| Preface |
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xvii | |
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PART I The Tax Research Environment |
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1 | (72) |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Tax Practice and Ethics |
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3 | (42) |
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1 Elements of Tax Practice |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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2 Rules and Ethics in Tax Practice |
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6 | (22) |
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7 | (9) |
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2-2 AICPA Code of Professional Conduct |
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16 | (6) |
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2-3 Statements on Standards for Tax Services |
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22 | (4) |
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2-4 Sarbanes-Oxley and Taxation |
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26 | (2) |
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2-5 ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct |
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28 | (1) |
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2-6 IESBA International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants |
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28 | (1) |
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3 Nonregulatory Ethical Behavior Models |
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28 | (6) |
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3-1 Ethical Dilemmas and Ethical Reasoning |
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28 | (2) |
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3-2 Ethical Professional Behavior |
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30 | (4) |
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3-3 Ethics Training and Education |
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34 | (1) |
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4 Legal Research by Certified Public Accountants |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 Tax Research Methodology |
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45 | (28) |
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1 The Tax Research Process |
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46 | (11) |
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1-1 Step 1: Establish the Facts |
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47 | (1) |
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1-2 Step 2: Identify the Issues |
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48 | (3) |
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1-3 Step 3: Locate Authority |
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51 | (4) |
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1-4 Step 4: Evaluate Authority |
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55 | (1) |
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1-5 Step 5: Develop Conclusions and Recommendations |
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55 | (1) |
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1-6 Step 6: Communicate the Recommendations |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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2 Conducting Tax Research Using Online Services |
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57 | (2) |
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2-1 Benefits of Using Online Tax Services |
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58 | (1) |
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3 Using a Commercial Online Tax Service to Conduct Tax Research |
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59 | (3) |
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3-1 Step 1: State the Issue as a Question |
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59 | (1) |
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3-2 Step 2: Identify the Keywords |
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60 | (1) |
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3-3 Step 3: Construct a Research Query |
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60 | (1) |
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3-4 Step 4: Select Sources and Execute the Search |
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61 | (1) |
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3-5 Step 5: Interpret and Refine the Search |
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61 | (1) |
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4 Tax Research Practical Considerations |
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62 | (1) |
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5 Research and Tax on the CPA Exam |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (6) |
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PART II Primary Sources of Federal Tax Law |
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73 | (98) |
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Chapter 3 Constitutional and Legislative Sources |
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75 | (34) |
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1 Sources of Legislative Tax Law |
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76 | (1) |
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2 History of U.S. Taxation |
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76 | (1) |
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3 Who Pays the Income Tax? |
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77 | (2) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (3) |
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6 The Legislative "Process |
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84 | (4) |
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85 | (3) |
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6-2 Where to Find Committee Reports |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (11) |
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7-1 Organization of the Internal Revenue Code |
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89 | (5) |
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7-2 Where to Find the Internal Revenue Code |
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94 | (2) |
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7-3 Interpreting the Internal Revenue Code |
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96 | (3) |
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7-4 Citing the Internal Revenue Code |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (8) |
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Chapter 4 Administrative Regulations and Rulings |
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109 | (34) |
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110 | (6) |
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1-1 Authority of Regulations |
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112 | (1) |
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1-2 Effective Date of Regulations |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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1-4 Locating and Using Regulations |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (5) |
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2-1 Revenue Ruling Citations |
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120 | (1) |
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2-2 Locating Revenue Rulings |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (5) |
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4-1 Private Letter Rulings |
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123 | (3) |
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4-2 Technical Advice Memoranda |
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126 | (1) |
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4-3 Determination Letters |
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126 | (1) |
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4-4 Precedential Value of Private Letter Rulings, TAMs, and Determination Letters |
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127 | (1) |
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4-5 Citing Letter Rulings |
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127 | (1) |
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4-6 Locating Written Determinations |
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127 | (1) |
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5 Internal Revenue Bulletin |
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128 | (1) |
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6 Acquiescences and Nonacquiescences |
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128 | (3) |
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7 Chief Counsel Memoranda |
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131 | (1) |
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8 Announcements and Notices |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (7) |
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Chapter 5 Judicial Interpretations |
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143 | (28) |
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144 | (2) |
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2 Legal Concepts and Terminology |
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146 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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2-2 Common Legal Terminology |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (6) |
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3-1 Regular and Memorandum Decisions |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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3-4 Locating and Citing Tax Court Decisions |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (2) |
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4-1 Locating and Citing District Court Decisions |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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5 Court of Federal Claims |
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156 | (1) |
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5-1 Locating and Citing Court of Federal Claims Decisions |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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6-1 Locating and Citing Court of Appeals Decisions |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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7-1 Locating and Citing Supreme Court Decisions |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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8 Case Briefs and Headnotes |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (4) |
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171 | (174) |
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Chapter 6 Thomson Reuters Checkpoint |
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173 | (44) |
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1 Using Tax Services for Research |
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174 | (1) |
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2 Thomson Reuters Checkpoint |
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175 | (1) |
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3 Illustrative Research Example |
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175 | (2) |
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3-1 Approaching the Research Problem |
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176 | (1) |
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3-2 Accessing Tax Information |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (5) |
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5 Finding Relevant Tax Information |
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182 | (18) |
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183 | (8) |
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191 | (4) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (4) |
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204 | (6) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (2) |
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7-4 Utilizing Treatises and Periodicals in Tax Research |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 CCH AnswerConnect |
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217 | (34) |
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1 Using Tax Services for Research |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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3 Illustrative Research Example |
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219 | (2) |
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3-1 Approaching the Research Problem |
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220 | (1) |
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3-2 Accessing Tax Information |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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5 Finding Relevant Tax Information |
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223 | (14) |
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224 | (9) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (5) |
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242 | (3) |
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243 | (1) |
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7-2 Utilizing Tax Periodicals in Tax Research |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Other Tax Services and Tax Periodicals |
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251 | (42) |
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252 | (6) |
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253 | (1) |
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1-2 Searching Bloomberg Tax |
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254 | (1) |
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1-3 Browsing Bloomberg Tax |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (6) |
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259 | (3) |
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2-2 KeySearch and KeyCite |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (13) |
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264 | (6) |
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270 | (4) |
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3-3 LexisNexis and Shepard's Citators |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (5) |
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278 | (4) |
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282 | (5) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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5-3 Professional Journals |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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5-5 Bloomberg Publications |
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285 | (1) |
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5-6 Locating Relevant Tax Articles |
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286 | (1) |
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5-7 Citing Articles in Tax Periodicals |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (5) |
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Chapter 9 Multijurisdictional Taxes |
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293 | (52) |
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294 | (1) |
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2 Importance of State and Local Taxes |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (3) |
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3-1 Taxing Out-of-State Taxpayers |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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3-4 Equal Protection Clause |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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6 Illustrative Research Example |
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305 | (1) |
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7 Checkpoint State and Local Tax (SALT) Service |
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305 | (5) |
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8 CCH AnswerConnect State |
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310 | (4) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (5) |
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12 Westlaw State Services |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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14 Periodicals and Internet Sites |
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322 | (1) |
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15 International Taxation |
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323 | (5) |
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15-1 International Tax Framework for Corporate and Individual Taxpayers |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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15-3 Sourcing of Income and Deductions |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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16 Researching International Tax |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (5) |
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PART IV Implementing the Research Tools |
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345 | (114) |
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Chapter 10 Communicating Research Results |
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347 | (20) |
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1 Communications and the Tax Professional |
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348 | (2) |
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2 The Heart of Tax Research Communication: The Research Memo |
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350 | (5) |
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2-1 Evaluating the Sources of Law |
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353 | (2) |
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3 Providing Tax Advice to a Client |
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355 | (3) |
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3-1 E-mail, Telephone Calls, and Text Messages |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (2) |
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4 Comprehensive Illustration of Client File |
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358 | (3) |
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5 Oral Presentations of Research Results |
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361 | (3) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (22) |
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1 The Economics of Tax Planning |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (3) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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3 Tax Planning in Perspective |
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373 | (1) |
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4 Fundamentals of Tax Planning |
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374 | (9) |
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4-1 Avoiding Recognition of Taxable Income |
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376 | (2) |
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4-2 Changing the Timing of Recognition of Income, Gains, Deductions, Losses, and Credits |
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378 | (1) |
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4-3 Changing Tax Jurisdictions |
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379 | (1) |
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4-4 Changing the Character of Income |
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380 | (1) |
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4-5 Tax Planning among Related Taxpayers |
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381 | (2) |
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383 | (2) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Working with the IRS |
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389 | (36) |
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1 The Internal Revenue Service |
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390 | (4) |
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1-1 Organization of the IRS |
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390 | (4) |
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394 | (4) |
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2-1 Preliminary Review of Returns |
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394 | (2) |
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2-2 Selection of Returns for Examination |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (5) |
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3-1 Correspondence Examinations |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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3-4 Dealing with an Auditor |
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400 | (1) |
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3-5 Conclusion of Examination |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (1) |
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3-7 File a Protest or Go Straight to Court? |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (5) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (4) |
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5 Entering the Judicial System |
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408 | (1) |
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6 Statutes of Limitations |
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408 | (7) |
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409 | (3) |
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412 | (1) |
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6-3 Claim for Refund or Credit |
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412 | (2) |
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6-4 Suspension of Period of Assessment and Collection |
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414 | (1) |
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6-5 Mitigation of Statute of Limitations |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (3) |
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8-1 Tax Confidentiality Privilege |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Tax Practice and Administration |
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425 | (34) |
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426 | (15) |
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426 | (12) |
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438 | (3) |
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2 Relief from Joint and Several Liability |
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441 | (2) |
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2-1 Innocent Spouse Relief from Joint and Several Liability under § 6015(b) |
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441 | (1) |
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2-2 Allocation of Liability under § 6015(c) and § 6015(d) |
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442 | (1) |
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2-3 Equitable Relief under § 6015(f) |
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442 | (1) |
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3 Penalties on Return Preparers |
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443 | (8) |
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3-1 Definition of Return Preparer |
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444 | (1) |
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3-2 Preparer Disclosure and Record-Keeping Penalties |
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445 | (1) |
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3-3 Preparer Conduct Penalties |
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445 | (6) |
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451 | (1) |
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4-1 Action to Enjoin TRPs |
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451 | (1) |
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4-2 Action to Enjoin Promoters of Abusive Tax Shelters |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (3) |
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5-1 Interest-Computation Conventions |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (3) |
| Research Cases |
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459 | (48) |
| Glossary |
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507 | (14) |
| Index |
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521 | |