| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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1 Radionuclides and their Radiometric Measurement |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (5) |
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1.1.1 Natural Radionuclides |
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1 | (3) |
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1.1.2 Artificial Radionuclides |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2 Modes of Radioactive Decay |
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6 | (8) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (2) |
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1.2.4 Internal Transition |
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12 | (2) |
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1.3 Detection and Measurement of Radiation |
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14 | (11) |
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1.3.1 Gas Ionization Detectors |
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14 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Liquid Scintillation Counting |
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16 | (4) |
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1.3.3 Solid Scintillation Detectors |
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20 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Semiconductor Detectors |
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20 | (2) |
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1.3.5 Summary of Radiometric Methods |
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22 | (3) |
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2 Special Features of the Chemistry of Radionuclides and their Separation |
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25 | (10) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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2.4 Utilization of Radiation in the Determination of Radionuclides |
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31 | (1) |
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2.5 Consideration of Elapsed Time |
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31 | (1) |
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2.6 Changes in the System Caused by Radiation and Decay |
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31 | (1) |
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2.7 The Need for Radiochemical Separations |
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32 | (3) |
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3 Factors Affecting Chemical Forms of Radionuclides in Aqueous Solutions |
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35 | (22) |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (4) |
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42 | (4) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (3) |
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3.4 Ligands Forming Complexes with Metals |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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3.7 Source and Generation of Radionuclides |
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52 | (2) |
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3.8 Appendix: Reagents Used to Adjust Oxidation States of Radionuclides |
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54 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (24) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (6) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Objectives of Precipitation |
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60 | (1) |
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4.2.2.1 Precipitations Specific for the Investigated Radionuclide |
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60 | (1) |
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4.2.2.2 Group Precipitations for the Preconcentration of the Target Radionuclide |
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61 | (1) |
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4.2.2.3 Group Precipitations for the Removal of Interfering Radionuclides and Stable Elements |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Ion Exchange Resins |
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64 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Distribution Coefficient and Selectivity |
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65 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Cation Exchange or Anion Exchange? |
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66 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Ion Exchange Chromatography |
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67 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Ion Exchange in Actinide Separations |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Extractable Complexes |
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71 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Distribution Constant and Distribution Ratio |
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72 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Examples of the Use of Solvent Extraction in Radiochemical Separations |
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73 | (1) |
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4.5 Extraction Chromatography |
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74 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Principles of Extraction Chromatography |
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74 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Extraction Chromatography Resins |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Use of Extraction Chromatography in Actinide Separations |
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76 | (5) |
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5 Yield Determinations and Counting Source Preparation |
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81 | (10) |
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5.1 The Determination of Chemical Yield in Radiochemical Analyses |
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81 | (4) |
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5.1.1 Use of Stable Isotopic Carriers in Yield Determinations |
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81 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Use of Radioactive Tracers in Yield Determinations |
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82 | (3) |
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5.2 Preparation of Sources for Activity Counting |
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85 | (4) |
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5.2.1 Preparation of Source for Gamma Emitters |
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85 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Sample Preparation for LSC |
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86 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Source Preparation for Alpha Spectrometry with Semiconductor Detectors and for Beta Counting with Proportional Counters |
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87 | (1) |
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5.2.3.1 Electrodeposition |
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88 | (1) |
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5.2.3.2 Micro-coprecipitation |
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88 | (1) |
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5.2.3.3 Spontaneous Deposition |
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89 | (1) |
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5.3 Essentials in Chemical Yield Determination and in Counting Source Preparation |
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89 | (2) |
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5.3.1 Yield Determination |
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89 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Counting Source Preparation |
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90 | (1) |
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6 Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals |
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91 | (8) |
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6.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkali Metals |
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91 | (1) |
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6.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkali Metals |
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91 | (1) |
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6.3 Separation Needs of Alkali Metal Radionuclides |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (5) |
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6.5 Cesium - 134Cs, 135Cs, and 137Cs |
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94 | (1) |
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6.5.1 Sources and Nuclear Characteristics |
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94 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Preconcentration of Cesium Nuclides from Natural Waters |
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95 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Determination of 135Cs |
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96 | (1) |
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6.5.3.1 Determination of 135Cs by Neutron Activation Analysis |
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96 | (1) |
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6.5.3.2 Determination of 135Cs by Mass Spectrometry |
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97 | (1) |
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6.6 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals |
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98 | (1) |
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7 Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals |
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99 | (24) |
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7.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkaline Earth Metals |
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99 | (1) |
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7.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkaline Earth Metals |
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99 | (3) |
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7.3 Beryllium - 7Be and 10Be |
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102 | (1) |
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7.4 Calcium - 41Ca and 45Ca |
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102 | (4) |
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7.4.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement |
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102 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Determination of 45Ca and 41 Ca in Concrete |
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103 | (3) |
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7.5 Strontium - 89Sr and 90Sr |
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106 | (11) |
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7.5.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Sources |
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106 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Measurement of Strontium Isotopes |
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107 | (1) |
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7.5.2.1 Measurement of 90Sr Activity |
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107 | (2) |
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7.5.2.2 Simultaneous Determination of 89Sr and 90Sr |
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109 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Radiochemical Separations of 90Sr and 89Sr |
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109 | (1) |
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7.5.3.1 Determination of Chemical Yield in Radiostrontium Separations |
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110 | (1) |
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7.5.3.2 Separation of Radiostrontium by the Nitrate Precipitation Method |
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110 | (3) |
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7.5.3.3 Separation of Radiostrontium by a Ca(OH)2 Precipitation Method |
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113 | (1) |
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7.5.3.4 Separation of Radiostrontium by Extraction Chromatography |
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114 | (3) |
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7.6 Radium - 226Ra and 228Ra |
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117 | (5) |
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7.6.1 Nuclear Characteristics of Radium Isotopes |
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117 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Measurement of the Activity of Radium Isotopes |
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117 | (2) |
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7.6.3 Need for Determining the Activity of Radium Isotopes |
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119 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Radiochemical Separations of Radium |
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119 | (1) |
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7.6.4.1 Separation of 226Ra in Rock Samples with Use of Ion Exchange |
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120 | (1) |
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7.6.4.2 Determination of 226Ra and 228Ra in Water by Extraction Chromatography |
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121 | (1) |
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7.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals |
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122 | (1) |
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8 Radiochemistry of the 3d-Transition Metals |
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123 | (16) |
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8.1 The Most Important Radionuclides of the 3d-Transition Metals |
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123 | (1) |
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8.2 Chemical Properties of the 3d-Transition Metals |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (5) |
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8.3.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 55Fe |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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8.3.3.1 Separation of 55Fe by Solvent Extraction |
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128 | (1) |
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8.3.3.2 Separation of 55Fe by Extraction Chromatography |
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129 | (1) |
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8.4 Nickel - 59Ni and 63Ni |
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130 | (7) |
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8.4.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 59Ni and 63Ni |
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130 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Chemistry of Nickel |
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131 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Separation of 59Ni and 63Ni |
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132 | (1) |
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8.4.3.1 Separation of Nickel by the DMG Precipitation Method |
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132 | (2) |
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8.4.3.2 Separation of 63Ni by Ni Resin |
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134 | (1) |
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8.4.3.3 Separation of Nickel for the Measurement of Nickel Isotopes with AMS |
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135 | (1) |
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8.4.3.4 Simultaneous Determination of 55Fe and 63Ni |
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135 | (2) |
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8.5 Essentials in 3-d Transition Metals Radiochemistry |
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137 | (2) |
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9 Radiochemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals |
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139 | (24) |
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9.1 Important Radionuclides of the 4d-Transition Metals |
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139 | (1) |
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9.2 Chemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (6) |
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9.3.1 Chemistry of Technetium |
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141 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 99Tc |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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9.3.3.1 Yield Determination in 99Tc Analyses |
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143 | (1) |
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9.3.3.2 Enrichment of 99Tc for Water Analyzes |
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144 | (1) |
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9.3.3.3 Separation of 99Tc from Water by Precipitation and Solvent Extraction |
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144 | (1) |
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9.3.3.4 Separation of 99Tc by Extraction Chromatography |
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145 | (1) |
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9.3.3.5 Separation of 99Tc by Distillation |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (5) |
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9.4.1 Chemistry of Zirconium |
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147 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 93Zr |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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9.4.3.1 Determination of 93Zr by TTA Extraction and Measurement by LSC |
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149 | (1) |
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9.4.3.2 Separation of 93Zr by Coprecipitation and Solvent Extraction for the Zr Measurement by ICP-MS |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (5) |
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9.5.1 Chemistry of Molybdenum |
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151 | (2) |
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9.5.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 93Mo |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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9.5.3.1 Separation of Radioactive Molybdenum by Aluminum Oxide |
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154 | (1) |
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9.5.3.2 Separation of 93Mo by Solvent Extraction |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (3) |
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9.6.1 Chemistry of Niobium |
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156 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of Niobium Radionuclides |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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9.6.3.1 Separation of 94Nb by Precipitation as NbzOs |
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158 | (1) |
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9.6.3.2 Separation of 94Nb by Precipitation as NbzO5 and by Anion Exchange |
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158 | (1) |
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9.6.3.3 Separation of 94Nb by Solvent Extraction |
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159 | (1) |
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9.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of 4-d Transition Metals |
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159 | (4) |
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10 Radiochemistry of the Lanthanides |
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163 | (12) |
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10.1 Important Lanthanide Radionuclides |
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163 | (1) |
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10.2 Chemical Properties of the Lanthanides |
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163 | (2) |
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10.3 Separation of Lanthanides from Actinides |
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165 | (1) |
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10.4 Lanthanides as Actinide Analogs |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (6) |
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10.5.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 147Pm and 151Sm |
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167 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Separation of 147Pm and 151Sm |
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168 | (1) |
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10.5.2.1 Separation with Ln Resin |
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168 | (2) |
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10.5.2.2 Determination of 147Pm from Urine Using Ion Exchange Chromatography |
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170 | (1) |
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10.5.2.3 Separation of 147Pm from Irradiated Fuel by Ion Exchange Chromatography |
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170 | (1) |
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10.5.2.4 Determination of 147Pm and 151Sm in Rocks |
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171 | (2) |
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10.6 Essentials of Lanthanide Radiochemistry |
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173 | (2) |
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11 Radiochemistry of the Halogens |
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175 | (18) |
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11.1 Important Halogen Radionuclides |
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175 | (1) |
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11.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Halogens |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Sources and Nuclear Characteristics of 36Cl |
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178 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Determination of 36Cl |
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178 | (1) |
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11.3.2.1 Determination of 36Cl from Steel, Graphite, and Concrete by Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (9) |
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11.4.1 Sources and Nuclear Characteristics of 129I |
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181 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Measurement of 129I |
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182 | (1) |
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11.4.2.1 Determination of 129I by Neutron Activation Analysis |
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182 | (2) |
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11.4.2.2 Determination of 129I by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry |
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184 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Radiochemical Separations of 129I |
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185 | (1) |
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11.4.3.1 Separation of 129I by Solvent Extraction |
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185 | (3) |
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11.4.3.2 Pretreatment of Samples for 129I Analyses |
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188 | (1) |
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11.4.3.3 Speciation of Iodine Species in Water |
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188 | (2) |
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11.5 Essentials of Halogen Radiochemistry |
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190 | (3) |
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12 Radiochemistry of the Noble Gases |
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193 | (8) |
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12.1 Important Radionuclides of the Noble Gases |
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193 | (1) |
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12.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Noble Gases |
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193 | (1) |
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12.3 Measurement of Xe Isotopes in Air |
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194 | (1) |
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12.4 Determination of 85Kr in Air |
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194 | (2) |
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12.5 Radon and its Determination |
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196 | (2) |
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12.5.1 Determination of Radon in Outdoor Air and Soil Pore Spaces |
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197 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Determination of Radon in Indoor Air |
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197 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Determination of Radon in Water |
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197 | (1) |
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12.6 Essentials of Noble Gas Radiochemistry |
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198 | (3) |
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13 Radiochemistry of Tritium and Radiocarbon |
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201 | (16) |
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201 | (6) |
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13.1.1 Nuclear Properties of Tritium |
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201 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Environmental Sources of Tritium |
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202 | (1) |
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13.1.3 Determination of Tritium in Water |
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203 | (1) |
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13.1.4 Electrolytic Enrichment of Tritium |
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203 | (1) |
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13.1.5 Determination of Tritium in Organic Material |
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204 | (1) |
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13.1.6 Determination of Tritium from Urine |
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204 | (1) |
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13.1.7 Determination of Tritium after Conversion into Benzene |
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205 | (1) |
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13.1.8 Determination of Tritium using Mass Spectrometry |
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205 | (1) |
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13.1.9 Determination of Tritium in Nuclear Waste Samples |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (8) |
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13.2.1 Nuclear Properties of Radiocarbon |
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207 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Sources of Radiocarbon |
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207 | (2) |
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13.2.3 Chemistry of Inorganic Carbon |
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209 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Carbon Dating of Carbonaceous Samples |
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209 | (1) |
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13.2.5 Separation and Determination of 14C |
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210 | (1) |
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13.2.5.1 Removal of Carbon from Samples by Combustion for the Determination of 14C |
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211 | (1) |
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13.2.5.2 Determination of 14C as Calcium Carbonate by liquid Scintillation Counting |
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211 | (2) |
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13.2.5.3 Determination of 14C by Liquid Scintillation Counting with Carbon Bound to Amine |
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213 | (1) |
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13.2.5.4 14C Determination by LSC in Benzene |
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213 | (1) |
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13.2.5.5 14C Determination in Graphite form by AMS |
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213 | (1) |
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13.2.5.6 Determination of 14C in Nuclear Waste |
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214 | (1) |
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13.3 Essentials of Tritium and Radiocarbon Radiochemistry |
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215 | (2) |
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14 Radiochemistry of Lead, Polonium, Tin, and Selenium |
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217 | (22) |
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218 | (3) |
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14.1.1 Nuclear Characteristics 210Po |
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218 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Chemistry of Polonium |
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219 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Determination of 210Po |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (7) |
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14.2.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 210Pb |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Determination of 210Pb |
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224 | (1) |
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14.2.3.1 Determination of 210Pb from the Ingrowth of 210Po |
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225 | (1) |
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14.2.3.2 Separation of 210Pb by Precipitation |
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226 | (1) |
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14.2.3.3 Separation of 210Pb by Extraction Chromatography |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (5) |
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14.3.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 126Sn |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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14.3.3 Determination of 126Sn |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (3) |
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14.4.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 79Se |
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233 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Chemistry of Selenium |
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233 | (2) |
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14.4.3 Determination of 79Se |
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235 | (1) |
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14.5 Essentials of Polonium, Lead, Tin, and Selenium Radiochemistry |
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236 | (3) |
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15 Radiochemistry of the Actinides |
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239 | (72) |
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15.1 Important Actinide Isotopes |
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239 | (1) |
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15.2 Generation and Origin of the Actinides |
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239 | (5) |
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15.3 Electronic Structures of the Actinides |
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244 | (1) |
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15.4 Oxidation States of the Actinides |
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245 | (1) |
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15.5 Ionic Radii of the Actinides |
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246 | (1) |
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15.6 Major Chemical Forms of the Actinides |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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15.8 Hydrolysis and Polymerization of the Actinides |
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249 | (1) |
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15.9 Complex Formation of the Actinides |
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250 | (1) |
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15.10 Oxides of the Actinides |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (4) |
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15.11.1 Isotopes of Actinium |
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251 | (1) |
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15.11.2 Chemistry of Actinium |
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252 | (1) |
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15.11.3 Separation of Actinium |
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253 | (1) |
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15.11.4 Essentials of Actinium Radiochemistry |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (5) |
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15.12.1 Occurrence of Thorium |
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255 | (1) |
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15.12.2 Thorium Isotopes and their Measurement |
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255 | (1) |
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15.12.3 Chemistry of Thorium |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
15.12.4 Separation of Thorium |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
15.12.4.1 Separation of Thorium by Precipitation |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
15.12.4.2 Separation of Thorium by Anion Exchange |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
15.12.4.3 Separation of Thorium by Solvent Extraction |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
15.12.4.4 Separation of Thorium by Extraction Chromatography |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
15.12.5 Essentials of Thorium Radiochemistry |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (4) |
|
15.13.1 Isotopes of Protactinium |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
15.13.2 Chemistry of Protactinium |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
15.13.3 Separation of Protactinium |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
15.13.4 Essentials of Protactinium Radiochemistry |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (13) |
|
15.14.1 The Most Important Uranium Isotopes |
|
|
264 | (2) |
|
15.14.2 Occurrence of Uranium |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
15.14.3 Chemistry of Uranium |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
15.14.4 Hydrolysis of Uranium |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
15.14.5 Formation of Uranium Complexes |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
15.14.7 From Ore to Uranium Fuel |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
15.14.8 Measurement of Uranium |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
15.14.9 Reasons for Determining Uranium Isotopes |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
15.14.10 Separation of Uranium |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
15.14.10.1 Separation of Uranium from Other Naturally Occurring Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
15.14.10.2 Determination of Chemical forms of Uranium in Groundwater |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
15.14.10.3 Separation of Uranium from Transuranium Elements by Anion Exchange or by Extraction Chromatography |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
15.14.10.4 Separation of Uranium by Solvent Extraction with Tributylphosphate (TBP) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
15.14.11 Essentials of Uranium Radiochemistry |
|
|
275 | (2) |
|
|
|
277 | (7) |
|
15.15.1 Sources of Neptunium |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
15.15.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 237Np |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
15.15.3 Chemistry of Neptunium |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
15.15.4 Separation of 237Np |
|
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280 | (1) |
|
15.15.4.1 Neptunium Tracers for Yield Determinations |
|
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280 | (2) |
|
15.15.4.2 Preconcentration of Neptunium from Large Water Volumes |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
15.15.4.3 Separation of 237Np by Extraction Chromatography |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
15.15.4.4 Separation of 237Np by Anion Exchange Chromatography |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
15.15.4.5 Separation of 237Np by Solvent Extraction |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
15.15.5 Essentials of Neptunium Radiochemistry |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (18) |
|
15.16.1 Isotopes of Plutonium |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
15.16.2 Sources of Plutonium |
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|
286 | (1) |
|
15.16.3 Measurement of Plutonium Isotopes |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
15.16.4 The Chemistry of Plutonium |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
15.16.4.1 Oxidation States and Plutonium |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
15.16.4.2 Disproportionation |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
15.16.4.5 Complex Formation |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
15.16.5 Separation of Plutonium |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
15.16.6 Tracers Used in the Determination of Pu Isotopes |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
15.16.7 Separation by Solvent Extraction |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
15.16.8 Separation of Pu by Anion Exchange Chromatography |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
15.16.9 Separation of Pu by Extraction Chromatography |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
15.16.10 Separation of Pu from Large Volumes of Water |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
15.16.11 Automated and Rapid Separation Methods for Pu Determination |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
15.16.12 Essentials of Plutonium Radiochemistry |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
15.17 Americium and Curium |
|
|
302 | (9) |
|
15.17.1 Sources of Americium and Curium |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
15.17.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 241Am, 242Cm, 243Cm, and 244Cm |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
15.17.3 Chemistry of Americium and Curium |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
15.17.4 Separation of Americium and Curium |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
15.17.4.1 Separation of Am and Cm by Ion Exchange |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
15.17.4.2 Separation of Am and Cm by Extraction Chromatography |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
15.17.4.3 Separation of Am and Cm by Solvent Extraction |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
15.17.4.4 Separation of Lanthanides from Am and Cm |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
15.17.5 Essentials of Americium and Curium Radiochemistry |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
|
|
311 | (26) |
|
16.1 Considerations Relevant to Speciation |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
16.2 Significance of Speciation |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
16.3 Categorization of Speciation Analyzes |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
16.4 Fractionation Techniques for Environmental Samples |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
16.4.1 Particle Fractionation in Water |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
16.4.2 Fractionation of Aerosol Particles |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
16.4.3 Fractionation of Soil and Sediments |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
16.5 Analysis of Radionuclide and Isotope Compositions |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
16.6 Spectroscopic Speciation Methods |
|
|
318 | (3) |
|
16.7 Wet Chemical Methods |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
16.7.2 Solvent Extraction |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
16.7.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
16.8 Sequential Extractions |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
16.9 Computational Speciation Methods |
|
|
326 | (3) |
|
16.10 Characterization of Radioactive Particles |
|
|
329 | (8) |
|
16.10.1 Identification and Isolation of the Particles |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
16.10.2 Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis of the Particles |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
16.10.3 Gamma and X-ray Analysis of the Particles |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
16.10.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Radioactive Particles |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
16.10.5 Synchrotron-Based X-ray Microanalyses |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
16.10.6 Post-Dissolution Analysis of Particles |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
17 Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry |
|
|
337 | (24) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
17.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) |
|
|
338 | (12) |
|
17.2.1 Components and Operation Principles of ICP-MS Systems |
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
17.2.2 Resolution and Abundance Sensitivity |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
17.2.3 Dynamic Collision/Reaction Cells |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
17.2.6 90Sr Measurement by ICP-MS |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
17.2.7 99Tc Measurement by ICP-MS |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
17.2.8 Measurement of Uranium and Thorium Isotopes by ICP-MS |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
17.2.9 237Np Measurement by ICP-MS |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
17.2.10 Measurement of Plutonium Isotopes by ICP-MS |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
17.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) |
|
|
350 | (6) |
|
17.3.1 Components and Operation of AMS |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
17.3.2 14C Measurement by AMS |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
17.3.3 36Cl Measurement by AMS |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
17.3.4 41Ca Measurement by AMS |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
17.3.5 63Ni and 59Ni Measurement by AMS |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
17.3.6 99Tc Measurement by AMS |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
17.3.7 129I Measurement by AMS |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
17.3.8 Measurement of Plutonium Isotopes by AMS |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
17.4 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
17.5 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
17.6 Essentials of the Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
18 Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for the Determination of Radionuclides |
|
|
361 | (30) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
18.2 Air Sampling and Pretreatment |
|
|
362 | (4) |
|
18.2.1 Sampling Aerosol Particles |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.1 Radioactive Aerosol Particles |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.2 Integral Aerosol Particle Sampling |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
18.2.1.3 Size-Selective Aerosol Particle Sampling |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.4 Passive Aerosol Particle Sampling |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
18.3 Sampling Gaseous Components |
|
|
366 | (3) |
|
18.4 Atmospheric Deposition Sampling |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
18.4.1 Dry/Wet Deposition Sampling |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
18.4.2 Ion Exchange Collector |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (6) |
|
18.5.1 Surface Water Sampling |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
18.5.2 Water Core (Depth Profile) |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
18.5.3 Preconcentration of Radionuclides from Natural Waters |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
18.5.3.1 Preconcentration of Radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
18.5.3.2 Preconcentration of Pu, Am, Np, and 99Tc |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
18.6 Sediment Sampling and Pretreatment |
|
|
377 | (7) |
|
18.6.1 Surface Sediment Sampling |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
18.6.2 Sediment Core Sampling |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
18.6.3 Sediment Pore Water Sampling |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
18.6.4 Pretreatment of Sediments - Storage, Drying, Homogenizing |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
18.7 Soil Sampling and Pretreatment |
|
|
384 | (4) |
|
18.7.1 Planning the Sampling |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
18.7.2 Soil Core Sampling |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
18.7.5 Pretreatment of Soil Samples |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
18.8 Essentials in Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for Radionuclides |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
19 Chemical Changes Induced by Radioactive Decay |
|
|
391 | (6) |
|
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
19.1.3 Organic Compounds Labeled with Radionuclides |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
19.2 Transmutation and Subsequent Chemical Changes |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
19.3 Recoil - Hot Atom Chemistry |
|
|
394 | (3) |
| Index |
|
397 | |