| Preface to the Sixth Edition |
|
ix | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xi | |
| The Teaching and Learning Package |
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xii | |
| Geography Videos Online |
|
xiii | |
| About the Authors |
|
xv | |
| About Our Sustainability Initiatives |
|
xvi | |
| Dedication |
|
xvii | |
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Chapter 1 Economic Geography: An Introduction |
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1 | (19) |
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1 | (1) |
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Five Analytical Themes for Approaching Economic Geography |
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2 | (2) |
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Modes of Theorizing in Economic Geography |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Poststructuralist Economic Geography |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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Economic Geography of the World Economy |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (4) |
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Globalization of Culture and Consumption |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Globalization of the Economy |
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13 | (1) |
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Transnational Corporations |
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13 | (1) |
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Globalization of Investment |
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14 | (1) |
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Locational Specialization |
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14 | (1) |
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Globalization of Services |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Information Technology and Globalization |
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15 | (1) |
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Globalization versus Local Diversity |
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16 | (1) |
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Problems in World Development |
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16 | (4) |
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Environmental Constraints |
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16 | (1) |
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Disparities in Wealth and Well-Being |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 The Historical Development of Capitalism |
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20 | (38) |
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Feudalism and the Birth of Capitalism |
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21 | (4) |
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Characteristics of Feudalism |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (2) |
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The Emergence and Nature of Capitalism |
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25 | (10) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Territorial and Geographic Changes |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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The Industrial Revolution |
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35 | (10) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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The Geography of the Industrial Revolution |
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38 | (2) |
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Cycles of Industrialization |
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40 | (1) |
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Consequences of the Industrial Revolution |
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41 | (1) |
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Creation of an Industrial Working Class |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Growth of Global Markets and International Trade |
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43 | (1) |
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Case Study: Railroads and Geography |
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44 | (1) |
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Colonialism: Capitalism on a World Scale |
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45 | (9) |
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The Unevenness of Colonialism |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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A Historiography of Conquest |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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The Effects of Colonialism |
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54 | (2) |
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Annihilation of Indigenous Peoples |
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54 | (1) |
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Restructuring around the Primary Economic Sector |
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54 | (1) |
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Formation of a Dual Society |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Transplantation of the Nation-State |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (38) |
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Global Population Distribution |
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59 | (3) |
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60 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing Population Distribution |
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62 | (1) |
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Population Growth over Time and Space |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (5) |
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Case Study: Population and Land Degradation |
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68 | (1) |
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Demographic Transition Theory |
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69 | (11) |
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Stage 1 Preindustrial Society |
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69 | (4) |
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Stage 2 Early Industrial Society |
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73 | (2) |
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Stage 3 Late Industrial Society |
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75 | (1) |
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Stage 4 Postindustrial Society |
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76 | (3) |
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Contrasting the Demographic Transition and Malthusianism |
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79 | (1) |
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Criticisms of Demographic Transition Theory |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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The Baby Boom, an Aging Population, and Its Impacts |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (12) |
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84 | (1) |
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The Economics of Migration |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Migrants |
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86 | (1) |
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Consequences of Migration |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (4) |
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Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) |
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91 | (1) |
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Case Study: The Great Depression (Baby Bust) Ahead |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Resources and Environment |
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96 | (34) |
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97 | (1) |
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Carrying Capacity and Overpopulation |
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98 | (1) |
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Types of Resources and Their Limits |
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98 | (6) |
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98 | (1) |
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Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Government Policy and Debt |
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103 | (1) |
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Increasing Food Production |
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104 | (3) |
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Expanding Cultivated Areas |
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104 | (1) |
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Raising the Productivity of Existing Cropland |
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104 | (1) |
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Creating New Food Sources |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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More Efficient Use of Foods |
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107 | (1) |
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A Solution to the World Food Supply Situation |
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107 | (1) |
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Nonrenewable Mineral Resources |
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107 | (2) |
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Location and Projected Reserves of Key Minerals |
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108 | (1) |
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Solutions to the Mineral Supply Problem |
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108 | (1) |
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Environmental Impacts of Mineral Extraction |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (6) |
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Energy Production and Consumption |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Production of Fossil Fuels |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (7) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Case Study: Resources: Wind Energy |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Environmental Degradation |
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122 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Wildlife and Habitat Preservation |
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123 | (1) |
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Regional Dimensions of Environmental Problems |
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124 | (2) |
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Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development |
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126 | (4) |
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From a Growth-Oriented to a Balance Oriented Lifestyle |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Theoretical Considerations |
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130 | (26) |
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131 | (5) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Managerial and Technical Skills |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (4) |
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138 | (2) |
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Technique and Scale Considerations |
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140 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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Principles of Scale Economies |
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140 | (1) |
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Vertical and Horizontal Integration and Diversification |
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141 | (1) |
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Interfirm Scale Economies: Agglomeration |
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141 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Industrial Location Theory |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Geographic Organization of Corporations |
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144 | (2) |
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144 | (2) |
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Administrative Hierarchies |
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146 | (1) |
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Economic Geography and Social Relations |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Relations between Capital and Labor |
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146 | (1) |
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Competition and Survival in Space |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Business Cycles and Regional Landscapes |
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148 | (2) |
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Information Technology: The Fifth Wave? |
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149 | (1) |
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Business Cycles and the Spatial Division of Labor |
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149 | (1) |
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The State and Economic Geography |
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150 | (6) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (28) |
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The Formation of a Global Agricultural System |
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158 | (1) |
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The Industrialization of Agriculture |
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159 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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Human Impacts on the Land |
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160 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Rural Land Use |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Cultural Preferences and Perceptions |
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161 | (1) |
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Systems of Agricultural Production |
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162 | (6) |
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Preindustrial Agriculture |
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163 | (1) |
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Peasant Mode of Production |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture |
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166 | (1) |
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Problems of Subsistence Agriculturalists |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (9) |
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U.S. Commercial Agriculture: Crops and Regions |
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169 | (1) |
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Commercial Agriculture and the Number of Farmers |
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169 | (1) |
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Machinery and Other Resources in Farming |
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170 | (1) |
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Types of Commercial Agriculture |
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170 | (1) |
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Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (4) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Horticulture and Fruit Farming |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (3) |
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The Farm Problem in North America |
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177 | (1) |
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The U.S. Farm Subsidy Program |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (28) |
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Major Concentrations of World Manufacturing |
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185 | (8) |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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The Dynamics of Major Manufacturing Sectors |
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195 | (12) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (4) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (4) |
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Case Study: Export Processing Zones |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (5) |
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207 | (1) |
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Post-Fordism/Flexible Production |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (32) |
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213 | (3) |
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Forces Driving the Growth of Services |
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216 | (6) |
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216 | (1) |
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Demand for Health Care and Education |
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217 | (2) |
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An Increasingly Complex Division of Labor |
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219 | (1) |
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The Public Sector: Growth and Complexity |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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The Externalization Debate |
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221 | (1) |
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Labor Markets in the Service Economy |
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222 | (5) |
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Characteristics of Services Labor Markets |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Low Degree of Unionization |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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The Regulation of Finance |
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228 | (1) |
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The Deregulation of Finance |
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229 | (1) |
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The Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 |
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230 | (1) |
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Studies of Major Producer Services by Sector |
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231 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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The Location of Producer Services |
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233 | (1) |
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Interregional Trade in Producer Services |
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233 | (1) |
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International Trade in Services |
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233 | (6) |
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Electronic Funds Transfer Systems |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (5) |
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239 | (1) |
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Case Study: Medical Tourism |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Transportation and Communications |
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244 | (26) |
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Transportation Networks in Historical Perspective |
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245 | (4) |
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Time-Space Convergence or Compression |
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249 | (1) |
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Transportation Infrastructure |
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250 | (1) |
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General Properties of Transport Costs |
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251 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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Freight Rate Variations and Traffic Characteristics |
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252 | (1) |
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Regimes for International Transportation |
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252 | (1) |
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Transportation, Deregulation and Privatization |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Personal Mobility in the United States |
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254 | (2) |
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254 | (2) |
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High-Speed Trains and Magnetic Levitation |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (5) |
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Fiber-optic Satellite Systems |
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258 | (1) |
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Telecommunications and Geography |
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259 | (2) |
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Geographies of the Internet |
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261 | (9) |
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Origins and Growth of the Internet |
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262 | (1) |
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Social and Spatial Discrepancies in Internet Access |
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263 | (2) |
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Case Study: Chinese Internet Censorship |
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265 | (1) |
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Social Implications of the Internet |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Cities and Urban Economies |
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270 | (28) |
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The Rise of the Modern City |
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271 | (1) |
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Urban Economic Base Analysis |
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272 | (5) |
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The Urban Division of Labor |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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The Residential Location Decision |
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278 | (1) |
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The Filtering Model of Housing |
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278 | (1) |
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Housing Demand and Supply |
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278 | (1) |
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The Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and Problems |
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279 | (4) |
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281 | (1) |
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Suburbanization and Inner-City Decline |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Problems of the U.S. City |
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283 | (6) |
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285 | (1) |
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The Crisis of the Inner-City Ghetto |
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285 | (4) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (6) |
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Case Study: Environmental Impacts of Cities |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (14) |
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The Historical Context of Consumption |
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299 | (3) |
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Theoretical Perspectives on Consumption |
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302 | (3) |
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Sociological Views of Consumption |
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302 | (2) |
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Neoclassical Economic Views |
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304 | (1) |
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Marxist Views of Consumption |
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305 | (1) |
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Geographies of Consumption |
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305 | (3) |
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Case Study: Commodity Chains |
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307 | (1) |
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Environmental Dimensions of Consumption |
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308 | (4) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 International Trade and Investment |
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312 | (34) |
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313 | (2) |
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Trade by Barter and Money |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (4) |
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Transport Costs and Comparative Advantage |
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316 | (1) |
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Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory |
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316 | (1) |
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Inadequacies of Trade Theories |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (2) |
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International Money and Capital Markets |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Exchange Rates and International Trade |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Why Exchange Rates Fluctuate |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Results of the U.S. Trade Deficit |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Capital Flows and Foreign Direct Investment |
|
|
324 | (6) |
|
World Investment by Transnational Corporations |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Investment by Foreign Multinationals in the United States |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
Effects of Foreign Direct Investment |
|
|
327 | (3) |
|
Barriers to International Trade and Investment |
|
|
330 | (3) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Government Barriers to Trade |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Tariffs, Quotas, and Nontariff Barriers |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Effects of Tariffs and Quotas |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Government Stimulants to Trade |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Reductions of Trade Barriers |
|
|
333 | (4) |
|
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Government Barriers to Flows of Production Factors |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Multinational Economic Organizations |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
International Financial Institutions |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Regional Economic Integration |
|
|
337 | (9) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
North American Free Trade Agreement |
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
Case Study: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Chapter 13 International Trade Patterns |
|
|
346 | (20) |
|
|
|
347 | (14) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (5) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Chapter 14 Development and Underdevelopment in the Developing World |
|
|
366 | (45) |
|
What's in a Word? "Developing" |
|
|
367 | (13) |
|
How Economic Development Is Measured |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Economic Structure of the Labor Force |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Education and Literacy of a Population |
|
|
369 | (3) |
|
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Urbanization in Developing Countries |
|
|
376 | (3) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Geographies of Underdevelopment |
|
|
380 | (4) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
East Asia (Excluding Japan) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Middle East and North Africa |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Characteristic Problems of Less Developed Countries |
|
|
384 | (8) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Unemployment and Underemployment |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Lack of Capital and Investment |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Inadequate and Insufficient Technology |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Unequal Land Distribution |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Corrupt and Inefficient Governments |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Major Theoretical Perspectives on Global Patterns of Development |
|
|
392 | (5) |
|
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Regional Disparities within Developing Countries |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Expansion of Trade with Less Developed Countries |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Private Capital Flows to Less Developed Countries |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Foreign Aid from Economically Developed Countries |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Industrialization in the Developing World |
|
|
399 | (5) |
|
Import-Substitution Industrialization |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Export-Led Industrialization |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
The East Asian Economic Miracle |
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
|
|
404 | (7) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (3) |
| Glossary |
|
411 | (10) |
| References |
|
421 | (2) |
| Credits |
|
423 | (2) |
| Index |
|
425 | |
