E-raamat: Women Miners in Developing Countries: Pit Women and Others [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

List of Figures		xi
List of Tables		xii
Preface and Acknowledgements		xiii
Notes on Contributors		xv
Introduction: Where Life is in the Pits (and Elsewhere) and Gendered		1	(24)
Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt and Martha Macintyre
The 'pit'?		1	(2)
Pit women		3	(1)
Mining and gendered constructions		4	(2)
Pit women as social subjects		6	(3)
And others		9	(2)
Mining in developing countries		11	(2)
Queens of coal and gold		13	(1)
The chapters in the book		14	(4)
References		18	(7)
PART I Reconstructing Gendered Histories of Mines
1 Women Miners: Here and There, Now and Then		25	(26)
Gill Burke
Introduction		25	(2)
Women as miners		27	(8)
Women at surface		35	(4)
Women in the mining community		39	(3)
The male miner		42	(5)
Women in small scale mining		47	(1)
References		48	(3)
2 Japanese Coal Mining: Women Discovered		51	(22)
Sachiko Sone
Introduction		51	(1)
The Japanese coal mining industry		52	(2)
Historical records of women miners		54	(3)
Characteristics of female labourers		57	(8)
Rationalization and the banning of female miners		65	(3)
Discharge of the female miners		68	(2)
Conclusion		70	(1)
References		70	(3)
3 Race, Gender and the Tin Mining Industry in Malaya, 1900-1950		73	(16)
Amarjit Kaur
Introduction: Political and economic frameworks		73	(1)
The tin industry, 1850-1950		73	(2)
Race and gender in the mining labour systems		75	(2)
Labour control		77	(1)
Wage structures and payment		78	(1)
Gender and the mining sector		79	(3)
The dulang pass system		82	(3)
Adaptation and change		85	(2)
References		87	(2)
4 Patriarchy, Colonialism and Capitalism: Unearthing the History of Adivasi Women Miners of Chotanagpur		89	(22)
Shashank S. Sinha
Introduction		89	(1)
Canvas Chotanagpur		90	(1)
Crisis in Chotanagpur		90	(1)
Situating women in the crisis		91	(2)
Colonialism and women miners		93	(6)
Post-colonial trends in women's marginalization		99	(7)
References		106	(5)
PART II Gender and Ethnic Identities in the Mines
5 Digging through Layers of Class, Gender and Ethnicity: Korean Women Miners in Prewar Japan		111	(20)
W. Donald Smith
Introduction		111	(3)
Japanese women and Korean men in the mines		114	(4)
Korean women's distinct occupational distribution		118	(4)
Heavy burden of housework		122	(5)
Conclusion		127	(1)
References		127	(4)
6 Women Working in the Mining Industry in Papua New Guinea: A Case Study from Lihir		131	(14)
Martha Macintyre
Introduction		131	(3)
Lihir		134	(2)
The changing economic role of women?		136	(1)
Lihirian working women		137	(2)
Working women with post-secondary qualifications		139	(5)
References		144	(1)
7 Traditional Small Scale Miners: Women Miners of the Philippines		145	(18)
Evelyn J. Caballero
Introduction		145	(1)
Historical and archaeological data		146	(3)
Ethnographic data		149	(2)
Lode miners		151	(1)
Placer mining		151	(1)
Processing		152	(3)
Smelting the gold		155	(1)
Sharing the ore and concentrate		155	(2)
Rituals		157	(1)
Events that affected the Kankana-ey		157	(3)
Conclusion		160	(1)
References		160	(3)
8 Mining Gender at Work in the Indian Collieries: Identity Construction by Kamins		163	(22)
Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt
Introduction: Identity work		163	(3)
Theorizing gender identities in mining		166	(2)
Women in Indian collieries		168	(4)
Conversations with research participants		172	(1)
Excerpts		173	(5)
Conclusion		178	(1)
References		179	(6)
PART III Gender in the Mining Economies
9 The Place of Women in Mining in the Cordillera Region, Philippines		185	(24)
Minerva Chaloping-March
Introduction		185	(1)
Mining in the Philippines		186	(2)
Women in the mining profession		188	(2)
Corporate large-scale mines in the Cordillera and women's work		190	(7)
Women's work in small scale mining		197	(4)
Relationship between large scale mining corporations and small scale operations		201	(1)
Prospects for women in the mining sector		202	(2)
References		204	(5)
10 Women in Artisanal and Small Scale Mining in Africa		209	(18)
Jennifer J. Hinton, Barbara E. Hinton and Marcello M. Veiga
Introduction		209	(1)
Women miners in Africa		210	(3)
Health and wellbeing of women miners		213	(1)
Age, sex and constitutional factors		214	(1)
Individual lifestyle factors		215	(1)
Social and community networks		215	(1)
Living and working conditions		216	(1)
Socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions		217	(3)
Conclusions		220	(2)
References		222	(5)
11 Women in the Mining Industry of Contemporary China		227	(28)
Linqing Yao
Introduction		227	(2)
Women at work in contemporary China		229	(6)
Employment in mining and quarrying and its change		235	(2)
Women's work in the mines		237	(12)
Conclusion		249	(2)
References		251	(4)
12 Women in Small Scale Gold Mining in Papua New Guinea		255	(10)
Geoff Crispin
Introduction		255	(2)
A brief overview of the small scale mining sector		257	(2)
Role of women in SSM		259	(3)
What can be done in assisting women in SSM in PNG		262	(1)
References		263	(2)
13 The Invisible Work of Women in the Small Mines of Bolivia		265	(24)
Els Van Hoecke
Introduction: The mining industry in Bolivia		265	(1)
Who are the women mineworkers in Bolivia?		266	(4)
Child labour		270	(2)
Housing: Mine camps		272	(1)
Equal rights, is that possible?		272	(1)
More responsibility, but less instruction		273	(1)
No respect for women's working areas		274	(1)
Equal earnings?		274	(1)
Sanitation, health, and safety		275	(1)
Cultural and social values: The importance of mine identity		276	(1)
Cultural characteristics		277	(1)
And the social attributes		278	(1)
The women's organization: A history of struggle and conviction		278	(2)
The change of women's role under neoliberal policy in 1985		280	(2)
The pathway to solution		282	(2)
References		284	(5)
PART IV Global Processes, Local Resistances
14 Gendered Labour in Peripheral Tropical Frontiers: Women, Mining and Capital Accumulation in Post-Development Amazonia		289	(18)
Jeannette Graulau
Introduction		289	(1)
Gendered labour in peripheral mining regions: Analytical propositions		290	(1)
Women's labour in gold mining in post-development Amazonia		291	(4)
Garimpagem and women's labour: Property, labour and production arrangements		295	(4)
Gender and capital accumulation in the mining frontier		299	(4)
References		303	(4)
15 Women Miners, Human Rights and Poverty		307	(22)
Ingrid Macdonald
Introduction: Women's rights as human rights		307	(2)
The barriers to realizing women's rights		309	(3)
The large scale mining companies and feminization of poverty		312	(1)
Human rights duties of mining companies		313	(1)
Oxfam Community Aid Abroad's focus on women and mining		314	(2)
The exclusion of women from large scale mining		316	(1)
Exclusion from decision-making		317	(1)
Hostile work hours		318	(1)
Fly in/fly out operations		319	(1)
Equal opportunity policies		320	(1)
Supply chain management and promoting 'flexibility'		321	(1)
The problems for women engaged in small scale mining		322	(2)
The way forward: Addressing the gender inequity of mining, what can we all do?		324	(1)
References		325	(4)
16 Roti do, ya goli do! (Give us bread, or give us bullets!): Stories of Struggles of Women Workers in Bhowra Colliery, India		329	(20)
Lindsay Barnes
Introduction		329	(2)
Methodology		331	(1)
Bhowra colliery		332	(1)
The good old days		332	(3)
The tiranga jhanda in the coalfields		335	(1)
Militancy in the Jharia coalfield		336	(3)
Meanwhile in Bhowra...		339	(1)
Trouble surfaces at 4B quarry		339	(2)
Village women fight back		341	(1)
The right to work		341	(3)
Kamins and rangdars		344	(1)
Conclusion		345	(1)
References		346	(1)
Appendix 1		347	(2)
17 Globalization and Women's Work in the Mine Pits in East Kalimantan, Indonesia		349	(22)
Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt
Introduction: Global mines, local lives		349	(4)
The research process		353	(2)
Globalization and women's labour in the mines		355	(2)
Women employees in KPC		357	(3)
Negotiating gender identities in the pits		360	(2)
Why have women in the mine pits?		362	(3)
Conclusion		365	(2)
References		367	(4)
Index		371

Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt is a Research Fellow at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University, Australia. She has researched gender and mining since 1993 in the eastern Indian collieries and in the small quarries in India and elsewhere in South Asia. Since 2004, she has also worked on the gender concerns in the mining industry of Indonesia. Kuntala has been active in the recent initiatives taken up by both the non-governmental organizations and international agencies operating at different levels on the mainstreaming of gender issues in mining. Martha Macintyre is a Senior Lecturer in Medical Anthropology at The University of Melbourne, Australia. She has held research positions at Monash University and the Australian National University, and taught in Anthropology and Women's Studies at La Trobe University. Over the last twenty-five year's research in Papua New Guinea Martha has published numerous articles on women and gender. She has been monitoring the social and economic impacts of the Lihir goldmine since 1995.