| Abbreviations |
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xii | |
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1 Introduction to Cell Signalling |
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1 | (22) |
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1.1 Why is cell signalling so important? |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 A very brief history of cell signalling |
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4 | (2) |
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1.3 The general principles of cell signalling |
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6 | (12) |
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6 | (1) |
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Transmission of a message |
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7 | (2) |
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The characteristics of a good signalling molecule |
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9 | (2) |
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Signal transduction pathways |
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11 | (3) |
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Activities can go down as well as up: balance is key |
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14 | (1) |
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Why reversal of signalling is important |
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15 | (1) |
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Signalling components are often modular in nature |
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16 | (2) |
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1.4 Some examples of what happens if cell signalling goes wrong |
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18 | (5) |
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2 Signals and Their Perception |
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23 | (22) |
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2.1 A description of the molecular structure of signals: from nitric oxide to complex receptors |
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24 | (4) |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3 Perception of signals: receptors and other mechanisms |
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30 | (15) |
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32 | (5) |
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Receptors need to be turned off |
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37 | (2) |
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Reception by chemical interaction |
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39 | (1) |
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Quantification of receptor/ligand binding |
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40 | (5) |
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3 Modifications to Proteins that Control Cell Signalling |
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45 | (26) |
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3.1 Changes of protein structure are important for cell signalling transmission |
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46 | (1) |
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3.2 Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and the role of kinases and phosphatases |
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47 | (14) |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Brief section on other phosphorylation events |
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61 | (1) |
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3.3 Modification by lipids and how this may influence Subcellular location of proteins |
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61 | (2) |
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3.4 Other post-translational modifications |
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63 | (2) |
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3.5 Cleavage of proteins involved in cell signalling |
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65 | (6) |
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71 | (28) |
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4.1 The general use of small intracellular signals |
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72 | (1) |
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4.2 cAMP pathways, using glycogen metabolism as an example |
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73 | (6) |
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Heterotrimeric G proteins and their role |
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77 | (2) |
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4.3 Monomeric G proteins and their role |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.6 Inositol pathways, concentrating on InsP3 and InsP4 |
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84 | (4) |
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4.7 Signalling pathways involving calcium ions |
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88 | (11) |
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93 | (6) |
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5 Cell Signalling Disorders; Cancer and Apoptosis |
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99 | (20) |
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5.1 An introduction as to why cellular proliferation and cell death are important |
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100 | (1) |
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5.2 A brief discussion on cell development |
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101 | (5) |
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Role of transcription factors |
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102 | (1) |
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Examples of signalling used for cell development |
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103 | (3) |
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5.3 Epigenetics and cell signalling |
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106 | (1) |
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5.4 Cell signalling pathways that are associated with cancer |
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107 | (3) |
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5.5 The importance of apoptosis |
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110 | (1) |
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5.6 The mitochondrial-dependent pathway controlling apoptosis |
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111 | (3) |
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5.7 The mitochondrial-independent pathway controlling apoptosis |
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114 | (5) |
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6 Stress Responses and the Changing Cell Environment |
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119 | (20) |
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6.1 Perceiving of the environment, whether as a single cell or an organism, and why this is important |
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120 | (4) |
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6.2 Organisms' responses to biotic stress: pathogen challenge in animals and plants |
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124 | (6) |
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A brief overview of the immune system |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (3) |
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Responses to pathogens in plants |
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128 | (2) |
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6.3 Abiotic stress responses, including those caused by human activity |
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130 | (3) |
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Heat shock proteins and their roles |
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131 | (1) |
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Cellular redox and antioxidants |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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6.5 Prokaryotic signalling |
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134 | (1) |
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6.6 Present and future challenges |
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134 | (5) |
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7 Future Challenges and Perspectives in Cell Signalling |
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139 | (16) |
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7.1 Brief discussion of measurement of signalling components |
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140 | (3) |
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7.2 Brief discussion of issues around compartmentalization and threshold signalling levels |
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143 | (3) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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7.3 New and emerging signals: how we still don't know all the components |
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146 | (3) |
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Small signalling molecules and post-translational modifications |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Genomes and gene expression |
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147 | (2) |
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7.4 Manipulation of cell signalling for the future, for both human disease and agriculture |
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149 | (6) |
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Use of pharmacological agents |
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149 | (2) |
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Gene changes, CRISPR, and gene editing |
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151 | (4) |
| Glossary |
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155 | (6) |
| Index |
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161 | |
