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E-raamat: Automation in Textile Machinery: Instrumentation and Control System Design Principles

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Mar-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498781947
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Automation in Textile Machinery: Instrumentation and Control System Design PrinciplesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Mar-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498781947
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Automation is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery and processes. In line, this book deals with comprehensive analysis of the trends and technologies in automation and control systems used in textile engineering. The control systems descript in all chapters is to dissect the important components of an integrated control system in spinning, weaving, knitting, chemical processing and garment industries, and then to determine if and how the components are converging to provide manageable and reliable systems throughout the chain from fiber to the ultimate customer.

Key Features:

Describes the design features of machinery for operating various textile machineries in product manufacturing

Covers the fundamentals of the instrumentation and control engineering used in textile machineries

Illustrates sensors and basic elements for textile automation

Highlights the need of robotics in textile engineering

Reviews the overall idea and scope of research in designing textile machineries
Organization of the Book xxi
About This Book xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Authors xxix
1 Control Systems Engineering 1(36)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Electrical Terminology
1(16)
1.2.1 Inductance
2(1)
1.2.2 Impedance
3(1)
1.2.3 Amplitude
3(1)
1.2.4 Phase
3(2)
1.2.5 Measurement of Voltage
5(1)
1.2.6 Measurement of Small Voltages
5(1)
1.2.7 Measurement of Current
6(1)
1.2.8 Measurement of Small Currents
6(1)
1.2.9 Noise
7(1)
1.2.10 Interference Noise
7(1)
1.2.11 Screen Circuits
7(1)
1.2.12 Avoid Signal or Ground Loops
7(1)
1.2.13 Electronic Noise
8(1)
1.2.14 Frequency Response and Filtering
8(1)
1.2.15 Potential Divider
9(1)
1.2.16 Operational Amplifiers
10(1)
1.2.17 The Non-Inverting Buffer
10(1)
1.2.18 Operational Amplifier Properties
11(1)
1.2.19 Operational Amplifier Circuits-Unity-Gain Non-Inverting Buffer
12(1)
1.2.20 Non-Inverting Voltage Amplifier
13(1)
1.2.21 Differential Voltage Amplifier
13(1)
1.2.22 Instrumentation Amplifier
13(1)
1.2.23 Current Amplifier
14(1)
1.2.24 Potentiostat
14(1)
1.2.25 Galvanostat
14(1)
1.2.26 Active Filter
15(2)
1.3 Cell Design for Electrochemistry
17(2)
1.3.1 The Working Electrode
17(1)
1.3.2 The Counter Electrode (or Secondary or Auxiliary Electrode)
18(1)
1.3.3 The Reference Electrode
18(1)
1.3.4 Composition
19(1)
1.3.5 Solution Flow
19(1)
1.3.6 The Rotating Disk Electrode
19(1)
1.4 Principles of Control Systems
19(15)
1.4.1 Open-Loop Control System
20(1)
1.4.2 Closed-Loop Control System
21(3)
1.4.3 Automatic Control System
24(13)
1.4.3.1 Functions of Automatic Control
24(1)
1.4.3.2 Elements of Automatic Control
25(1)
1.4.3.3 Feedback Control System Block Diagram
26(2)
1.4.3.4 Stability of Automatic Control Systems
28(1)
1.4.3.5 Two Position Control Systems
29(1)
1.4.3.6 Proportional Control Systems
29(3)
1.4.3.7 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control Systems
32(1)
1.4.3.8 Controllers
32(2)
1.5 Summary
34(1)
References
35(2)
2 Instrumentation 37(52)
2.1 Introduction
37(10)
2.1.1 Sensor and Transmitter
37(1)
2.1.2 Primary Measuring Element Selection and Characteristics
38(3)
2.1.2.1 Response Time
39(1)
2.1.2.2 Accuracy
40(1)
2.1.2.3 Precision
40(1)
2.1.2.4 Sensitivity
41(1)
2.1.2.5 Dead Band
41(1)
2.1.2.6 Installation Problems
41(1)
2.1.3 Signal Transmission
41(1)
2.1.3.1 Signal Types
41(1)
2.1.3.2 Standard Signal Ranges
41(1)
2.1.3.3 Electronic Transmitter Adjusted
41(1)
2.1.4 Transmission System Dynamics
42(4)
2.1.4.1 Transmission Lag
42(2)
2.1.4.2 Transmitter Gain
44(1)
2.1.4.3 Smart Transmitters
44(1)
2.1.4.4 Smart Transmitter Microprocessor-Based Features
45(1)
2.1.5 Characteristics of Instruments
46(1)
2.1.5.1 Static Characteristics
46(1)
2.2 Order of Control and Measurements Systems
47(2)
2.2.1 Zero Order Control Systems
47(1)
2.2.2 First Order Control Systems
47(1)
2.2.3 Second Order Control Systems
48(1)
2.3 Temperature Measurement Systems
49(3)
2.3.1 Thermocouple Temperature Detectors
50(2)
2.4 Instrumentation and Control: Pressure Detectors
52(7)
2.4.1 Bellows-Type Detectors
52(1)
2.4.2 Bourdon Tube-Type Detectors
53(1)
2.4.3 Resistance Type Transducers
53(1)
2.4.4 Strain Gauge Pressure Transducer
54(1)
2.4.5 Strain Gauge Used in a Bridge Circuit
55(1)
2.4.6 Resistance Type Transducers
55(1)
2.4.7 Inductance-Type Transducers
55(1)
2.4.8 Differential Transformer
56(1)
2.4.9 Capacitive-Type Transducers
57(1)
2.4.9.1 Detection Circuitry
58(1)
2.4.10 Pressure Detector Functions
58(1)
2.5 Angular Displacement
59(1)
2.5.1 Potentiometers
59(1)
2.6 Encoders
60(2)
2.6.1 Tachometers
61(1)
2.7 Linear Position
62(1)
2.7.1 Potentiometers
62(1)
2.8 Level Detectors
62(11)
2.8.1 Gauge Glass
63(1)
2.8.2 Reflex Gauge Glass
64(1)
2.8.3 Ball Float
64(1)
2.8.4 Chain Float
65(1)
2.8.5 Magnetic Bond Method
66(1)
2.8.6 Conductivity Probe Method
67(1)
2.8.7 Differential Pressure Level Detectors
67(1)
2.8.8 Closed Tank, Dry Reference Leg
67(2)
2.8.9 Closed Tank, Wet Reference Leg
69(1)
2.8.10 Density Compensation
69(2)
2.8.10.1 Specific Volume
69(1)
2.8.10.2 Reference Leg Temperature Considerations
70(1)
2.8.11 Level Detection Circuitry
71(2)
2.8.11.1 Remote Indication
71(1)
2.8.11.2 Environmental Concerns
72(1)
2.9 Instrumentation and Control Module on Flow Detectors
73(7)
2.9.1 Head Flow Meters
73(3)
2.9.1.1 Orifice Plate
74(1)
2.9.1.2 Venturi Tube
75(1)
2.9.1.3 Pitot Tube
75(1)
2.9.2 Hot-Wire Anemometer
76(1)
2.9.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeter
76(1)
2.9.4 Ultrasonic Flow Equipment
76(1)
2.9.5 Steam Flow Detection
77(1)
2.9.6 Simple Mass Flow Detection System
77(5)
2.9.6.1 Flow Circuitry
79(1)
2.9.6.2 Use of Flow Indication
79(1)
2.9.6.3 Environmental Concerns
80(1)
2.10 Instrumentation and Control Module on Position Indicators
80(2)
2.11 Switches
82(1)
2.11.1 Limit Switches
82(1)
2.11.2 Reed Switches
82(1)
2.12 Variable Output Devices
83(3)
2.12.1 Potentiometer
83(1)
2.12.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformers
83(2)
2.12.3 Position Indication Circuitry
85(1)
2.13 Summary
86(1)
References
86(3)
3 Programmable Logic Control Systems 89(74)
3.1 Introduction
89(5)
3.1.1 Ladder Logic
89(2)
3.1.2 Programming
91(1)
3.1.3 PLC Connections
92(1)
3.1.4 Ladder Logic Inputs
93(1)
3.1.5 Ladder Logic Outputs
93(1)
3.2 Programmable Logic Controller Hardware
94(9)
3.2.1 Inputs and Outputs
95(5)
3.2.1.1 Inputs
96(2)
3.2.1.2 Output Modules
98(2)
3.2.2 Relays
100(1)
3.2.3 Electrical Wiring Diagrams
101(2)
3.2.3.1 Joint International Committee Wiring Symbols
101(2)
3.3 Logical Sensors
103(10)
3.3.1 Sensor Wiring
103(5)
3.3.1.1 Switches
103(1)
3.3.1.2 Transistor-Transistor Logic
103(1)
3.3.1.3 Sinking/Sourcing
104(4)
3.3.1.4 Solid-State Relays
108(1)
3.3.2 Presence Detection
108(5)
3.3.2.1 Contact Switches
108(1)
3.3.2.2 Reed Switches
108(1)
3.3.2.3 Optical (Photoelectric) Sensors
108(2)
3.3.2.4 Capacitive Sensors
110(2)
3.3.2.5 Inductive Sensors
112(1)
3.3.2.6 Ultrasonic
112(1)
3.3.2.7 Hall Effect
112(1)
3.4 Logical Actuators
113(5)
3.4.1 Solenoids
113(1)
3.4.2 Valves
113(2)
3.4.3 Cylinders
115(1)
3.4.4 Hydraulics
116(1)
3.4.5 Pneumatics
116(1)
3.4.6 Motors
117(1)
3.5 Boolean Logic Design
118(5)
3.5.1 Boolean Algebra
118(1)
3.5.2 Logic Design
119(2)
3.5.2.1 Process Description
120(1)
3.5.2.2 Control Description
120(1)
3.5.2.3 Define Inputs and Outputs
120(1)
3.5.2.4 Boolean Equation
120(1)
3.5.3 Common Logic Forms
121(2)
3.5.3.1 Complex Gate Forms
121(1)
3.5.3.2 Multiplexers
122(1)
3.6 Programmable Logic Controller Operation
123(5)
3.6.1 Operation Sequence
124(3)
3.6.1.1 The Input and Output Scans
125(1)
3.6.1.2 The Logic Scan
126(1)
3.6.2 Programmable Logic Controller Status
127(1)
3.6.3 Memory Types
127(1)
3.6.4 Software-Based Programmable Logic Controllers
128(1)
3.7 Latches, Timers, Counters, and More
128(6)
3.7.1 Latches
129(1)
3.7.2 Timers
130(2)
3.7.3 Counters
132(2)
3.7.4 Master Control Relays (MCRs)
134(1)
3.8 Structured Logic Design
134(3)
3.8.1 Process Sequence Bits
135(1)
3.8.2 Timing Diagrams
136(1)
3.9 Flowchart-Based Design
137(4)
3.10 Programmable Logic Controller Memory
141(4)
3.10.1 Memory Addresses
141(1)
3.10.2 Program Files
142(1)
3.10.3 Data Files
143(1)
3.10.4 Ladder Logic Functions
144(1)
3.11 Analog Inputs and Outputs
145(4)
3.11.1 Analog Inputs
146(2)
3.11.1.1 Analog Inputs with a PLC
148(1)
3.11.2 Analog Outputs
148(1)
3.11.2.1 Pulse Width Modulation Outputs
148(1)
3.12 Continuous Actuators
149(7)
3.12.1 Electric Motors
149(7)
3.12.1.1 Basic Brushed DC Motors
150(1)
3.12.1.2 AC Motors
151(2)
3.12.1.3 Brushless DC Motors
153(1)
3.12.1.4 Stepper Motors
153(2)
3.12.1.5 Wound Field Motors
155(1)
3.12.2 Hydraulics
156(1)
3.13 Continuous Control
156(5)
3.13.1 Control of Logical Actuator Systems
157(1)
3.13.2 Control of Continuous Actuator Systems
158(1)
3.13.2.1 Block Diagrams
158(1)
3.13.2.2 Proportional Controllers
159(1)
3.13.3 PID Control Systems
159(4)
3.13.3.1 Water Tank Level Control
160(1)
3.14 Summary
161(1)
References
161(2)
4 Instrumentation and Control Systems on Blowroom Sequence 163(16)
4.1 Introduction
163(1)
4.2 Bale Management
163(2)
4.2.1 Objective Measurement and Quality Control
164(1)
4.3 Mixing Bale Opener
165(1)
4.4 Bale Pluckers
165(1)
4.5 Compact Blowroom
166(3)
4.5.1 Automatic Bale Opener
166(1)
4.5.2 The Multi-Function Separator
167(1)
4.5.3 Mixer-Cleaner Combination with High Production Cleaner
167(2)
4.5.3.1 Computer Controlled Cleaning Efficiency
168(1)
4.5.3.2 Servo Motors
169(1)
4.5.4 Foreign Part Separator
169(1)
4.6 Detection and Removal of Contamination
169(6)
4.6.1 Premier Fiber Eye
169(2)
4.6.1.1 Double Value with Premier Fiber Eye
170(1)
4.6.2 Textile Cotton Eye-Contaminant Removal in Cotton
171(1)
4.6.3 Detection and Removal of Contamination by Securomat
171(3)
4.6.3.1 Operating Principle
171(1)
4.6.3.2 Operator Interface
172(2)
4.6.4 Cotton Contamination Cleaning Machine
174(1)
4.7 Dust and Metal Extraction Machine
175(1)
4.8 Automatic Waste Evacuation System (Intermittent)
175(1)
4.9 Chute Feeding Systems
176(1)
4.10 Summary
176(1)
References
176(3)
5 Instrumentation and Control System in Carding 179(10)
5.1 Introduction
179(3)
5.1.1 Function of Carding
180(1)
5.1.2 Autoleveling
180(9)
5.1.2.1 Different Types of Autolevelers
180(2)
5.2 Measuring Devices
182(1)
5.3 Sensofeed
183(1)
5.4 Flat Control
184(1)
5.5 Precision Flat Setting
185(1)
5.6 IGS Top Automatic Grinding System
185(1)
5.7 Carding Drives
185(1)
5.8 Coiler Sliver Stop Motion
185(1)
5.9 Thermistor Protection Unit
186(1)
5.10 Safety Switches
186(1)
5.11 On Card Filter
186(1)
5.12 Continuous Quality and Production Monitoring
186(1)
5.13 Card Manager
187(1)
5.14 Summary
187(1)
References
187(2)
6 Instrumentation and Control Systems in Draw Frame and Speed Frame 189(16)
6.1 Control Systems in Draw Frame
189(7)
6.1.1 Introduction
189(1)
6.1.2 Autoleveler
189(3)
6.1.2.1 Principle of Measurement and Auto Levelling
190(1)
6.1.2.2 Application Concept
191(1)
6.1.2.3 Position and Range of Correction
191(1)
6.1.2.4 Storage of the Measured Values
191(1)
6.1.3 Sliver Data
192(1)
6.1.4 Sliver Alarm
192(1)
6.1.4.1 Principle of Measurement
192(1)
6.1.5 Sliver Watch
193(1)
6.1.5.1 Contamination Detection on Draw Frames and Lappers
193(1)
6.1.5.2 Yarning Principle of Sliver Watch
193(1)
6.1.5.3 Sliver Watch on Heather Yarns
193(1)
6.1.5.4 Production and Quality Data
194(1)
6.1.6 Sliver Monitoring
194(1)
6.1.7 Automation Material Transport
194(1)
6.1.7.1 Cubican
194(1)
6.1.7.2 CANlog-Handling System for Cans on Trolleys
194(1)
6.1.7.3 CAN Link-Draw Frame Interlinking System
195(1)
6.1.7.4 Cannyone
195(1)
6.1.8 Sliver Expert System
195(1)
6.1.8.1 Machine Setting Recommendations
195(1)
6.1.8.2 Rapid Elimination of Faults
196(1)
6.1.9 Integrated Draw Frame
196(1)
6.2 Control Systems in Comber
196(2)
6.2.1 Sliver Lap Machine
196(1)
6.2.2 Ribbon Lap Machine
197(1)
6.2.2.1 Ribbon Breakage Photo Cell
197(1)
6.2.2.2 Comber Photo Control for Entry Lamp
197(1)
6.2.3 Computer Aided Top Performance
197(1)
6.2.4 Automatic Lap Transport
198(1)
6.2.4.1 SERVOlap
198(1)
6.3 Speed Frame Controls
198(3)
6.3.1 Introduction
198(1)
6.3.2 Multimotor Drive System
199(1)
6.3.3 Automatic Winding Tension Compensating Device
200(1)
6.3.3.1 Pneumostop Unit
200(1)
6.3.3.2 Photo Master or Back Creel Stop Motion Unit
200(1)
6.3.3.3 Roving Stop Motion
200(1)
6.3.3.4 Roving Eye
201(1)
6.3.4 Monitoring
201(1)
6.4 Automatic Doffing
201(1)
6.5 Summary
202(1)
References
202(3)
7 Instrumentation and Control Systems in Ring and Rotor Spinning 205(28)
7.1 Control Systems in Ring Spinning
205(14)
7.1.1 Existing Manual Operations
205(1)
7.1.1.1 Need to Automate
206(1)
7.1.2 The Possibilities for Automation
206(1)
7.1.2.1 Drive of Highest Operational Reliability-PLCV
206(1)
7.1.2.2 Electrical Controls
206(1)
7.1.2.3 Other Automations
207(1)
7.1.3 Individual Spindle Monitoring
207(1)
7.1.3.1 Three-Level Operator Guiding System
207(1)
7.1.4 Piecing Devices
208(1)
7.1.5 Automations with Auto Doffer
208(2)
7.1.5.1 Speed Control Through Inverter System
208(1)
7.1.5.2 SERVOtrail
209(1)
7.1.6 Ringdata
210(2)
7.1.6.1 Production Data Collection
210(1)
7.1.6.2 Production and Single Data Collection
210(2)
7.1.7 Magnetic Spinning
212(4)
7.1.7.1 Active Magnetic Levitation Principles
212(1)
7.1.7.2 Flux Density and Force from Circuit Theory
213(2)
7.1.7.3 Typical Magnetic System Geometry and Control
215(1)
7.1.8 Monitoring and Control of Energy Consumption for Ring Frames in Textile Mills
216(3)
7.1.8.1 Design of the System
217(1)
7.1.8.2 The Input/Output Data of the System
217(1)
7.1.8.3 The Features of the Instrument System
218(1)
7.2 Controls in Rotor Spinning
219(12)
7.2.1 Tasks of Rotor Spinning
219(2)
7.2.1.1 Automations in Rotor Spinning
220(1)
7.2.2 Compact SpinBox
221(1)
7.2.2.1 Adjustable BYPASS
221(1)
7.2.3 Automatic Piecing Devices
222(1)
7.2.3.1 Piecing Principle
222(1)
7.2.4 Event Identification System: Electronically Controlled Yarn Transfer
223(1)
7.2.5 Automatic Suction Devices
224(1)
7.2.5.1 New Suction System: Optimum Through-Flow
224(1)
7.2.6 Foreign Fiber Detection System
225(1)
7.2.6.1 Optical Measuring Principle Using Infrared Light
225(1)
7.2.6.2 Individual Corolab ABS System
225(1)
7.2.6.3 The Measuring Principle
226(1)
7.2.7 Fault Recognition and Clearing
226(1)
7.2.8 Moire and Nep Detection
227(1)
7.2.8.1 Nep Detection
227(1)
7.2.9 "Sliver-Stop" Function
227(1)
7.2.10 Monitoring Devices
228(5)
7.2.10.1 Precise Monitoring of Yarn Counts
228(1)
7.2.10.2 Spectrogram
228(1)
7.2.10.3 Histogram
228(1)
7.2.10.4 Variation-Length Curve
229(1)
7.2.10.5 Alarm Functions
229(1)
7.2.10.6 Online Hairiness Monitoring on OE Rotor Spinning Machines
229(1)
7.2.10.7 Principles of Operation of the Hairiness Measuring Systems
229(1)
7.2.10.8 UNIfeed®: The Universal Tube Supply System
230(1)
7.2.10.9 Automatic Can Transport
230(1)
7.2.10.10 Package Removal
230(1)
7.3 Summary
231(1)
References
231(2)
8 Control Systems in Cone Winding Machine 233(12)
8.1 Introduction
233(1)
8.2 Electronic Yarn Clearer
233(2)
8.2.1 Capacitance Type
233(1)
8.2.2 Photo-Cell Type
234(1)
8.3 Electronic Anti-Patterning Device
235(1)
8.3.1 Drum Lap Guard
235(1)
8.4 Length and Diameter Measuring Device
235(1)
8.5 Sensor-Monitored Winding Process
235(1)
8.6 The Informator: Central Operating and Control Unit
236(1)
8.7 Automatic Tension Controlling Device
236(2)
8.7.1 Direct Drive System-Auto Torque Transmission
236(2)
8.8 Yarn Clearer
238(1)
8.9 Variable Material Flow Systems
239(1)
8.10 Winding Head Control
240(1)
8.11 Full Cone Monitors
240(1)
8.12 Automatic Package Doffer
240(1)
8.13 Cleaning and Dust Removal Systems
241(1)
8.14 Automation Variants
241(1)
8.15 Caddy Identification Systems
242(1)
8.16 Spindle Identification
242(1)
8.17 Package Quality Control
242(1)
8.18 Variopack System
243(1)
8.19 Summary
243(1)
References
244(1)
9 Instrumentation and Control Systems in the Warping and Sizing Machine 245(16)
9.1 Control Systems in Warping
245(7)
9.1.1 Introduction
245(1)
9.1.2 Automatic Feed Control System
246(1)
9.1.3 Automatic Tension Controller
247(2)
9.1.3.1 Optostop Tensioner
248(1)
9.1.3.2 Reliable Fault Detection
248(1)
9.1.4 Automatic Warp Divider
249(1)
9.1.5 Automatic Warp Stop Motion
249(2)
9.1.6 Precision Length Measuring Unit
251(1)
9.1.7 Automatic Braking System
251(1)
9.1.8 Beam Pressing Device
251(1)
9.2 Measurement and Control Systems Used in Sizing
252(7)
9.2.1 Pre-Wet Sizing
253(1)
9.2.1.1 Compact Roller Arrangement
253(1)
9.2.1.2 Eliminates Pre-Drying
253(1)
9.2.2 Temperature Control
254(1)
9.2.3 Size Level Control
254(1)
9.2.4 Automatic Tension Control on Single End Sizing
255(1)
9.2.5 Stretch Control
255(1)
9.2.6 Size Application Measurement Control
256(1)
9.2.7 Computer Slasher Control
257(1)
9.2.8 Auto Moisture Controller
258(1)
9.2.9 Evaluation of Sized Yarn
259(1)
9.2.10 Automatic Marking System (Diagram)
259(1)
9.3 Summary
259(1)
References
260(1)
10 Control Systems in Weaving 261(24)
10.1 Introduction
261(1)
10.2 Electronic Shedding
261(2)
10.3 Electronic Jacquard
263(1)
10.4 Automatic Pick Controller
263(1)
10.5 Controls in Weft Insertion System
263(1)
10.6 Let-Off Electronic Control Warp Beam
264(1)
10.7 Electronic Take-Up Motion
265(1)
10.7.1 Electronic Weft Detectors
265(1)
10.7.2 Weft Sensors
265(1)
10.8 Warp Stop Motion
266(2)
10.8.1 Classifications
266(1)
10.8.2 The Warp Stop Motions for Large Width Weaving Machines
266(2)
10.8.2.1 The Harness Warp Stop Motions
266(1)
10.8.2.2 The Electro-Optical Warp Stop Motions
267(1)
10.8.2.3 The Hayashi Optic-Electronic Warp Stop Motion
267(1)
10.8.2.4 The Warp and Reed Protector Motions
267(1)
10.8.2.5 The Contactless Stop Motions
268(1)
10.9 Electronic Controls and Monitoring Devices on Shuttle Weaving Machines
268(4)
10.9.1 Shuttle Flight Monitoring
269(2)
10.9.1.1 The Principle of Operation of Electronic Shuttle Flight Monitoring
269(2)
10.9.2 Electronic Monitoring Devices on Rapier Weaving Machines
271(1)
10.9.3 Real Time Monitoring and Planning for the Weave Room
271(1)
10.9.3.1 Color Mill
272(1)
10.9.3.2 Cockpit View
272(1)
10.9.3.3 Film Report
272(1)
10.10 Electronic Yarn Tension Control
272(8)
10.10.1 The Production Sensor
273(1)
10.10.2 The Central Unit
273(1)
10.10.3 The Three-Stop Connection
274(2)
10.10.3.1 Standard Reports
274(2)
10.10.4 Connection Capacity of the Central Unit
276(1)
10.10.4.1 Data Assurance with a Mains Breakdown
277(1)
10.10.4.2 Function Control
277(1)
10.10.4.3 Distributed Control System
277(1)
10.10.4.4 Memory Card
277(1)
10.10.4.5 Handy Function Panel
277(1)
10.10.5 Configuration of Loom Data System
277(1)
10.10.6 Software for Loom Data
278(1)
10.10.7 Data Processing in the Air-Jet Weaving Machine
279(1)
10.10.7.1 Intelligent Pattern Data Programming
280(1)
10.10.7.2 Network-Ready Touch-Screen Terminal
280(1)
10.11 Sumo Drive System
280(1)
10.11.1 Programmable Filling Tensioner
280(1)
10.11.2 Automatic Pick Repair
280(1)
10.11.3 Quick Style Change
281(1)
10.12 Electronic Selvedge Motions
281(1)
10.13 Weave Master Reporting Report and Formula Generator
281(1)
10.13.1 Integrated Graphics
282(1)
10.13.2 Automatic Printing and Data Export
282(1)
10.14 WeaveMaster Production Scheduling
282(1)
10.14.1 Planning Warps and Pieces: The Graphical Plan Board
282(1)
10.14.2 Printing of Warp Tickets and Piece Labels
282(1)
10.14.3 Warp Out Prediction and Yarn Requirements Calculation
282(1)
10.14.4 Looms with Ethernet Interface
283(1)
10.15 Summary
283(1)
References
283(2)
11 Controls in Knitting 285(14)
11.1 Designing and Patterning
285(1)
11.2 Electronic Jacquard
286(1)
11.2.1 Pattern Computer
286(1)
11.2.2 Binary Mechanism
286(1)
11.3 Control Systems
287(3)
11.3.1 Feeding Zone
287(1)
11.3.2 Feeding Cone Indicator
287(1)
11.3.3 Feeding Package Indicator
288(1)
11.3.4 Knitting Zone
288(1)
11.3.5 Winding Length
289(1)
11.3.6 Oil Level Controller
289(1)
11.4 Individual Needle Selection
290(1)
11.5 Knitting Machine-Needle Detector
290(1)
11.6 Knit Master System
291(1)
11.6.1 Machines with Surface-Driven Packages
291(1)
11.6.2 The Functions of the Knit Master System
291(1)
11.6.3 All Solid-State Doff Counter for Knitting
292(1)
11.7 Simodrive Sensor Measuring Systems
292(1)
11.8 Monitoring Yarn Input Tension for Quality Control in Circular Knitting
293(3)
11.8.1 Measuring System
294(1)
11.8.2 Representation of the Waveform by a Measured Value
295(1)
11.8.3 Defect Identification by Stitch Formation Differences
295(1)
11.9 Warp Knitting Machine Control
296(1)
11.9.1 Scanner Head
297(1)
11.9.2 Hand Terminal
297(1)
11.10 Summary
297(1)
References
298(1)
12 Controls in Testing Instruments 299(22)
12.1 Introduction
299(1)
12.2 Fiber Properties
299(1)
12.2.1 Fiber Length
300(1)
12.2.2 Principle of Fiber Length Measurement
300(1)
12.3 Fiber Diameter Analyzer
300(1)
12.4 Fiber Fineness
301(1)
12.5 Fineness and Maturity Testing
302(1)
12.5.1 Fiber Contamination Technology
303(1)
12.6 High Volume Instrument
303(1)
12.7 Advanced Fiber Information System
304(2)
12.8 Auto Sorter
306(1)
12.9 Electronic Twist Tester
306(1)
12.10 Yarn Evenness Measuring Instruments
306(6)
12.10.1 Photoelectric Method
306(1)
12.10.2 Capacitance Method
306(2)
12.10.2.1 Choice of Measuring Indicator
307(1)
12.10.2.2 Normal and Inert Testing
307(1)
12.10.2.3 The Imperfections Indicator
307(1)
12.10.3 Infrared Sensing Method
308(1)
12.10.3.1 Keisokkis Laserspot
308(1)
12.10.4 Variation in Thickness under Compression Method
309(1)
12.10.5 Classimat
310(2)
12.11 Electronic Inspection Board
312(1)
12.11.1 Electronic Inspection Board Process for Yarn Appearance Grade Evaluation
312(1)
12.12 Hairiness Measurement-Photoelectric Method
313(1)
12.12.1 Photoelectric Counting Method
313(1)
12.13 Tensile Strength Testing of Textiles
314(4)
12.13.1 Breaking Force Measurement
315(2)
12.13.2 The Instron Tensile Testing Instrument
317(1)
12.13.3 The Load Weighing System
317(1)
12.14 Optical Trash Analysis Device
318(1)
12.15 Summary
319(1)
References
319(2)
13 Automation and Control in Chemical Processing 321(36)
13.1 Control Systems in Dyeing Process
321(22)
13.1.1 Novel Control Concepts
322(2)
13.1.2 Novel Control Schemes
324(1)
13.1.3 Fuzzy Logic Control
325(1)
13.1.4 Auto Jigger Controller System
326(1)
13.1.5 Automatic Dispensing System
326(1)
13.1.6 Online pH Measurement and Control
327(11)
13.1.6.1 Introduction
327(1)
13.1.6.2 pH Monitoring
328(1)
13.1.6.3 pH Control
328(2)
13.1.6.4 On-Off Control-Two Step
330(1)
13.1.6.5 On-Off Control-Three Step
330(1)
13.1.6.6 On-Off Control of Two Reagents
331(1)
13.1.6.7 Proportional, Integral, and Derivative Control
331(1)
13.1.6.8 pH Control in the Dyeing of Polyamide
332(6)
13.1.7 Indigo Dyeing
338(2)
13.1.7.1 The pH Value Guides the Way
339(1)
13.1.8 Automatic Control of the Dyeing the Dosing of the Agents
340(1)
13.1.8.1 The Smart Gray Cells of the Controller
340(1)
13.1.9 Automation in Dyehouse
341(1)
13.1.10 Plant Manager System for Dyeing and Finishing
342(1)
13.2 Control Systems in Textile Finishing Machinery
343(5)
13.2.1 Stenters
343(5)
13.2.1.1 Control of the Fabric Temperature
344(2)
13.2.1.2 Residual Moisture after Dryer
346(2)
13.3 Special Purpose Drying Machine and Felt Finishing Range
348(1)
13.3.1 Predryer
348(1)
13.3.2 Belt Stretcher
348(1)
13.3.3 Compressive Shrinkage Unit for Tubular Knitted Fabrics
348(1)
13.3.4 Controls in Compressive Shrinkage Unit
349(1)
13.3.5 Air Relax Dryer
349(1)
13.4 Digital Textile Printing Ink Technologies
349(6)
13.4.1 Process Color
350(1)
13.4.1.1 Quality and Productivity
351(1)
13.4.2 Advantages of Digital Printing
351(1)
13.4.2.1 Advantages of Analog Printing
352(1)
13.4.3 Digital Printing Technologies
352(1)
13.4.3.1 Hybrid Digital-Analog Printing Technologies
352(1)
13.4.4 Continuous Multi-Level Deflected Inkjet
353(1)
13.4.5 Piezoelectric Shear Mode
354(1)
13.5 Summary
355(1)
References
355(2)
14 Automation in Garments 357(32)
14.1 Introduction
357(1)
14.2 Automated Fabric Inspection
358(5)
14.2.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Visual Fabric Inspection
359(1)
14.2.2 Requirements for the Automatic Fabric Inspection
359(3)
14.2.2.1 The Inspection Process
361(1)
14.2.2.2 The Reports
361(1)
14.2.2.3 New Generation in Fault Detection
361(1)
14.2.3 Inspecting Elastics
362(1)
14.2.4 I-Tex System
362(1)
14.3 Automatic Pattern Making System
363(3)
14.3.1 The Requirements of Marker Planning
363(1)
14.3.2 The Design Characteristic of the Finished Garment
363(1)
14.3.3 Computerized Marker Planning
364(1)
14.3.4 Optitex Marker Making
364(1)
14.3.5 Pattern Design System
365(1)
14.3.5.1 Numonics Accugrid Digitizers
366(1)
14.4 Body Measurement System
366(3)
14.4.1 System Design
366(1)
14.4.2 Sensor Design
367(1)
14.4.3 System Software Design
367(1)
14.4.4 Theory of Operation
367(1)
14.4.5 Image Acquisition
368(1)
14.4.6 Scanning Results
368(1)
14.4.7 Measurement Extraction
368(1)
14.4.8 Actual Scan-Raw Data
368(1)
14.4.9 Automatic Pattern Alteration Using Commercial Apparel CAD, and the Virtual Try-On
369(1)
14.5 Automatic Fabric Spreading Machine
369(2)
14.5.1 Cradle Feed Spreading System
370(1)
14.6 Automatic Fabric Cutting Process
371(4)
14.6.1 Precision of Cut
371(1)
14.6.1.1 Clean Edges
371(1)
14.6.1.2 Unscorched, Unfused Edges
371(1)
14.6.1.3 Support of the Lay
372(1)
14.6.1.4 Consistent Cutting
372(1)
14.6.2 Cutting and Spreading System
372(1)
14.6.3 Continuous Cutting Conveyor System
372(1)
14.6.4 EasiMatch Software System
373(1)
14.6.5 EasiCut Software System
374(1)
14.6.5.1 Powerful Variable Speed Motor
374(1)
14.6.6 Conveyorized Cutting System
374(1)
14.6.7 Automatic Labeler Option
375(1)
14.7 Sewing
375(7)
14.7.1 Stitch Types
376(2)
14.7.1.1 Sewing M/C Automation
377(1)
14.7.2 Electronic Lockstitch Pocket Setter Sewing System
378(1)
14.7.3 Automatic Two-Needle Hemmer Sleeves and Shirt Bottoms
378(1)
14.7.3.1 Automatic Two-Needle Hemmer for Sleeves
378(1)
14.7.3.2 Automatic Two-Needle Coverstitch Hemmer for Sleeves and Pockets
378(1)
14.7.4 Automatic Clean Finish Elastic Waistband Station with Fold-in-Half Stacker
379(1)
14.7.5 Computer-Controlled, Direct-Drive, High-Speed, One-Needle, Lockstitch, and Zigzag Stitching Machine
379(1)
14.7.6 Direct-Drive, High-Speed, Needle-Feed, Lockstitch Machine with an Automatic Thread Trimmer
379(1)
14.7.7 Automatic Short Sleeve Closing System
380(1)
14.7.8 Computer-Controlled Lockstitch Buttonholing Machine
380(1)
14.7.8.1 Feed Mechanism Using a Stepping Motor
380(1)
14.7.8.2 Bobbin Thread Winder
381(1)
14.7.9 Automatic Placket Fusing, Cutting, and Stacking
381(1)
14.7.9.1 Control Panel
381(1)
14.7.10 High-Speed, Over Lock/Safety Stitch Machine
382(1)
14.8 Finishing Process
382(3)
14.8.1 Fusing Interlining
383(1)
14.8.1.1 Making Sewing Easier and Increasing Production
383(1)
14.8.2 Permanent Fusing and Temporary Fusing
383(1)
14.8.2.1 Continuous Fusing Machine
384(1)
14.8.2.2 High Pressure Fusing Machine for Collars, Cuffs, and Plackets
384(1)
14.8.3 Pressing
384(1)
14.8.3.1 Press to Finish
384(1)
14.8.3.2 Pressing System with Automatic Segmented Frames
384(1)
14.9 Automatic Material Transport
385(1)
14.9.1 Garment Storage with a Simple Hook Release from Horizontal to Vertical Position
385(1)
14.9.2 Packaging
385(1)
14.10 Summary
386(1)
References
386(3)
15 CAD/CAM Solutions for Textiles 389(18)
15.1 Introduction
389(1)
15.2 Textile Design Systems
389(4)
15.2.1 Knitted Fabrics
390(1)
15.2.2 Printed Fabrics
391(1)
15.2.3 Illustrations/Sketch Pad Systems
391(1)
15.2.4 Texture Mapping
392(1)
15.2.5 Embroidery Systems
392(1)
15.2.6 Design Desk-For Yarn Dyed and Dobby Woven Fabrics
392(1)
15.2.6.1 Yarn Development and Management
392(1)
15.2.6.2 Weave Creator
392(1)
15.2.6.3 Design Creation
393(1)
15.3 CAD/CAMs Effect on the Jacquard Weaving Industry
393(4)
15.3.1 Jacquard Design History
393(4)
15.3.1.1 Industrial and Commercial Trends
394(1)
15.3.1.2 The Designer
395(1)
15.3.1.3 Design Editing in Grid
396(1)
15.3.1.4 Weave Creation
396(1)
15.3.1.5 Weave Mapper
396(1)
15.3.1.6 Simulation of Fabrics
396(1)
15.4 Computer Aided Manufacturing
397(2)
15.4.1 The Software Fundamentals of Fashion Design
397(1)
15.4.2 Vector-Based Programs
397(1)
15.4.3 Raster-Based Programs
398(1)
15.4.4 Common File Formats
398(1)
15.4.5 Texture Mapping
399(1)
15.5 CIM-Data Communications Standards for Monitoring of Textile Spinning Processes
399(7)
15.5.1 Data Communications
400(1)
15.5.2 Network Function
400(1)
15.5.3 Layered Network Model
400(1)
15.5.4 Analogy of the Three Layer Model and the Telephone System
401(1)
15.5.5 Manufacturing Network Topology
401(1)
15.5.6 Machine-Level Network
401(1)
15.5.7 Work-Cell Network
402(1)
15.5.8 Data Storage System
402(1)
15.5.9 Corporate Office Computers
402(1)
15.5.10 Systems Integration
402(1)
15.5.11 Components of a Communication Standard for Textiles
403(1)
15.5.12 Data Dictionary
403(1)
15.5.13 Physical Layer and Protocol Stack
403(1)
15.5.14 Application Layer and Common Data Structure
403(1)
15.5.15 Application of Relational Databases for Monitoring of Textile Processes
403(1)
15.5.16 Interface to Uster SliverData System
404(1)
15.5.17 Interface Using Proprietary Protocol
404(1)
15.5.18 Interface Using Standard Protocols
405(1)
15.5.19 Application of Common Database
405(1)
15.5.20 Flexible Applications
405(1)
15.6 Summary
406(1)
References
406(1)
Index 407
Dr L Ashok Kumar is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow from San Diego State University, California.

M. Senthilkumar joined as Lecturer in Department of Textile Technology, PSG Polytechnic College, Coimbatore, India from September 2006 to June 2017 and promoted as Head of the Department and working till date. So far he has published nearly 50 research papers in various international and national journals. He has contributed one chapter as a co-author for the book entitled on Military Textiles, Wood head publication, Cambridge, England.
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