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E-raamat: Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Mathias Jenny (University of Zurich), San San Hnin Tun (Cornell University, USA)

Formaat: 504 pages, 13 Tables, black and white
Sari: Routledge Comprehensive Grammars
Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2016
Kirjastus: Routledge
ISBN-13: 9781315651194

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Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Formaat: 504 pages, 13 Tables, black and white
Sari: Routledge Comprehensive Grammars
Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2016
Kirjastus: Routledge
ISBN-13: 9781315651194

Teised raamatud teemal:

Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta

Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315651194

Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Burmese grammar.It presents a fresh, accessible and thorough description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Burmese. The book moves from the sounds and script through word classes and word formation to a detailed analysis of sentence structures and semantic features such as aspect, tense, negation and intensifiers. The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Burmese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Burmese as used by present-day native speakers.An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require.Features include: • detailed treatment of the common grammatical structures and parts of speech• extensive exemplification• particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty• All example given in Burmese script, IPA phonetic transcription, and English• glossary of linguistic terminology • both colloquial and formal Burmese presented.The Grammar is a useful reference source for intermediate to advanced learners and users of Burmese. With clear and accessible explanations this book will remain the standard reference work for years to come for learners, teachers and linguists alike.

Abbreviations

xvii

Acknowledgments

xxi

1 Introduction

(12)

1.1 Historical and social context

(1)

1.2 Myanmar and Burma: Literary and Colloquial Burmese

(1)

1.3 Burmese today

(3)

1.3.1 The language and its speakers

(1)

1.3.2 Burmese globalized: Loanwords, code mixing, and slang

(2)

1.4 Structure of Burmese: An overview

(4)

1.4.1 Sounds

(2)

1.4.2 Grammatical features

(1)

1.4.3 Role of context: Linguistic and extralinguistic

(1)

1.5 About this grammar

(3)

2 Sound system and script

(36)

2.1 Sound system

(17)

2.1.1 Consonants

(1)

Plain consonants

(3)

Consonant clusters

(1)

2.1.2 Vowels

(1)

Plain vowels

(1)

Vowels in closed syllables

(2)

2.1.3 Tones, voice quality, and prosody

(1)

Tones

(1)

Stress and prosody

(1)

2.1.4 Syllable structure

(1)

2.1.5 Sandhi

(1)

Voicing

(5)

Assimilation

(1)

2.1.6 Regional and sociolectal variants

(2)

2.2 Script

(18)

2.2.1 Consonants

(2)

2.2.2 Ligatures -- initial and medial

(2)

2.2.3 Vowels -- free and bound

(2)

2.2.4 Rhymes

(1)

Vowels and final consonants

(2)

Representation of tones

(1)

2.2.5 Special symbols

(1)

2.2.6 Numerals

(1)

2.2.7 Spacing and punctuation

(1)

2.2.8 Finding words in dictionaries and spelling words

(1)

Alphabetical order

(1)

Spelling out words

(1)

2.2.9 Chat script

(2)

2.2.10 Other methods of transcription

(4)

3 Parts of speech

(11)

3.1 Nominals

(4)

3.1.1 Nouns

(2)

3.1.2 Pronouns

(1)

3.1.3 Measure words

(1)

3.1.4 Classifiers

(1)

3.2 Verbs

(3)

3.2.1 Main verbs

(1)

3.2.2 Auxiliaries

(1)

3.2.3 Types of verbs

(1)

Intransitive verbs

(1)

Transitive verbs

(1)

Property verbs (adjectives)

(1)

3.3 Adverbs

(1)

3.3.1 Phrasal adverbs

(1)

3.3.2 Clausal adverbs

(1)

3.4 Markers and particles

(3)

3.4.1 Grammatical markers

(1)

Phrasal markers

(1)

Clausal markers

(1)

3.4.2 Pragmatic particles

(1)

Phrasal particles

(1)

Clausal particles

(1)

4 Lexicon

(36)

4.1 Pronouns

(5)

4.1.1 First person pronouns

(1)

4.1.2 Second person pronouns

(1)

4.1.3 Third person pronouns

(1)

4.1.4 Other pronouns

(2)

4.2 Kinship terms and personal names

(4)

4.2.1 Kinship terms

(3)

4.2.2 Personal names

(1)

4.3 Numerals

(4)

4.3.1 Cardinal numerals

(2)

4.3.2 Ordinal numerals

(1)

4.3.3 Fractions of whole numbers

(1)

4.3.4 Multipliers

(1)

4.3.5 Percentages and distributives

(1)

4.4 Classifiers and measure words

(4)

4.4.1 Classifiers

(3)

4.4.2 Measure words

(1)

4.5 Time and date

(6)

4.5.1 Units of time

(2)

4.5.2 Adverbs of time

(1)

4.5.3 Days, months, and years

(3)

4.6 Meteorological and natural phenomena

(2)

4.7 Feeling terms

(1)

4.8 Color terms

(1)

4.9 Specific vocabulary for different activities

(2)

4.10 Elaborate expressions

(2)

4.11 Ideophones

(1)

4.12 Loanwords

(5)

4.12.1 Pali/Sanskrit

(1)

4.12.2 English

(2)

4.12.3 Others

(2)

5 Word structure

(31)

5.1 Derivational affixes

(16)

5.1.1 The nominal prefix?

(3)

5.1.2 Nominal suffixes

100

(1)

Abstract nouns

100

(2)

People

102

(3)

Something to V

105

(3)

Modifying

108

(2)

Gender

110

(1)

5.1.3 Derivation by tone change

111

(1)

5.2 Compounding

112

(9)

5.2.1 Nouns

112

(1)

Modifying compounds

112

(4)

Additive compounds

116

(1)

Euphonic compounds

117

(1)

Exocentric compounds

117

(1)

5.2.2 Verbs

118

(1)

Verb-verb, not analyzable

118

(1)

Verb-verb, modifying

118

(1)

Verb-verb, additive

119

(1)

Verb-verb, euphonic

119

(1)

Noun-verb

119

(2)

5.3 Reduplication

121

(6)

5.3.1 Nominal reduplication

122

(1)

5.3.2 Measure words and classifiers

122

(1)

5.3.3 Verbal reduplication

123

(1)

Preverbal: adverbial

123

(1)

Postnominal: attributive

123

(1)

Special reduplication patterns

123

(3)

5.3.4 Adverbial reduplication

126

(1)

6 Phrase structure

127

(115)

6.1 Noun phrase

127

(58)

6.1.1 Plural markers

127

(1)

twe/dwe `general plural'

128

(1)

to/do `associative plural'

129

(2)

6.1.2 Classifier phrase

131

(2)

6.1.3 Quantifiers

133

(1)

tain/dain `each, every'

133

(1)

T-N-loun `the whole N'

134

(1)

sloun / -zloun, -loun `all of'

135

(1)

paun/baun `sum, combined number, total'

135

(1)

?mya.zoun `(at/the) most', ?nε.zoun `(at/the) least'

136

(1)

?mya.zu `most of, majority', ?nε.zu `fewest of, minority'

136

(1)

Ttho `some'

137

(1)

?a.loun `all'

138

(1)

ta-X-tle `some, a few'

139

(1)

Mka `more than, not as few as'

139

(1)

6.1.4 Enumeration

140

(1)

Exhaustive lists

140

(2)

Representative lists

142

(1)

Non-specific parallel lists

143

(1)

6.1.5 Demonstratives

143

(2)

6.1.6 Interrogatives and indefinites

145

(1)

6.1.7 ttha `other', `another'

146

(3)

6.1.8 Attributive modifiers

149

(1)

Verbal attributives

149

(3)

Nominal attributives

152

(1)

Adverbial attributives

153

(1)

6.1.9 Possessives

154

(2)

6.1.10 Postnominal markers

156

(1)

Case markers

156

(12)

Location markers

168

(13)

Derived postpositions

181

(4)

6.2 Verb phrase

185

(48)

6.2.1 Preverbal auxiliaries

185

(1)

la `come' and θwa `go'

186

(1)

pyan `return'

186

(1)

Tha? `pile up, impose, put on top'

187

(1)

Shε? `connect, continue'

188

(1)

lai? `follow, go around and'

189

(1)

au? `walk, go around and'

190

(1)

sa `begin'

190

(1)

To/to.tin `do in advance'

191

(1)

Ti `look'

192

(1)

ku/ku.i `help'

193

(1)

wain `surround'

194

(1)

paun `combine, add' and khwε `split, take apart, separate'

195

(1)

pe `give'

196

(1)

6.2.2 Postverbal auxiliaries

197

(1)

thin/in `want to'

197

(1)

se/ze `let'

198

(1)

phu/bu `have had the experience, ever'

199

(1)

ya `get, must'

200

(1)

lai? `follow, just, for good, without further consideration'

201

(2)

la `come'

203

(1)

θwa/owa `go'

204

(1)

ne `stay'

205

(1)

tha `keep'

206

(1)

pe `give'

207

(1)

θin/oin `proper, suitable, appropriate, should, ought'

208

(1)

yε `dare'

208

(1)

ta?/da? `able, skilled, know how'

209

(1)

nain `capable'

209

(1)

?a `free'

210

(1)

khain `order'

211

(1)

pyan-bi `do again'

212

(1)

ya `can, way'

213

(1)

pi `finished'

214

(1)

koun `all'

215

(1)

6.2.3 Negation

216

(1)

6.2.4 Plural subject

217

(2)

6.2.5 Displacement in space and time

219

(1)

6.2.6 Importance, politeness, emphasis

220

(1)

6.2.7 Aspectual markers

221

(1)

θe/oe `yet'

221

(1)

?oun `further, more, again'

222

(2)

t/d `change of situation'

224

(1)

6.2.8 Status markers

225

(1)

tε/dε `non-future, realis'

225

(2)

mε `future, irrealis'

227

(2)

pi/bi `new situation'

229

(2)

phu/bu `negation'

231

(1)

nε `prohibitive'

232

(1)

6.3 Adverbial phrase

233

(9)

6.3.1 V-V reduplication

234

(2)

6.3.2 N-lo, V-θ.lo/d.lo `as, like'

236

(1)

6.3.3 N-nε, V-ta/da-nε `with' and N-mε, m-V-phε/bε `without'

237

(2)

6.3.4 ?-V-ti/di `very'

239

(1)

6.3.5 khnε/gnε `abruptly'

240

(2)

7 Clause and sentence structure

242

(66)

7.1 The makeup of clauses

242

(7)

7.1.1 Clauses with verbal predicates

242

(1)

7.1.2 Clauses with non-verbal predicates

243

(1)

Identity: "zero copula", phyi? `to be', m-hou?-phu `it is not'

243

(3)

Existential and possessive: i `exist, there is, have' and pa `be included'

246

(2)

Locative: ne `be at, stay, remain'

248

(1)

7.2 Clause types

249

(37)

7.2.1 Independent clauses

249

(1)

Status markers

250

(1)

Constituent order

251

(2)

Non-finite independent clauses

253

(2)

7.2.2 Dependent clauses

255

(1)

Complement clauses

256

(1)

Nominalized clauses

256

(2)

[ CLAUSE-FIN, NP] lo

258

(2)

[ CLAUSE, XP]-hman

260

(1)

Relative clauses

261

(3)

Adverbial clauses

264

(1)

Negative

265

(1)

Conditional

265

(2)

Purposive

267

(3)

Causal

270

(1)

Sequential

271

(4)

Temporal

275

(6)

Concessive

281

(3)

Clauses with postpositions

284

(2)

7.3 Transitivity

286

(5)

7.3.1 Intransitive

286

(2)

7.3.2 Transitive

288

(2)

7.3.3 Ditransitive

290

(1)

7.4 Valency changing

291

(8)

7.4.1 Passive

291

(2)

7.4.2 Causative

293

(1)

Lexical

293

(1)

Periphrastic

293

(1)

V-se/ze

293

(1)

V-khain

294

(1)

pe-V

295

(1)

[ CLAUSE]-?aun lou?

296

(1)

7.4.3 Benefactive

297

(2)

7.5 Participation

299

(7)

7.5.1 Solitary

299

(2)

7.5.2 Reciprocal

301

(1)

7.5.3 Associative

302

(4)

7.5.4 Distributive

306

(1)

7.6 Combining sentences

306

(2)

8 Form and functions of utterances

308

(48)

8.1 Statements

308

(9)

8.1.1 Plain statements

308

(1)

General statements

308

(3)

Emphatic statements

311

(2)

8.1.2 Reported speech

313

(1)

Self-report or general report

314

(1)

Second person report

314

(1)

Third person report

315

(2)

8.2 Questions

317

(24)

8.2.1 Polar questions

317

(8)

8.2.2 Content questions

325

(1)

Pronominal interrogatives

326

(2)

Interrogative modifiers

328

(1)

Interrogative quantifiers

329

(2)

Temporal interrogatives

331

(1)

Locative interrogatives

332

(2)

Other interrogatives

334

(2)

Indefinites

336

(3)

8.2.3 Alternative questions

339

(1)

8.2.4 Tag questions

340

(1)

8.2.5 Elliptical questions

340

(1)

8.3 Requests

341

(15)

8.3.1 Direct imperatives

342

(1)

Softening a command

342

(3)

Intensifying a command

345

(3)

8.3.2 Prohibitive

348

(3)

8.3.3 Adhortatives

351

(1)

8.3.4 Indirect imperatives/optatives

352

(4)

9 Negation

356

(15)

9.1 Negating verbs

356

(11)

9.1.1 Standard negation

356

(1)

Basic negation

356

(2)

Negation with modifier

358

(1)

Negation with incorporated nouns

359

(1)

Negation in colloquial language

360

(1)

Negation in dependent clauses

360

(1)

Negated complement and relative clauses

361

(1)

9.1.2 Aspectual/temporal negation

362

(2)

9.1.3 Emphatic negation

364

(1)

Intensifying adverbial

364

(1)

Negated quantifier/indefinite

365

(2)

9.2 Negating non-verbal elements

367

(1)

9.2.1 Negating nouns and adverbials

367

(1)

9.2.2 Negating clauses

367

(1)

9.3 Nominal and clausal negation

368

(2)

9.3.1 Nominal negation

368

(1)

9.3.2 Clausal negation

369

(1)

9.4 Indefinite negation

370

(1)

10 Expression of tense, aspect, and modality

371

(61)

10.1 Tense

371

(6)

10.1.1 Non-future/realis

371

(2)

10.1.2 Future/irrealis

373

(4)

10.2 Aspect

377

(23)

10.2.1 New state of affairs

377

(3)

10.2.2 Old state of affairs

380

(1)

Past and present reference

380

(2)

Future reference

382

(1)

10.2.3 Ongoing event

382

(3)

10.2.4 Displacement in time and space

385

(1)

Activity directed towards the center of interest

385

(1)

Activity done at another place

386

(1)

Activity removed from present

387

(1)

10.2.5 Change of state and direction

387

(1)

la `come'

387

(2)

θwa/owa `go'

389

(1)

la and θwa/owa compared

390

(1)

10.2.6 Experiential

391

(1)

10.2.7 Completive

392

(2)

10.2.8 Repetitive

394

(5)

10.2.9 Continuous

399

(1)

10.3 Aspect and manner

400

(6)

10.3.1 Without further ado: lai?

401

(2)

10.3.2 For the time being: tha

403

(2)

10.3.3 Have time to do: ?a

405

(1)

10.3.5 Do rarely: khε/gε

405

(1)

10.4 Modality and more

406

(21)

10.4.1 Ability

406

(1)

ya `get'

406

(2)

ta?/da? `able'

408

(1)

nain `win, capable'

408

(2)

10.4.2 Possibility

410

(1)

nain `win, capable'

411

(1)

V-thin/in V-mε `maybe'

411

(1)

V kaun V-mε `possibly'

412

(1)

lau? `as much as, probably'

413

(1)

lein.mε, -mε, `will probably, certainly'

414

(1)

V-mε, thin-dε, `will V, I think'

415

(1)

10.4.3 Actuality

416

(1)

10.4.4 Necessity and obligation

416

(3)

10.4.5 Desiderative

419

(1)

10.4.6 Appropriateness

420

(2)

10.4.7 Do unintentionally

422

(1)

10.4.8 Daring

423

(3)

10.4.9 Trial

426

(1)

10.4.10 Empathy

426

(1)

10.5 Easy and difficult to do

427

(1)

10.6 Liking

428

(4)

11 Intensifiers and comparison

432

(24)

11.1 Intensifiers

432

(10)

11.1.1 Intensifying and softening adverbs

433

(1)

Intensifying

433

(5)

Too much

438

(1)

Softening

439

(1)

11.1.2 Negation of intensifiers

440

(2)

11.2 Comparison

442

(14)

11.2.1 Comparative

443

(1)

Marked on standard

443

(1)

Marked on verb

444

(2)

Marked on standard and property

446

(1)

Comparison with transitive predicates

447

(1)

Quantified comparison

448

(1)

11.2.2 Similative and equative

449

(1)

Similative

449

(1)

Equative

450

(2)

11.2.3 Superlative

452

(1)

Superlative with intransitive verbs

452

(1)

Superlative with transitive verbs

453

(1)

11.2.3 Correlative comparative

454

(2)

12 Pragmatics and language use

456

(35)

12.1 Minimal utterances

457

(1)

12.2 Incomplete utterances

458

(3)

12.3 Extended utterances

461

(1)

12.4 Making assumptions

462

(3)

12.5 Subjectivity

465

(1)

12.5.1 Properties

465

(1)

12.5.2 Quantities

465

(1)

12.6 Soliciting agreement

466

(1)

12.7 Sentence-final discourse markers

467

(8)

12.7.1 Speaker's attitude

467

(5)

12.7.2 Politeness

472

(1)

12.7.3 Emphatic utterances

472

(2)

12.7.4 Negative emphatic

474

(1)

12.8 Information structure

475

(6)

12.8.1 Topic/comment

476

(1)

12.8.2 Topic and focus markers

476

(1)

12.8.3 Foregrounding

477

(1)

12.8.4 Exclusive

477

(1)

12.8.5 Additive

478

(1)

12.8.6 Contrastive

478

(2)

12.8.7 Reference tracking

480

(1)

12.9 Pragmatic case marking

481

(4)

12.9.1 Differential subject marking

481

(2)

12.9.2 Differential object marking

483

(2)

12.10 Social interaction

485

(6)

12.10.1 Politeness conventions

485

(1)

12.10.2 Greetings

486

(2)

12.10.3 Interacting with Buddhist monks

488

(3)

Glossary of grammatical terms

491

(10)

Index

501

Mathias Jenny is Senior Lecturer/Researcher in the Department of Comparative Linguistics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, with a research focus on the languages of Southeast Asia. He teaches General Linguistics and beginners Burmese.

San San Hnin Tun is Maītre de Conférences at Inalco/Lacito-CNRS. She teaches Burmese and researches the Burmese language, in particular on discourse structure and functions of spoken contemporary Burmese using a corpus linguistic approach. She is the author of the recent Routledge publication Colloquial Burmese.

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