Freshwater Challenges of South Africa and its Upper Vaal River: Current State and Outlook 1st ed. 2017 [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 164 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 3967 g, 20 Illustrations, color; 4 Illustrations, black and white; XIII, 164 p. 24 illus., 20 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Springer Water
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Feb-2017
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319495011
  • ISBN-13: 9783319495019
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Freshwater Challenges of South Africa and its Upper Vaal River: Current State and Outlook 1st ed. 2017Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 164 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 3967 g, 20 Illustrations, color; 4 Illustrations, black and white; XIII, 164 p. 24 illus., 20 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Springer Water
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Feb-2017
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319495011
  • ISBN-13: 9783319495019
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Märksõnad:
This book promotes better understanding and awareness of South Africa" significant water problems by describing the country"s and especially the Vaal River"s water resources. It is a "go-to" book for students, professionals and regular citizens when information is required regarding the country"s and more specifically the Vaal River"s freshwater resources. It highlights the major problems and risks which need to be addressed and give a realistic and true representation of the current water affairs. This book promotes better understanding and awareness of South Africa" significant water problems by describing the country"s and especially the Upper Vaal River"s water resources. It is a "go-to" book for students, professionals and regular citizens when information is required regarding the country"s and more specifically the Upper Vaal River"s freshwater resources. It highlights the major problems and risks which need to be addressed and give a realistic and true representation of t

he current water affairs.

Introduction.- Background.- 1. The Global State of Water.- 2. State of South Africa"s Water Resources.- 3. State of Water in the Upper Vaal WMA.- 4. Impacts of Degraded Water Quality.- 5. Future Outlook.- Conclusions. Part I: Global Context of Freshwater Resources.- 1.Global Water Availability, Distribution and Use.- 2.Global Water Quality Challenges.- 3.Global Water Scarcity and Possible Conflicts.- Part II: South Africa"s and the Upper Vaal WMA"s Freshwater Resources.- 4.South Africa"s Water Availability and Use.- 5.The Upper Vaal WMA.- 6.Primary Water Quality Challenges for South Africa and the Upper Vaal WMA.- 7.Water Scarcity and Other Significant Challenges for South Africa.- Part III: Future Possibilities and Strategic Actions.- 8.A Future Outlook - Improved Water Efficiency and Possible Strategic Actions for South Africa and the Upper Vaal WMA.- Part IV: Challenges, Recommendations and Conclusions.- 9.Challenges and Policy Recommendations.- 10.Conclusions and Evaluations
Part I Global Context of Freshwater Resources
1 Global Water Availability, Distribution and Use
3(10)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Water Availability and Distribution
4(2)
1.3 Water Use
6(7)
1.3.1 Agriculture
7(1)
1.3.2 Industries, Mining and Energy
8(1)
1.3.3 Domestic, Recreational and Environmental
9(2)
References
11(2)
2 Global Water Quality Challenges
13(32)
2.1 Introduction
13(2)
2.2 Main Types of Water Pollution
15(6)
2.2.1 Point! Sources
17(1)
2.2.2 Non-point Sources
18(3)
2.3 Main Contaminants and Problems
21(15)
2.3.1 Nutrients
22(1)
2.3.2 Erosion and Sedimentation
23(1)
2.3.3 Water Temperature
24(3)
2.3.4 Acidification
27(2)
2.3.5 Salinity
29(1)
2.3.6 Pathogenic Organisms
30(2)
2.3.7 Trace Metals, Human-Produced Chemicals and Other Toxins
32(3)
2.3.8 Introduced Species and Biological Disruptions
35(1)
2.3.9 Emerging Contaminants
36(1)
2.4 Overall Influence on the Environment and Human Health
36(9)
2.4.1 Environment
37(1)
2.4.2 Human Health
38(2)
References
40(5)
3 Global Water Scarcity and Possible Conflicts
45(20)
3.1 Introduction
45(1)
3.2 Water Scarcity
46(1)
3.3 Access to Clean Drinking Water and Water Related Diseases
47(2)
3.4 Influences of Climate Change
49(4)
3.4.1 Observed Changes and/or Impacts
49(1)
3.4.2 Future Changes in Water Availability
50(2)
3.4.3 Future Changes in Water Demand and Water Stress
52(1)
3.5 Possible Water Conflicts
53(12)
3.5.1 California: Consequences of Severe Drought
53(3)
3.5.2 Sao Paulo: Water Shortages in a Metropolis
56(2)
3.5.3 Nigeria: Growing Economy and the Cost of Crumbling Infrastructure
58(2)
References
60(5)
Part II South Africa's and the Upper Vaal WMA's Freshwater Resources
4 South Africa's Water Availability and Use
65(12)
4.1 Introduction
65(1)
4.2 Water Availability
66(2)
4.3 Water Use and Losses Within the Country
68(9)
4.3.1 Agricultural Water Use and Losses
69(2)
4.3.2 Industrial Water Use and Losses
71(2)
4.3.3 Municipal/Domestic Water Use and Losses
73(2)
References
75(2)
5 The Upper Vaal WMA
77(22)
5.1 Introduction
77(1)
5.2 Upper Vaal Catchment Areas
78(6)
5.3 Geology and Soils
84(2)
5.4 Topography
86(1)
5.5 Hydrology
87(1)
5.6 Climate
88(1)
5.7 Ecology
89(3)
5.8 Land Cover and Land Use
92(7)
References
96(3)
6 Primary Water Quality Challenges for South Africa and the Upper Vaal WMA
99(20)
6.1 Introduction
99(2)
6.2 Sewage or Microbial Pollution
101(1)
6.3 Eutrophication
102(3)
6.4 Agro-chemical Contamination
105(2)
6.5 Industrial Effluent Pollution
107(2)
6.6 Salinisation
109(1)
6.7 Mining Effluent Pollution
110(1)
6.8 Acidification
111(2)
6.9 Sediments and Soil Erosion
113(1)
6.10 Specific Water Quality Challenges Within the Upper Vaal WMA
114(5)
References
116(3)
7 Water Scarcity and Other Significant Challenges for South Africa
119(10)
7.1 Introduction
119(1)
7.2 Water Scarcity
120(2)
7.3 Possible Influence of Climate Change
122(2)
7.4 Future Water Demand and Possible Water Conflicts
124(5)
References
125(4)
Part III Future Possibilities and Strategic Actions
8 A Future Outlook: Improved Water Efficiency and Possible Strategic Actions for South Africa and the Upper Vaal WMA
129(26)
8.1 Introduction
129(1)
8.2 Improved Water Efficiency Measures
130(18)
8.2.1 Agricultural Sector
132(4)
8.2.2 Industry, Mining and Energy Sector
136(5)
8.2.3 Domestic/Municipal Sector
141(7)
8.3 Strategic Actions
148(7)
References
150(5)
Part IV Challenges, Recommendations and Conclusions
9 Challenges and Policy Recommendations
155(6)
9.1 Introduction
155(1)
9.2 Overview of Challenges and Possible Constraints
156(1)
9.3 Policy Recommendations
157(4)
Reference
160(1)
10 Conclusions and Evaluations
161
Anja du Plessis completed her doctorate at the University of Johannesburg and is currently a senior lecturer at the University of South Africa. Her research is focussed upon the challenges, risks and possible opportunities which the southern African region faces in terms of surface water availability and quality and have worked as a consultant in this regard. She aims to complete further research and consultation within the southern African region regarding possible future water-related risks and opportunities for various sectors.