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Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets: Accounting for Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of CO2 and other Trace Gases [Pehme köide]

Edited by , Edited by (Biospheric Sciences Lab, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, University of Maryland College Park), Edited by (Executive Director of the Global Carbon Project and Senior Principal Research Scientist CSIRO), Edited by (Assistant Professor, Forest Resources,)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 530 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 450 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128149523
  • ISBN-13: 9780128149522
Teised raamatud teemal:
Balancing Greenhouse Gas Budgets: Accounting for Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of CO2 and other Trace GasesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 530 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 450 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128149523
  • ISBN-13: 9780128149522
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780128149522.html
Märksõnad:
Balancing Regional Greenhouse Gas Budgets: Accounting for Natural and Anthropogenic Flows of CO2 and other Trace Gases provides a synthesis of greenhouse gas budgeting activities across the world. Organized in four sections, including background, methods, case studies and opportunities, it is an interdisciplinary book covering both science and policy. All environments are covered, from terrestrial to ocean, along with atmospheric processes using models, inventories and observations to give a complete overview of greenhouse gas accounting. Perspectives presented give readers the tools necessary to understand budget activities, think critically, and use the framework to carry out initiatives.Written by a combination of experts across career stages, presenting an integrated perspective for graduate students and professionals alikeIncludes sections authored by those involved in both early and later IPCC assessments Provides an interdisciplinary resource that spans many topics and methodologies in oceanic, land and atmospheric processes
Contributors xv
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Section A Background
1 Balancing greenhouse gas sources and sinks: Inventories, budgets, and climate policy
Josep C. Canadell
Benjamin Poulter
Ana Bastos
Philippe Ciais
Daniel J. Hayes
Rona L. Thompson
Yohanna Villalobos
1 The human perturbation of the carbon cycle and other biogeochemical cycles
3(1)
2 Inventories of anthropogenic GHG: The foundation of the Kyoto protocol and the Paris agreement
4(5)
3 GHG budgets: Constraining GHG sources and sinks
9(3)
4 Supporting the global stocktake and the net-zero emissions policy goals
12(2)
5 A new generation of technologies and observations to constrain global and regional GHG budgets
14(4)
6 Extending the carbon budget and accounting frameworks to meet broader policy information needs
18(13)
Acknowledgment
22(1)
References
22(9)
Section B Methods
2 CO2 emissions from energy systems and industrial processes: Inventories from data- and proxy-driven approaches
Dustin Roten
Gregg Marland
Rostyslav Bun
Monica Crippa
Dennis Gilfillan
Matthew W. Jones
Greet Janssens-Maenhout
Eric Marland
Robbie Andrew
1 Introduction
31(3)
2 Overview of inventory approaches
34(9)
2.1 Emission estimation from energy statistics
34(3)
2.2 Activity data
37(2)
2.3 Emission factors
39(1)
2.4 Spatial and temporal emission disaggregation
39(3)
2.5 Other approaches
42(1)
3 Uncertainty
43(4)
3.1 Emission estimation
43(3)
3.2 Spatial and temporal modeling
46(1)
3.3 Other sources of uncertainty
47(1)
4 Examples of emission estimates and products
47(5)
4.1 IEA
47(1)
4.2 Bp
48(1)
4.3 CDIAC-FF
48(1)
4.4 EDGAR
49(1)
4.5 Global carbon project
50(1)
4.6 GCP gridded fossil emissions dataset
50(2)
5 Summary
52(7)
References
52(4)
Further reading
56(3)
3 Bottom-up approaches for estimating terrestrial GHG budgets: Bookkeeping, process-based modeling, and data-driven methods
Benjamin Poulter
Ana Bastos
Josep G. Canadell
Philippe Ciais
Deborah Huntzinger
Richard A. Houghton
Werner Kurz
A.M. Roxana Petrescu
Julia Pongratz
Stephen Sitch
Sebastiaan Luyssaert
1 Introduction to bottom-up (BU) approaches
59(5)
1.1 Definitions and discrepancies
63(1)
2 Bottom-up methodologies
64(12)
2.1 Stock-change versus flux-based accounting
64(2)
2.2 Bookkeeping methodology
66(4)
2.3 Process-based methodology
70(4)
2.4 Data-driven methodologies
74(2)
3 Relevance to Stock-Change and flux-based accounting
76(2)
3.1 Uncertainties
77(1)
3.2 Comparisons between approaches
78(1)
4 Conclusions
78(9)
References
78(9)
4 Top-down approaches
Rona L. Thompson
Frederic Chevallier
Shamil Maksyutov
Prabir K. Patra
Kevin Bowman
1 Introduction
87(2)
2 Measurements of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
89(6)
2.1 Ground-based measurements
89(2)
2.2 Satellite measurements
91(4)
3 Atmospheric modeling
95(5)
3.1 Modeling atmospheric transport and chemistry
95(2)
3.2 Types of atmospheric transport models
97(1)
3.3 Relating surface fluxes to atmospheric mixing ratios
98(2)
4 Inversion concepts
100(17)
4.1 Bayes' theorem and its application to optimizing fluxes
100(3)
4.2 Introduction to different optimization methods
103(7)
4.3 Ensembles for estimating the posterior uncertainty
110(1)
4.4 Estimating prior flux and observation uncertainties
111(4)
4.5 Boundary conditions
115(2)
5 Application to land biosphere CO2 fluxes (NEE)
117(3)
6 Application to fossil fuel emissions of CO2
120(6)
7 Application to CH4 fluxes
126(4)
8 Application to other GHG fluxes
130(2)
9 Sources of error
132(5)
9.1 Transport errors
132(3)
9.2 Aggregation errors
135(2)
10 Validation of flux estimates from inversions
137(2)
11 Summary and conclusions
139(20)
Acknowledgments
140(1)
References
140(19)
Section C Case Studies
5 Current knowledge and uncertainties associated with the Arctic greenhouse gas budget
Eugenie S. Euskirchen
Lori M. Bruhwiler
Roisin Commane
Frans-Jan W. Parmentier
Christina Schadel
Edward A.G. Schuur
Jennifer Watts
1 Introduction and background: Arctic ecosystems
159(3)
2 Methodologies
162(21)
2.1 Components of the greenhouse gas budget of terrestrial arctic ecosystems
162(1)
2.2 Methodologies for flux estimation in the Arctic
163(9)
2.3 Top-down and bottom-up methods for estimating carbon fluxes in the Arctic
172(1)
2.4 Terrestrial ecosystem and land surface models in the Arctic
173(3)
2.5 Review of Arctic GHG estimates by sector and associated key uncertainties
176(7)
3 Uncertainty and reducing uncertainty
183(1)
4 Perspective and future opportunities
184(19)
4.1 The current status of the GHG budget of the arctic terrestrial and marine environments
184(1)
4.2 Future perspectives: Improving the Arctic GHG budget
185(1)
Acknowledgments
186(1)
References
186(17)
6 Boreal forests
Daniel J. Hayes
David E. Butman
Grant M. Domke
Joshua B. Fisher
Christopher S.R. Neigh
Lisa R. Welp
1 Carbon in boreal forests
203(3)
1.1 The major components of the boreal forest carbon budget
205(1)
2 Estimating carbon stocks and fluxes in boreal forests
206(6)
2.1 Sampling boreal forest carbon stocks
208(2)
2.2 Sampling boreal ecosystem carbon fluxes
210(1)
2.3 Carbon emissions from wildfire
210(1)
2.4 Carbon in the aquatic system
211(1)
3 Carbon accounting in boreal forests
212(5)
3.1 National forest inventories
213(1)
3.2 Carbon in harvested wood products
214(1)
3.3 Managed vs unmanaged forest lands
215(1)
3.4 The role of remote sensing in boreal forest inventories
216(1)
4 Regional-scale modeling
217(1)
5 Synthesis
218(19)
Acknowledgments
221(1)
References
221(16)
7 State of science in carbon budget assessments for temperate forests and grasslands
Masayuki Kondo
Richard Birdsey
Thomas A.M. Pugh
Ronny Lauerwald
Peter A. Raymond
Shuli Niu
Kim Naudts
1 Introduction and background
237(2)
2 Methodologies for flux estimations in temperate regions
239(13)
2.1 Net carbon flux estimations
239(4)
2.2 Components of the carbon budget in temperate regions
243(9)
3 Review of the carbon budget of temperate forests and grasslands
252(5)
3.1 Adjustments for the carbon budget
253(2)
3.2 Carbon budget assessment
255(2)
4 Uncertainties in carbon fluxes
257(5)
4.1 Reliability and uncertainty in observational methods
258(3)
4.2 Uncertainty in components of the temperate carbon budget
261(1)
5 Perspective and future opportunities for policy decision-making
262(9)
5.1 Progress over past decades
262(1)
5.2 Future perspective
263(1)
5.3 Toward policy-driven carbon budgets
263(1)
References
264(7)
8 Tropical ecosystem greenhouse gas accounting
Jean Pierre Ometto
Felipe S. Pacheco
Mariana Almeida
Luana Basso
Francisco Gilney Bezerra
Manoel Cardoso
Marcela Miranda
Eraclito Souza Neto
Celso von Randow
Luiz Felipe Rezende
Kelly Ribeiro
Cisleine Cunha-Zeri
1 Introduction and background: Tropical ecosystems
271(2)
1.1 General description
271(1)
1.2 Understanding changes in carbon cycling and storage
272(1)
2 GHG budget in the tropics
273(20)
2.1 Components of the greenhouse gas budget tropical ecosystems
273(2)
2.2 Methodologies for flux estimation in the tropics
275(8)
2.3 Top-down and bottom-up methods for estimating carbon fluxes in the tropics (modeling)
283(2)
2.4 Terrestrial ecosystem and land surface processes in the tropics
285(3)
2.5 GHG emissions from tropical forest deforestation and degradation
288(1)
2.6 Review of tropical GHG estimates by sector
289(4)
3 Uncertainty and reducing uncertainty
293(3)
4 Perspective and future opportunities
296(15)
Acknowledgments
298(1)
References
298(13)
9 Semiarid ecosystems
Ana Bastos
Victoria Naipal
Anders Ahlstrom
Natasha MacBean
William Kolby Smith
Benjamin Poulter
1 Introduction and background: Global drylands and semiarid ecosystems
311(3)
1.1 Ecology
312(1)
1.2 Threats
313(1)
2 Methodologies
314(12)
2.1 Components of the greenhouse gas budget of semiarid ecosystems
314(2)
2.2 In situ based methodologies for flux estimation in semiarid ecosystems
316(2)
2.3 Atmospheric inversion monitoring of semiarid ecosystems
318(1)
2.4 Remote sensing
319(3)
2.5 Land surface modeling of semiarid ecosystems
322(1)
2.6 Soil erosion
323(3)
3 Future perspectives
326(11)
Acknowledgment
327(1)
References
327(10)
10 Urban environments and trans-boundary linkages
Kangkang Tong
Anu Ramaswami
1 From science to policy for urban carbon accounting
337(2)
2 Four carbon accounting approaches for individual cities
339(24)
2.1 Purely territorial carbon accounting approaches
340(8)
2.2 Community-wide trans-boundary infrastructure supply-chain carbon footprinting approaches
348(10)
2.3 Consumption-based carbon footprinting approaches
358(4)
2.4 Total community-wide carbon footprinting
362(1)
3 Accounting biogenic carbon from land use and land-use change in individual cities
363(3)
4 From individual cities to initiatives for all urban areas' carbon accounting
366(9)
References
370(5)
11 Agricultural systems
Stephen M. Ogle
Pete Smith
Francesco N. Tubiello
Shawn Archibeque
Miguel Taboada
Donovan Campbell
Cynthia Nevison
1 Introduction
375(4)
2 Carbon stocks, flows, and emissions in agricultural systems
379(4)
2.1 Cropping systems
379(2)
2.2 Livestock systems
381(2)
2.3 Lateral transport and supply chains
383(1)
3 Methodologies
383(7)
3.1 Inventories of agricultural soil C stock changes, N2O and CH4 emissions
384(3)
3.2 Inventories of emissions from livestock systems
387(1)
3.3 Lateral transport and supply chains
387(2)
3.4 Top-down inversion methods
389(1)
4 Improving regional GHG inventories for agriculture
390(2)
5 Conclusions
392(11)
Acknowledgments
393(1)
References
393(10)
12 Greenhouse gas balances in coastal ecosystems: Current challenges in "blue carbon" estimation and significance to national greenhouse gas inventories
Lisamarie Windham-Myers
James R. Holmquist
Kevin D. Kroeger
Tiffany C. Troxler
1 Background
403(1)
2 What limits traditional AFOLU estimation approaches in coastal ecosystems?
404(3)
3 IPCC guidelines for national-scale estimation of coastal wetland carbon
407(5)
4 Improving application of the IPCC NGGI guidelines in the United States
412(7)
5 Implications for the scale of GHG estimation
419(2)
6 Implications for carbon cycle science on coastlines
421(1)
7 Final thoughts
421(6)
Acknowledgments
422(1)
References
422(5)
13 Ocean systems
Peter Landschutzer
Lydia Keppler
Tatiana Ilyina
1 Summary
427(1)
2 The ocean as a sink/source of GHGs to the atmosphere
428(3)
3 Preindustrial (or natural) carbon budget based on inverse estimates
431(3)
4 Anthropogenic perturbations and the contemporary global carbon sink
434(4)
5 Regional marine carbon sink
438(3)
6 Storage of anthropogenic carbon
441(1)
7 Variability of the ocean GHG uptake
442(3)
8 Future outlook
445(11)
References
447(9)
Section D Forward Looking
14 Applications of top-down methods to anthropogenic GHG emission estimation
Shamil Maksyutov
Dominik Brunner
Alexander J. Turner
Daniel Zavala-Araiza
Rajesh Janardanan
Rostyslav Bun
Tomohiro Oda
Prabir K. Patra
1 Introduction
456(1)
2 Using inverse estimates of non-CO2 GHG emissions in national reporting
456(2)
3 Methane emissions detection at facility and basin scale
458(5)
4 Large point source emission monitoring using satellite observations
463(2)
5 Precision and sampling requirements for future satellite observations
465(2)
6 Developing global high-resolution transport modeling capability for analysis of the satellite and ground-based observations of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission
467(4)
7 Developing high-resolution emission inventories for inverse modeling
471(3)
8 Summary
474(9)
References
475(8)
15 Earth system perspective
Lesley Ott
Abhishek Chatterjee
1 Introduction and background: What is an earth system model?
483(2)
2 Carbon cycle modeling in the context of earth system models
485(3)
3 Data assimilation in earth system models
488(3)
3.1 Data assimilation related to numerical weather prediction
489(1)
3.2 Data assimilation related to land and ocean carbon cycle
489(1)
3.3 Data assimilation related to atmospheric carbon observations
490(1)
4 Future direction for carbon cycle science, earth system modeling, and DA applications
491(1)
References 492(5)
Index 497
Dr Ben Poulter is a Research Scientist in the Earth Sciences Division at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center. He is an expert in using remote sensing and dynamic global vegetation models to quantify and monitor terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks and the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane. He has contributed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports (AR5 and AR6), the United States State of the Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR-2), and has published numerous manuscripts on forest and wetland dynamics in response to natural disturbances, land-use change, changing climate and rising atmospheric CO2. Dr Josep G. Canadell is the Executive Director of the Global Carbon Project and a chief research scientist at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Australia. His work focuses on collaborative and integrative research to study the human perturbation of the carbon cycle and the global budgets of carbon, methane and nitrous oxide. Additional interest is on assessing the size and vulnerability of earths carbon pools and pathways to decarbonization. He has contributed to the last three Assessment Reports of the IPCC and publishes in the field of global ecology and earth system sciences. Dr Dan Hayes is Associate Professor in the School of Forest Resources at the University of Maine. He teaches, does research and performs outreach on the use of remote sensing for forest inventory and ecosystem studies. He studies the role of climate change and disturbance in the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, with a focus on Arctic and Boreal regions. He has contributed to various regional, continental and global carbon budget modeling and synthesis efforts and publishes on the methods and results of multi-disciplinary, ecosystem-scale scientific investigations. Dr Rona Thompson is a senior research scientist at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Her research focuses on the modelling of atmospheric transport and composition, especially greenhouse gases, and improving knowledge of the sources and sinks of various atmospheric species using statistical optimization methods. She was a contributing author to the last two Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and has published numerous articles on the emissions and atmospheric transport of greenhouse gases.