
References		269	(2)
Chapter 5 Ocean Energy
5.1 Ocean Energy Fundamental Concepts		271	(1)
5.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)		272	(6)
5.2.1 Principles and Systems		272	(1)
5.2.2 Global Locations with Favorable Ocean Thermal Gradient for OTEC Systems		272	(2)
5.2.3 Different OTEC Systems for Power Generation		274	(3)
5.2.4 Location of OTEC System		277	(1)
5.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of OTEC Systems		277	(1)
5.2.6 Environmental Impacts of OTEC Systems		277	(1)
5.2.7 OTEC Potential in India		278	(1)
5.3 Wave Energy, Conversion Machines, Power Plants based on Ocean Energy		278	(14)
5.3.1 Ocean Waves		278	(1)
5.3.2 Potential of Wave Energy		279	(1)
5.3.3 Estimation of Wave Energy Potential in India		280	(1)
5.3.4 Wave Climate		280	(1)
5.3.5 Wave Energy Calculations		280	(1)
5.3.6 Assessment of Wave Energy and Power		281	(1)
5.3.7 Energy and Power Density		281	(1)
5.3.8 Power per Meter of Wave Front		282	(1)
5.3.9 Energy at Varying Depths		283	(1)
5.3.10 Wave Power for Electricity Generation		283	(9)
5.4 Economics of Ocean Energy and Power Unit Cost of Different Technologies		292	(1)
5.5 Tidal Power		292	(10)
5.5.1 Basic Scientific Concepts of Tides and Tidal Power		292	(1)
5.5.2 Tidal Force		293	(1)
5.5.3 Tidal Energy		294	(8)
5.6 The Kyoto Protocol and the Relevance of Exploration of Ocean Energy		302	(1)
5.7 Ocean Energy Options for Indian economy		303	(3)
Questions		303	(1)
References		304	(2)
Chapter 6 Geothermal Energy
6.1 Introduction		306	(1)
6.2 Structure of the Earth's Interior		306	(2)
6.3 Geothermal sites		308	(5)
6.3.1 Global Geothermal Sites		310	(2)
6.3.2 Geosites in India		312	(1)
6.4 Earthquakes and Volcanoes		313	(3)
6.4.1 Converging Plate Boundaries		314	(1)
6.4.2 Divergence Plate Boundaries		315	(1)
6.4.3 Conservative Plate Boundaries		315	(1)
6.5 Geothermal Resources		316	(3)
6.5.1 Natural Hydrothermal Reservoirs		317	(1)
6.5.2 Geopressured Reservoirs		317	(1)
6.5.3 Hot Dry Rock (HDR)		318	(1)
6.5.4 Ultra Low-grade Systems		318	(1)
6.6 Hot Springs		319	(1)
6.7 Steam Ejection		320	(7)
6.7.1 Basic Thermodynamics of Geothermal Processes		320	(1)
6.7.2 Geothermal Energy of Dry Rock		321	(3)
6.7.3 Geothermal Energy of Hot Aquifers		324	(3)
6.8 The Principle of the Working of Geothermal Plants		327	(3)
6.8.1 Power Plant Efficiency		327	(1)
6.8.2 Geothermal Plant Design Considerations		328	(2)
6.9 Types of Geothermal Station Schematic Representation		330	(3)
6.9.1 Dry-Steam Power Plants		331	(1)
6.9.2 Flash-Steam Power Plants		331	(2)
6.9.3 Binary Power Plants		333	(1)
6.10 Site Selection for Geothermal Power Plants		333	(1)
6.11 Advanced Concepts		334	(2)
6.11.1 Non-Electrical Applications		334	(1)
6.11.2 Geothermal Heat Pumps		334	(1)
6.11.3 Estimated U.S. Geothermal Resources		334	(1)
6.11.4 Worldwide Geothermal Capacities		335	(1)
6.11.5 Geothermal Efforts in India		335	(1)
6.12 Problems Associated with Geothermal Conversion		336	(9)
Questions		336	(2)
Exercises		338	(1)
Problem Solving		338	(4)
References		342	(3)
Chapter 7 Hydrogen Energy
7.1 Introduction		345	(1)
7.2 Properties of Hydrogen in Respect of its Use as Source of Renewable Energy		345	(6)
7.2.1 Physical Properties		345	(2)
7.2.2 Chemical and Combustion Properties		347	(4)
7.3 Sources of Hydrogen		351	(1)
7.4 Production of Hydrogen		352	(16)
7.4.1 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)		354	(11)
7.4.2 Electrolysis		365	(3)
7.4.3 Gasification of Biomass		368	(1)
7.4.4 Nuclear based Hydrogen Production		368	(1)
7.5 Storage and Transportation		368	(6)
7.5.1 Storage		368	(5)
7.5.2 Transportation		373	(1)
7.6 Problems with Hydrogen as Fuel		374	(1)
7.7 Development of Hydrogen Cartridge		375	(1)
7.8 Economics of Hydrogen Fuel and its Use		376	(6)
Questions		377	(1)
Problem Solving		378	(2)
References		380	(2)
Chapter 8 Fuel Cells
8.1 Introduction		382	(1)
8.2 Principle of Operation of an Acidic Fuel Cell		383	(10)
8.2.1 Design of a Typical Fuel Cell		386	(1)
8.2.2 Efficiency and EMF of Fuel Cells		387	(6)
8.3 Reusable Cells, Ideal Fuel Cells		393	(1)
8.4 Types of Fuel Cells		394	(10)
8.4.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)		395	(2)
8.4.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)		397	(2)
8.4.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)		399	(2)
8.4.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)		401	(2)
8.4.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)		403	(1)
8.5 Comparison Between Acidic and Alkaline Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells		404	(1)
8.6 Conversion of Chemical Energy and Efficiency		405	(3)
8.6.1 Part-Load Characteristics		407	(1)
8.6.2 Response Time		407	(1)
8.6.3 Emissions		407	(1)
8.7 Esthetics		408	(1)
8.7.1 Miscellaneous Characteristics		408	(1)
8.8 Fuel Cell Power Plants		409	(5)
8.8.1 Advantages of Fuel Cell Power Plants		410	(4)
8.9 Future Potential of Fuel Cells		414	(19)
8.9.1 USA and International Market in Fuel Cells		412	(4)
8.9.2 Fuel cell R and D in India		416	(2)
Questions		418	(1)
Exercises		419	(2)
Problem Solving		421	(8)
References		429	(4)
Chapter 9 Thermoelectric Systems
9.1 Introduction		433	(1)
9.2 Kelvin Relations		433	(5)
9.3 Power Generation		438	(8)
9.3.1 Efficiency and Performance		440	(3)
9.3.2 Typical Values of a Thermoelectric Device Examples of Thermoelectric Power Generation		443	(3)
9.4 Properties of Thermoelectric Materials		446	(3)
9.4.1 Figure of Merit		446	(1)
9.4.2 Electrical Conductivity		447	(1)
9.4.3 Seebeck Coefficient		448	(1)
9.4.4 Thermal Conductivity		448	(1)
9.5 Thermoelectric Materials		449	(3)
9.6 Fusion Plasma Generators		452	(7)
Questions		453	(1)
Exercises		454	(1)
Problem Solving		454	(3)
References		457	(2)
Chapter 10 Nuclear Energy
10.1 Introduction		459	(1)
10.2 Principles of Nuclear Energy		459	(1)
10.3 Basic Components of Nuclear Reactions		460	(4)
10.4 Radioactivity and Decay		464	(1)
10.5 Nuclear Fission and Fusion		465	(5)
10.5.1 Nuclear Fusion		465	(2)
10.5.2 Nuclear Fission		467	(3)
10.6 Nuclear Fuel Consumption and Nuclear Energy Released		470	(13)
10.6.1 Nuclear Energy Balance and Thermodynamics		471	(3)
10.6.2 Nuclear Power Plant Model		474	(3)
10.6.3 Nuclear Fission Reactors		477	(1)
10.6.4 Nuclear Fuel		478	(2)
10.6.5 Moderator		480	(1)
10.6.6 Critical mass		481	(2)
10.7 Multiplication Factor		483	(2)
10.8 Conversion Ratio of a Reactor		485	(1)
10.9 Neutron Flux in a Nuclear Reactor		485	(1)
10.10 Uranium Enrichment		486	(2)
10.10.1 Gas Centrifuge Method		486	(1)
10.10.2 Gas Diffusion Method		487	(1)
10.10.3 Thermal Diffusion Method		488	(1)
10.10.4 Laser Excitation Method		488	(1)
10.11 Types of Nuclear Reactors		488	(2)
10.12 Layout of a Nuclear Power Station		490	(1)
10.13 Nuclear Fuel Cycle		490	(2)
10.14 Radiation Interactions and Dose Units and Definitions		492	(2)
10.15 Site Selection of a Nuclear Power Plant		494	(2)
10.16 Safety Measures in a Nuclear Power Plant		496	(1)
10.17 Nuclear Power Plant Cost and Economics		497	(2)
10.18 Major Nuclear Power Disasters		499	(22)
10.18.1 Three Mile Island		499	(2)
10.18.2 Chernobyl		501	(2)
10.18.3 Fukushima Dai-Ichi (Fukushima I)		503	(3)
10.18.4 Global Status of Nuclear Power		506	(1)
10.18.5 Nuclear Industry in USA		507	(3)
10.18.6 Nuclear Power in India		510	(3)
Questions		513	(1)
Exercises		514	(1)
Problem Solving		515	(3)
References		518	(3)
Chapter 11 Application of Nanotechnologies for Clean Energy
11.1 Growing Global Energy Demand - Role of Nanotechnologies		521	(2)
11.1.1 What is Nanotechnology?		522	(1)
11.1.2 Why Develop Nanotechnology for Clean Energy?		522	(1)
11.2 Nanotechnologies for Clean Energy		523	(1)
11.3 Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Energy		524	(14)
11.3.1 Energy Generation Process - Photovoltaics, Wind Energy, Geothermal Energy, Hydro Tidal, Biomass, Fossil Fuels, Nuclear		524	(4)
11.3.2 Energy Conversion		528	(2)
11.3.3 Energy Distribution: High Voltage Transmission, Super Conductors, CNT Power Lines, Wireless Power Transmission, Smart Grids, Heat Transfer		530	(1)
11.3.4 Energy Storage: Electrical Energy-Batteries, Super Capacitors, Chemical Energy Hydrogen, Fuel Reforming/Refining, Fuel Tanks, Thermal Energy - Phase Change Materials, Adsorptive Storage		531	(7)
11.3.5 Energy Usage		538	(1)
11.4 Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks - Application of Nanotechnologies		538	(1)
11.5 Conclusions		539	(4)
Questions		539	(1)
References		540	(3)
Ineex		543

Dr. Anjaneyulu Yerramilli, Ph.D is presently working as visiting Professor in Chemistry/Environment at Jackson State University, Jackson, MS. During his career in India he amassed 35 years of research and teaching experience in Environmental/Energy technologies, 34 Ph.D students received Ph.D degrees under his supervision, he published more than 100 research papers in peer reviewed journals and presented at various international conferences. He has authored a number of books on Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies (2011, BS Publications / CRC Press / Balkema), Introduction to Environmental Science (2005, BS Publications), and Hazardous Waste Management, Air Pollution and Control Technologies (2002, Allied Publishers). He has expertise in EIA, Energy Technologies, Risk Assessment and Air Pollution modeling. He is presently working as PI for two programs: i) a Department of Defense-sponsored program on High Performance Computation for Development of Novel Materials and ii) Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling of Gulf Coast, sponsored by NOAA, and as co-PI for a NSF-sponsored program on Collaborative Research CI-TEAM Demonstration Project entitled Water HUB for Cyber Enabled Training, Education, and Research in Water Resources. He has also published a number of papers on simulation of mesoscale coastal circulation of Gulf Coast for air pollution dispersion by integrating WRF, HYSPLIT, SMOKE and CMAQ models (http://chem.jsums.edu/anjaneyulu). Dr. Francis Tuluri holds a Ph.D in Physics, and has served as Associate Professor in the Department of Technology at Jackson State University since 2001. Prior to his service in USA, he was for more than two decades a faculty member at a reputed Engineering College in India where he taught several courses in Engineering Physics, Energy, Semiconductor Physics and Devices, Electronics and Computer technology and developed teaching methods utilizing technological teaching tools for pedagogy. His areas of research include Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, Liquid Crystals Display materials and devices, polymer electrolyte fuel cell membranes in fuel cells, environmental impacts of air pollution on air quality and health, and air quality modeling studies. He has published over 40 research papers in peer reviewed journals of high national and international standing. He holds certifications from NOAA and EPA in computer modeling simulations using HYSPLIT, WRF, CMAQ and SMOKE.