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E-book: Plastic Packaging: Interactions with Food and Pharmaceuticals 2nd, Completely Revised Edition [Wiley Online]

Edited by (Nestlé Purina Petcare, St. Louis, MO, USA), Edited by (Fabes Forschungs-GmbH, Munich, Germany)
  • Format: 632 pages
  • Pub. Date: 13-Feb-2008
  • Publisher: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527621423
  • ISBN-13: 9783527621422
  • Wiley Online
  • Price: 407,06 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Format: 632 pages
  • Pub. Date: 13-Feb-2008
  • Publisher: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527621423
  • ISBN-13: 9783527621422
Plastics are the most important class of packaging materials. This successful handbook, now in its second edition, covers all important aspects of plastic packaging and the interdisciplinary knowledge needed by food chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, food technologists, materials scientists, process engineers, and product developers alike.

This is an indispensable resource in the search for the optimal plastic packaging. Materials characteristics, additives and their effects, mass transport phenomena, quality assurance, and recent regulatory requirements from FDA and European Commission are covered in detail with ample data.
Preface xv
List of Contributors
xvii
Preservation of Quality Through Packaging
1(14)
Albert Baner
Otto Piringer
Quality and Shelf-Life
1(3)
Physical and Chemical Interactions Between Plastics and Food or Pharmaceuticals
4(1)
The Organization of this Book
5(10)
Further Reading
12(3)
Characteristics of Plastic Materials
15(48)
Johannes Brandsch
Otto Piringer
Classification, Manufacture, and Processing Aids
15(11)
Classification and Manufacture of Plastics
16(1)
Raw Materials and Polymerization Processes
17(1)
Addition Polymerization
18(1)
Condensation Polymerization
19(1)
Synthesis of Copolymers, Block, and Graft Copolymers
19(1)
Polymer Reactions
20(2)
Plastic Processing
22(1)
Processing Aids
23(1)
Initiators and Crosslinkers
24(1)
Catalysts
25(1)
Structure and States of Aggregation in Polymers
26(6)
Structure
26(3)
States of Aggregation
29(3)
The Most Important Plastics
32(31)
Thermoplastics
32(1)
Polyethylene
32(2)
Polypropylene
34(2)
Polybutene-1
36(1)
Polyisobutylene
36(1)
Poly-4-methylpentene-1 (P4MP1)
36(1)
Ionomers
36(1)
Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC)
37(1)
Polystyrene
38(1)
Polyvinyl Chloride
39(2)
Polyvinylidene Chloride
41(1)
Thermoplastic Polyesters
41(1)
Polycarbonate
42(1)
Polyamide
43(1)
Polymethylmethacrylate
44(1)
Polyoxymethylene or Acetal Resin
45(1)
Polyphenylene Ether (PPE)
45(1)
Polysulfone
45(1)
Fluoride Containing Polymers
46(1)
Polyvinylether
46(1)
Thermosets
46(1)
Amino Resins (UF, MF)
47(1)
Unsaturated Polyester (UP)
47(1)
Polyurethanes
48(1)
Natural and Synthetic Rubber
49(2)
Silicones
51(3)
Plastics Based on Natural Polymers Regenerated Cellulose
54(1)
Biodegradable Polymers
54(1)
Coatings and Adhesives
55(1)
Lacquers
56(1)
Plastic Dispersions
57(1)
Microcrystalline Waxes
57(1)
Temperature-Resistant Coatings
58(1)
Printing Inks and Varnishes
59(1)
References
60(3)
Polymer Additives
63(26)
Jan Pospisil
Stanislav Nespurek
Introduction
63(1)
Antifogging Agents
64(1)
Antistatic Agents
65(1)
Blowing Agents
65(1)
Colorants
66(1)
Fillers and Reinforcing Agents
66(1)
Lubricants
67(1)
Nucleating Agents
67(1)
Optical Brighteners
68(1)
Plasticizers
68(2)
Stabilizers
70(8)
Antiacids
71(1)
Antimicrobials
72(1)
Antioxidants
72(1)
Chain-Breaking Antioxidants
73(1)
Hydroperoxide Deactivating Antioxidants
74(1)
Dehydrating Agent
75(1)
Heat Stabilizers
75(1)
Light Stabilizers
76(1)
Light Screening Pigments and UV Absorbers
76(1)
Photoantioxidants
77(1)
Transformation Products of Plastic Stabilizers
78(8)
Transformation Products from Phenolic Antioxidants and UV Absorbers
79(4)
Transformation Products from Hydroperoxide Deactivating Antioxidants
83(1)
Transformation Products from Hindered Amine Stabilizers
84(1)
Transformation Products from Heat Stabilizers for PVC
85(1)
Conclusions
86(3)
References
86(3)
Partition Coefficients
89(34)
Albert Baner
Otto Piringer
Experimental Determination of Polymer/Liquid Partition Coefficients
89(1)
Thermodynamics of Partition Coefficients
90(9)
Equilibrium Between Different Phases in Ideal Solutions
91(1)
Partitioning in Ideal Solutions: Nernst's Law
92(1)
Equilibrium Between Different Phases in Nonideal Solutions
93(1)
Partition Coefficients for Nonideal Solutions
94(2)
Partition Coefficients for Systems with Polymers
96(2)
Relationship Between Partition Coefficients and Solubility Coefficients
98(1)
Estimation of Partition Coefficients Between Polymers and Liquids
99(24)
Additive Molecular Properties
99(3)
Estimation of Partition Coefficients Using QSAR and QSPR
102(1)
Group-Contribution Thermodynamic Polymer Partition Coefficient Estimation Methods
102(2)
Estimation of Partition Coefficients Using RST
104(1)
Estimation of Partition Coefficients Using UNIFAC
104(4)
Estimation of Partition Coefficients Using Group-Contribution Flory Equation-of-State
108(1)
Estimation of Partition Coefficients Using Elbro Free Volume Model
108(1)
Comparison of Thermodynamic Group-Contribution Partition Coefficient Estimation Methods
108(1)
Vapor Pressure Index Partition Coefficient Estimation Method
109(3)
Examples of Vapor Pressure Index Values
112(6)
References
118(5)
Models for Diffusion in Polymers
123(40)
Peter Mercea
Diffusion in Polymers - The Classical Approach
125(15)
Diffusion in Rubbery Polymers
126(1)
Molecular Models
126(3)
The Molecular Model of Pace and Datyner
129(2)
Free-Volume Models
131(2)
The Free-Volume Model of Vrentas and Duda
133(2)
Diffusion in Glassy Polymers
135(5)
Diffusion in Polymers - The Computational Approach
140(14)
Molecular Dynamics
142(8)
The Transition-State Approach
150(4)
Conclusions
154(9)
References
158(5)
A Uniform Model for Prediction of Diffusion Coefficients with Emphasis on Plastic Materials
163(32)
Otto Piringer
Introduction
163(3)
Interaction Model
166(2)
Model Assumptions
166(2)
Prerequisites for Diffusion Coefficients
168(10)
Critical Temperatures of n-Alkanes
168(2)
Melting Temperatures of n-Alkanes
170(3)
Melting Temperatures of Atom Clusters
173(2)
Critical Compression Factor
175(1)
The Entropy of Evaporation
175(1)
The Reference Temperature and the Reference Molar Volume
176(2)
The Diffusion Coefficient
178(17)
Diffusion in Gases
178(3)
Diffusion in the Critical State
181(1)
Diffusion in Solids
181(1)
Self-diffusion Coefficients in Metals
181(2)
Self-Diffusion Coefficients in Semiconductors and Salts
183(1)
Self-Diffusion Coefficients in n-Alkanes
184(1)
Diffusion in Liquids
184(1)
Self-Diffusion Coefficients in Metals
184(1)
Self-Diffusion Coefficients in n-Alkanes
185(3)
Diffusion in Plastic Materials
188(1)
Diffusion Coefficients of n-Alkanes in Polyethylene
188(3)
Diffusion Coefficients of Additives in Polymers
191(2)
References
193(2)
Transport Equations and Their Solutions
195(52)
Otto Piringer
Titus Beu
The Transport Equations
195(6)
The Terminology of Flow
196(1)
The Differential Equations of Diffusion
197(3)
The General Transport Equations
200(1)
Solutions of the Diffusion Equation
201(29)
Steady State
202(1)
Nonsteady State
202(1)
Diffusion in a Single-Phase Homogeneous System
203(6)
Dimensionless Parameters and the Proportionality of Mass Transfer to the Square Root of Time
209(3)
Comparison of Different Solutions for the Same Special Cases
212(1)
Diffusion in Multiphase Systems
213(1)
Diffusion in Polymer/Liquid Systems
213(11)
Influence of Diffusion in Food
224(1)
Surface Evaporation
225(2)
Permeation Through Homogeneous Materials
227(1)
Permeation Through a Laminate
228(1)
Concentration Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficient
228(1)
Diffusion and Chemical Reaction
229(1)
Numerical Solutions of the Diffusion Equation
230(17)
Why Numerical Solutions?
230(1)
Finite-Difference Solution by the Explicit Method
231(5)
von Neumann Stability Analysis
236(1)
The Crank-Nicholson Implicit Method
237(3)
Spatially Variable Diffusion Coefficient
240(1)
Boundary Conditions
241(2)
One-Dimensional Diffusion in Cylindrical and Spherical Geometry
243(2)
Multidimensional Diffusion
245(1)
References
246(1)
Solution of the Diffusion Equation for Multilayer Packaging
247(16)
Valer Tosa
Peter Mercea
Introduction
247(1)
Methods for Solving the Diffusion Problem in a Multilayer (ML) Packaging
248(3)
Solving the Diffusion Equation for a Multilayer Packaging in Contact with a Foodstuff
251(5)
Development of a User-Friendly Software for the Estimation of Migration from Multilayer Packaging
256(7)
References
261(2)
User-Friendly Software for Migration Estimations
263(34)
Peter Mercea
Liviu Petrescu
Otto Piringer
Valer Tosa
Introduction
263(3)
MIGRATEST©Lite - A User-Friendly Software for Migration Estimations
266(31)
Basic Features of MIGRATEST©Lite and Input Data Menus
266(10)
Estimation of Migration with MIGRATEST©TLite
276(2)
Output Information Delivered by MIGRATEST©Lite
278(1)
Case Examples Computed with MIGRATEST©Lite
278(3)
Migration Estimations with the MIGRATEST©EXP Software
281(6)
Case Examples Computed with MIGRATEST©EXP
287(9)
References
296(1)
Permeation of Cases and Condensable Substances Through Monolayer and Multilayer Structures
297(52)
Horst-Christian Langowski
Introduction: Barrier Function of Polymer-Based Packaging
297(5)
Permeation Through Polymeric Materials
302(5)
Substance Transport Through Monolayer Polymer Films
303(2)
Substance Transport Through Multilayer Polymer Films (Laminates)
305(2)
Units for Different Parameters
307(1)
Substance Transport Through Single and Multilayer Polymer Substrates Combined with One Inorganic Barrier Layer
307(13)
Numerical Modeling
307(4)
Simplification: Barrier Improvement Factor
311(2)
Multilayer Polymer Substrates Combined with One Inorganic Layer
313(1)
Polymer Substrates Combined with an Inorganic Barrier Layer and Other Polymer Layers on Top of the Inorganic Layer
314(2)
Temperature Behavior of the Structures Shown Above
316(1)
Substance Transport Through Thin Polymer Layers Having Inorganic Layers on Both Sides
317(3)
Substance Transport Through Polymers Filled with Particles
320(1)
Experimental Findings: Polymer Films and One Inorganic Barrier Layer
321(11)
Structures and Defects in Inorganic Barrier Layers on Polymer Substrates
323(1)
Comparison of Model Calculations and Experimental Results for Combinations of Polymer Films and One Inorganic Barrier Layer
324(3)
Apparent Additional Transport Mechanisms for Water Vapor
327(5)
Properties of Systems with at least One Inorganic Layer Embedded Between to Polymer Layers or Films
332(1)
Experimental Findings: Combinations of Polymer Films and More Than One Inorganic Barrier Layer
332(1)
Experimental Findings: Polymers Filled with Platelet-Shaped Particles
333(5)
Experimental Findings: Permeation of Flavors Through Mono- and Multilayer Films and Combinations with Inorganic Barrier Layers
338(4)
Conclusions
342(7)
References
342(7)
Migration of Plastic Constituents
349(68)
Roland Franz
Angela Stormer
Definitions and Theory
349(5)
Migration, Extraction, and Adsorption
349(1)
Functional Barrier
350(1)
Legal Migration Limits and Exposure
350(2)
Parameters Determining Migration
352(2)
Indirect Migration Assessment
354(7)
Worst-Case (Total Mass Transfer) Assumption
355(2)
General Considerations: Taking Solubility and/or Low Diffusivity of Certain Plastics into Account
357(2)
Migration Assessment of Mono- and Multilayers by Application of Complex Mathematical Models
359(1)
Multilayers
359(2)
Migration Experiment
361(11)
Direct Migration Measurement in Conventional and Alternative Simulants
361(1)
Accelerated Migration Tests: Alternative Migration Test
362(3)
Choice of Appropriate Test Conditions
365(1)
Food Simulants
365(2)
Time-Temperature Conditions
367(2)
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
369(1)
Migration Contact
370(2)
Analysis of Migration Solutions
372(6)
Overall Migration
372(1)
Aqueous and Alternative Volatile Simulants
372(1)
Olive Oil
372(1)
Modified Polyphenylene Oxide (Tenax®)
373(1)
Specific Migration
374(1)
Vinyl Chloride EU Directives
374(1)
EN 13130 Series
374(1)
Further Standard Methods
375(1)
Methods of Analysis in Petitions to the European Commission
376(1)
Methods in Foods (Foodmigrosure Project)
377(1)
Development of Methods, Validation, and Verification
378(16)
Establishing (Juristically) Valid Performance of Methods
378(2)
A Practical Guide for Developing and Prevalidation of Analytical Methods
380(7)
Validation Requirements for EU Food Contact Petitions and US FDA Food Contact Notifications
387(1)
Determination of the Detection Limit
387(2)
Analytical Uncertainty
389(1)
Use of the Precision Data from Fully Validated Methods
390(4)
Sources of Errors
394(6)
Highly Volatile Migrants
394(1)
Reaction with Food/Simulant Constituents
395(2)
Migrants in Reactive Processes (e.g., Primary Aromatic Amines from Adhesives)
397(3)
Migration into Food Simulants in Comparison to Foods
400(7)
Consideration of Non Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) and Other not Regulated Migrants
407(10)
References
409(8)
US FDA Food Contact Materials Regulations
417(24)
Allan Bailey
Layla Batarseh
Timothy Begley
Michelle Twaroski
Introduction
417(1)
Regulatory Authority
417(5)
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
417(4)
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
421(1)
Premarket Safety Assessment
422(15)
Introduction
422(1)
Chemistry Information
422(1)
Migrant Levels in Food
423(1)
Packaging Information
423(3)
Toxicology Information
426(1)
Safety Assessment
427(4)
General Considerations
431(1)
Environmental Information
432(1)
Claim of categorical exclusion
432(2)
Environmental Assessment (EA)
434(1)
Polymeric Food Packaging Materials
435(1)
Inadequacies in EAs
436(1)
Final Thoughts
437(1)
Conclusions
438(3)
References
438(3)
Community Legislation on Materials and Articles Intended to Come into Contact with Foodstuffs
441(24)
Luigi Rossi
Introduction
441(1)
Community Legislation
442(18)
Directives/Regulations Applicable to all Materials and Articles
442(1)
Framework Directives/Regulation
442(3)
Regulation on Good Manufacturing Practice
445(1)
Directives Applicable to One Category of Materials and Articles
446(1)
Directive on Regenerated Cellulose Film
446(1)
Directive on Ceramics
447(1)
Directive on Plastics Materials
448(1)
Field of Application
448(1)
EU List of Authorized Substances
449(1)
Restricted Use of Authorized Substances (OML, SML, QM, and QMA)
450(1)
Authorization of New Substances
451(1)
Directives on the System of Checking Migration
452(2)
Functional Barrier
454(1)
Fat (Consumption) Reduction Factors
455(1)
Declaration of Compliance
456(1)
Specific Rules for Infants and Young Children
457(1)
Special Restrictions for Certain Phthalates now Authorized at EU Level
457(1)
Simulant for Milk and Milk Products
458(1)
Other Complementary Community Initiatives
458(1)
Directives Concerning Individual or Groups of Substances
459(1)
Directives on Vinyl Chloride
459(1)
Directive on MEG and DEG in Regenerated Cellulose Film
459(1)
Directive on Nitrosamines in Rubber Teats and Soothers
459(1)
Regulation on the Restriction of Use of Certain Epoxy Derivatives
459(1)
Directive on the Suspension of the Use of Azodicarbonamide as Blowing Agent in Plastics
460(1)
Regulation on Some Plasticizers in Gaskets in Lids
460(1)
National Law and European Mutual Recognition
460(2)
Future Commission Plans
462(1)
National Legislations and Council of Europe Resolutions
462(1)
Conclusions
462(3)
Packaging Related Off-Flavors in Foods
465(34)
Albert Baner
Francois Chastellain
Andre Mandanis
Introduction
465(1)
Sensory Evaluation
466(2)
Identification of Off-Flavor Compounds
468(1)
Physical Chemical Parameters Determining Off-Flavors
469(5)
Derivation of Threshold Concentrations of Sensory-Active Compounds
474(25)
References
494(5)
Possibilities and Limitations of Migration Modeling
499(22)
Peter Mercea
Otto Piringer
Correlation of Diffusion Coefficients with Plastic Properties
501(10)
The Partition Coefficient
511(10)
References
521(2)
Appendices
523(84)
Appendix I
525(32)
Peter Mercea
References
552(5)
Appendix II
557(34)
References
589(2)
Appendix III
591(16)
A Selection of Additives Used in Many Plastic Materials
591(16)
Index 607
Dr. Piringer is a chemist working in the field of packaging since 1978 at the Fraunhofer Institute of Food Technology and Packaging in Munich. In 1997 he co-founded the FABES research company which specializes in analysis and evaluation of mass transfer. His main activities are testing interactions between packaging and materials intended to come into contact with food and other products like drugs, cosmetics, fuel, or chemicals. In addition he develops analytical methods for determining the migration of toxicologically relevant substances and decomposition products into packed goods as well as sources of off-flavours occurring during their storage. As a leading expert in this area he serves on national and European Committees dealing in food law for food contact packaging materials. Otto-Götz Piringer is a member of the Plastics Commission of the German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment in Berlin, formerly known as the German Federal Health Office. He is author and co-author of more than 100 scientific papers.

Dr. Baner, who has degrees in food science, packaging and agricultural engineering, has been researching and working in the packaging field since 1981. He has worked at Michigan State University, the Fraunhofer Institute of Food Technology and Packaging in Munich, the Nestle Research Center in Lausanne and is currently a research packaging scientist with Nestle Purina Petcare in Saint Louis. His research areas encompass the experimental determination and estimation of permeation, diffusion, sorption and migration of flavor molecules and packaging constituents between packaged goods and their packaging. Albert Lawrence Baner is author and co-author of more than 30 scientific papers.