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E-raamat: Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides - Laboratory Techniques and Methodology: Laboratory Techniques and Methodology [Wiley Online]

(Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark), (University of Helsinki, Finland)
  • Formaat: 426 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Nov-2010
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527632778
  • ISBN-13: 9783527632770
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 132,16 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Formaat: 426 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Nov-2010
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527632778
  • ISBN-13: 9783527632770
Written by chemists for chemists, this is a comprehensive guide to the important radionuclides as well as techniques for their separation and analysis. It introduces readers to the important laboratory techniques and methodologies in the field, providing practical instructions on how to handle nuclear waste and radioactivity in the environment.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 Radionuclides and their Radiometric Measurement
1(24)
1.1 Radionuclides
1(5)
1.1.1 Natural Radionuclides
1(3)
1.1.2 Artificial Radionuclides
4(2)
1.2 Modes of Radioactive Decay
6(8)
1.2.1 Fission
6(2)
1.2.2 Alpha Decay
8(2)
1.2.3 Beta Decay
10(2)
1.2.4 Internal Transition
12(2)
1.3 Detection and Measurement of Radiation
14(11)
1.3.1 Gas Ionization Detectors
14(2)
1.3.2 Liquid Scintillation Counting
16(4)
1.3.3 Solid Scintillation Detectors
20(1)
1.3.4 Semiconductor Detectors
20(2)
1.3.5 Summary of Radiometric Methods
22(3)
2 Special Features of the Chemistry of Radionuclides and their Separation
25(10)
2.1 Small Quantities
25(1)
2.2 Adsorption
26(2)
2.3 Use of Carriers
28(3)
2.4 Utilization of Radiation in the Determination of Radionuclides
31(1)
2.5 Consideration of Elapsed Time
31(1)
2.6 Changes in the System Caused by Radiation and Decay
31(1)
2.7 The Need for Radiochemical Separations
32(3)
3 Factors Affecting Chemical Forms of Radionuclides in Aqueous Solutions
35(22)
3.1 Solution pH
35(3)
3.2 Redox Potential
38(4)
3.3 Dissolved Gases
42(4)
3.3.1 Oxygen
42(1)
3.3.2 Carbon Dioxide
43(3)
3.4 Ligands Forming Complexes with Metals
46(2)
3.5 Humic Substances
48(3)
3.6 Colloidal Particles
51(1)
3.7 Source and Generation of Radionuclides
52(2)
3.8 Appendix: Reagents Used to Adjust Oxidation States of Radionuclides
54(3)
3.8.1 Oxidants
54(1)
3.8.2 Reductants
55(2)
4 Separation Methods
57(24)
4.1 Precipitation
57(1)
4.2 Solubility Product
58(6)
4.2.1 Coprecipitation
59(1)
4.2.2 Objectives of Precipitation
60(1)
4.2.2.1 Precipitations Specific for the Investigated Radionuclide
60(1)
4.2.2.2 Group Precipitations for the Preconcentration of the Target Radionuclide
61(1)
4.2.2.3 Group Precipitations for the Removal of Interfering Radionuclides and Stable Elements
61(3)
4.3 Ion Exchange
64(6)
4.3.1 Ion Exchange Resins
64(1)
4.3.2 Distribution Coefficient and Selectivity
65(1)
4.3.3 Cation Exchange or Anion Exchange?
66(1)
4.3.4 Ion Exchange Chromatography
67(1)
4.3.5 Ion Exchange in Actinide Separations
68(2)
4.4 Solvent Extraction
70(4)
4.4.1 Extractable Complexes
71(1)
4.4.2 Distribution Constant and Distribution Ratio
72(1)
4.4.3 Examples of the Use of Solvent Extraction in Radiochemical Separations
73(1)
4.5 Extraction Chromatography
74(7)
4.5.1 Principles of Extraction Chromatography
74(1)
4.5.2 Extraction Chromatography Resins
74(1)
4.5.3 Pb and Sr Resins
75(1)
4.5.4 Use of Extraction Chromatography in Actinide Separations
76(5)
5 Yield Determinations and Counting Source Preparation
81(10)
5.1 The Determination of Chemical Yield in Radiochemical Analyses
81(4)
5.1.1 Use of Stable Isotopic Carriers in Yield Determinations
81(1)
5.1.2 Use of Radioactive Tracers in Yield Determinations
82(3)
5.2 Preparation of Sources for Activity Counting
85(4)
5.2.1 Preparation of Source for Gamma Emitters
85(1)
5.2.2 Sample Preparation for LSC
86(1)
5.2.3 Source Preparation for Alpha Spectrometry with Semiconductor Detectors and for Beta Counting with Proportional Counters
87(1)
5.2.3.1 Electrodeposition
88(1)
5.2.3.2 Micro-coprecipitation
88(1)
5.2.3.3 Spontaneous Deposition
89(1)
5.3 Essentials in Chemical Yield Determination and in Counting Source Preparation
89(2)
5.3.1 Yield Determination
89(1)
5.3.2 Counting Source Preparation
90(1)
6 Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals
91(8)
6.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkali Metals
91(1)
6.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkali Metals
91(1)
6.3 Separation Needs of Alkali Metal Radionuclides
92(1)
6.4 Potassium - 40K
93(5)
6.5 Cesium - 134Cs, 135Cs, and 137Cs
94(1)
6.5.1 Sources and Nuclear Characteristics
94(1)
6.5.2 Preconcentration of Cesium Nuclides from Natural Waters
95(1)
6.5.3 Determination of 135Cs
96(1)
6.5.3.1 Determination of 135Cs by Neutron Activation Analysis
96(1)
6.5.3.2 Determination of 135Cs by Mass Spectrometry
97(1)
6.6 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkali Metals
98(1)
7 Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals
99(24)
7.1 Most Important Radionuclides of the Alkaline Earth Metals
99(1)
7.2 Chemical Properties of the Alkaline Earth Metals
99(3)
7.3 Beryllium - 7Be and 10Be
102(1)
7.4 Calcium - 41Ca and 45Ca
102(4)
7.4.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement
102(1)
7.4.2 Determination of 45Ca and 41 Ca in Concrete
103(3)
7.5 Strontium - 89Sr and 90Sr
106(11)
7.5.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Sources
106(1)
7.5.2 Measurement of Strontium Isotopes
107(1)
7.5.2.1 Measurement of 90Sr Activity
107(2)
7.5.2.2 Simultaneous Determination of 89Sr and 90Sr
109(1)
7.5.3 Radiochemical Separations of 90Sr and 89Sr
109(1)
7.5.3.1 Determination of Chemical Yield in Radiostrontium Separations
110(1)
7.5.3.2 Separation of Radiostrontium by the Nitrate Precipitation Method
110(3)
7.5.3.3 Separation of Radiostrontium by a Ca(OH)2 Precipitation Method
113(1)
7.5.3.4 Separation of Radiostrontium by Extraction Chromatography
114(3)
7.6 Radium - 226Ra and 228Ra
117(5)
7.6.1 Nuclear Characteristics of Radium Isotopes
117(1)
7.6.2 Measurement of the Activity of Radium Isotopes
117(2)
7.6.3 Need for Determining the Activity of Radium Isotopes
119(1)
7.6.4 Radiochemical Separations of Radium
119(1)
7.6.4.1 Separation of 226Ra in Rock Samples with Use of Ion Exchange
120(1)
7.6.4.2 Determination of 226Ra and 228Ra in Water by Extraction Chromatography
121(1)
7.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metals
122(1)
8 Radiochemistry of the 3d-Transition Metals
123(16)
8.1 The Most Important Radionuclides of the 3d-Transition Metals
123(1)
8.2 Chemical Properties of the 3d-Transition Metals
124(1)
8.3 Iron - 55Fe
125(5)
8.3.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 55Fe
125(1)
8.3.2 Chemistry of Iron
125(3)
8.3.3 Separation of 55Fe
128(1)
8.3.3.1 Separation of 55Fe by Solvent Extraction
128(1)
8.3.3.2 Separation of 55Fe by Extraction Chromatography
129(1)
8.4 Nickel - 59Ni and 63Ni
130(7)
8.4.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 59Ni and 63Ni
130(1)
8.4.2 Chemistry of Nickel
131(1)
8.4.3 Separation of 59Ni and 63Ni
132(1)
8.4.3.1 Separation of Nickel by the DMG Precipitation Method
132(2)
8.4.3.2 Separation of 63Ni by Ni Resin
134(1)
8.4.3.3 Separation of Nickel for the Measurement of Nickel Isotopes with AMS
135(1)
8.4.3.4 Simultaneous Determination of 55Fe and 63Ni
135(2)
8.5 Essentials in 3-d Transition Metals Radiochemistry
137(2)
9 Radiochemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals
139(24)
9.1 Important Radionuclides of the 4d-Transition Metals
139(1)
9.2 Chemistry of the 4d-Transition Metals
140(1)
9.3 Technetium - 99Tc
140(6)
9.3.1 Chemistry of Technetium
141(1)
9.3.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 99Tc
141(2)
9.3.3 Separation of 99Tc
143(1)
9.3.3.1 Yield Determination in 99Tc Analyses
143(1)
9.3.3.2 Enrichment of 99Tc for Water Analyzes
144(1)
9.3.3.3 Separation of 99Tc from Water by Precipitation and Solvent Extraction
144(1)
9.3.3.4 Separation of 99Tc by Extraction Chromatography
145(1)
9.3.3.5 Separation of 99Tc by Distillation
146(1)
9.4 Zirconium - 93Zr
146(5)
9.4.1 Chemistry of Zirconium
147(1)
9.4.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 93Zr
148(1)
9.4.3 Separation of 93Zr
148(1)
9.4.3.1 Determination of 93Zr by TTA Extraction and Measurement by LSC
149(1)
9.4.3.2 Separation of 93Zr by Coprecipitation and Solvent Extraction for the Zr Measurement by ICP-MS
149(2)
9.5 Molybdenum - 93Mo
151(5)
9.5.1 Chemistry of Molybdenum
151(2)
9.5.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 93Mo
153(1)
9.5.3 Separation of 93Mo
154(1)
9.5.3.1 Separation of Radioactive Molybdenum by Aluminum Oxide
154(1)
9.5.3.2 Separation of 93Mo by Solvent Extraction
154(2)
9.6 Niobium - 94Nb
156(3)
9.6.1 Chemistry of Niobium
156(1)
9.6.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of Niobium Radionuclides
157(1)
9.6.3 Separation of 94Nb
157(1)
9.6.3.1 Separation of 94Nb by Precipitation as NbzOs
158(1)
9.6.3.2 Separation of 94Nb by Precipitation as NbzO5 and by Anion Exchange
158(1)
9.6.3.3 Separation of 94Nb by Solvent Extraction
159(1)
9.7 Essentials in the Radiochemistry of 4-d Transition Metals
159(4)
10 Radiochemistry of the Lanthanides
163(12)
10.1 Important Lanthanide Radionuclides
163(1)
10.2 Chemical Properties of the Lanthanides
163(2)
10.3 Separation of Lanthanides from Actinides
165(1)
10.4 Lanthanides as Actinide Analogs
165(2)
10.5 147Pm and 151Sm
167(6)
10.5.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 147Pm and 151Sm
167(1)
10.5.2 Separation of 147Pm and 151Sm
168(1)
10.5.2.1 Separation with Ln Resin
168(2)
10.5.2.2 Determination of 147Pm from Urine Using Ion Exchange Chromatography
170(1)
10.5.2.3 Separation of 147Pm from Irradiated Fuel by Ion Exchange Chromatography
170(1)
10.5.2.4 Determination of 147Pm and 151Sm in Rocks
171(2)
10.6 Essentials of Lanthanide Radiochemistry
173(2)
11 Radiochemistry of the Halogens
175(18)
11.1 Important Halogen Radionuclides
175(1)
11.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Halogens
176(2)
11.3 Chlorine - 36Cl
178(3)
11.3.1 Sources and Nuclear Characteristics of 36Cl
178(1)
11.3.2 Determination of 36Cl
178(1)
11.3.2.1 Determination of 36Cl from Steel, Graphite, and Concrete by Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange
179(2)
11.4 Iodine - 129I
181(9)
11.4.1 Sources and Nuclear Characteristics of 129I
181(1)
11.4.2 Measurement of 129I
182(1)
11.4.2.1 Determination of 129I by Neutron Activation Analysis
182(2)
11.4.2.2 Determination of 129I by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
184(1)
11.4.3 Radiochemical Separations of 129I
185(1)
11.4.3.1 Separation of 129I by Solvent Extraction
185(3)
11.4.3.2 Pretreatment of Samples for 129I Analyses
188(1)
11.4.3.3 Speciation of Iodine Species in Water
188(2)
11.5 Essentials of Halogen Radiochemistry
190(3)
12 Radiochemistry of the Noble Gases
193(8)
12.1 Important Radionuclides of the Noble Gases
193(1)
12.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Noble Gases
193(1)
12.3 Measurement of Xe Isotopes in Air
194(1)
12.4 Determination of 85Kr in Air
194(2)
12.5 Radon and its Determination
196(2)
12.5.1 Determination of Radon in Outdoor Air and Soil Pore Spaces
197(1)
12.5.2 Determination of Radon in Indoor Air
197(1)
12.5.3 Determination of Radon in Water
197(1)
12.6 Essentials of Noble Gas Radiochemistry
198(3)
13 Radiochemistry of Tritium and Radiocarbon
201(16)
13.1 Tritium - 3H
201(6)
13.1.1 Nuclear Properties of Tritium
201(1)
13.1.2 Environmental Sources of Tritium
202(1)
13.1.3 Determination of Tritium in Water
203(1)
13.1.4 Electrolytic Enrichment of Tritium
203(1)
13.1.5 Determination of Tritium in Organic Material
204(1)
13.1.6 Determination of Tritium from Urine
204(1)
13.1.7 Determination of Tritium after Conversion into Benzene
205(1)
13.1.8 Determination of Tritium using Mass Spectrometry
205(1)
13.1.9 Determination of Tritium in Nuclear Waste Samples
206(1)
13.2 Radiocarbon - 14C
207(8)
13.2.1 Nuclear Properties of Radiocarbon
207(1)
13.2.2 Sources of Radiocarbon
207(2)
13.2.3 Chemistry of Inorganic Carbon
209(1)
13.2.4 Carbon Dating of Carbonaceous Samples
209(1)
13.2.5 Separation and Determination of 14C
210(1)
13.2.5.1 Removal of Carbon from Samples by Combustion for the Determination of 14C
211(1)
13.2.5.2 Determination of 14C as Calcium Carbonate by liquid Scintillation Counting
211(2)
13.2.5.3 Determination of 14C by Liquid Scintillation Counting with Carbon Bound to Amine
213(1)
13.2.5.4 14C Determination by LSC in Benzene
213(1)
13.2.5.5 14C Determination in Graphite form by AMS
213(1)
13.2.5.6 Determination of 14C in Nuclear Waste
214(1)
13.3 Essentials of Tritium and Radiocarbon Radiochemistry
215(2)
14 Radiochemistry of Lead, Polonium, Tin, and Selenium
217(22)
14.1 Polonium - 210Po
218(3)
14.1.1 Nuclear Characteristics 210Po
218(1)
14.1.2 Chemistry of Polonium
219(1)
14.1.3 Determination of 210Po
220(1)
14.2 Lead - 210Pb
221(7)
14.2.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 210Pb
221(2)
14.2.2 Chemistry of Lead
223(1)
14.2.3 Determination of 210Pb
224(1)
14.2.3.1 Determination of 210Pb from the Ingrowth of 210Po
225(1)
14.2.3.2 Separation of 210Pb by Precipitation
226(1)
14.2.3.3 Separation of 210Pb by Extraction Chromatography
226(2)
14.3 Tin - 126Sn
228(5)
14.3.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 126Sn
228(1)
14.3.2 Chemistry of Tin
229(1)
14.3.3 Determination of 126Sn
230(3)
14.4 Selenium - 79Se
233(3)
14.4.1 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 79Se
233(1)
14.4.2 Chemistry of Selenium
233(2)
14.4.3 Determination of 79Se
235(1)
14.5 Essentials of Polonium, Lead, Tin, and Selenium Radiochemistry
236(3)
15 Radiochemistry of the Actinides
239(72)
15.1 Important Actinide Isotopes
239(1)
15.2 Generation and Origin of the Actinides
239(5)
15.3 Electronic Structures of the Actinides
244(1)
15.4 Oxidation States of the Actinides
245(1)
15.5 Ionic Radii of the Actinides
246(1)
15.6 Major Chemical Forms of the Actinides
247(1)
15.7 Disproportionation
247(2)
15.8 Hydrolysis and Polymerization of the Actinides
249(1)
15.9 Complex Formation of the Actinides
250(1)
15.10 Oxides of the Actinides
250(1)
15.11 Actinium
251(4)
15.11.1 Isotopes of Actinium
251(1)
15.11.2 Chemistry of Actinium
252(1)
15.11.3 Separation of Actinium
253(1)
15.11.4 Essentials of Actinium Radiochemistry
254(1)
15.12 Thorium
255(5)
15.12.1 Occurrence of Thorium
255(1)
15.12.2 Thorium Isotopes and their Measurement
255(1)
15.12.3 Chemistry of Thorium
256(2)
15.12.4 Separation of Thorium
258(1)
15.12.4.1 Separation of Thorium by Precipitation
258(1)
15.12.4.2 Separation of Thorium by Anion Exchange
258(1)
15.12.4.3 Separation of Thorium by Solvent Extraction
259(1)
15.12.4.4 Separation of Thorium by Extraction Chromatography
259(1)
15.12.5 Essentials of Thorium Radiochemistry
259(1)
15.13 Protactinium
260(4)
15.13.1 Isotopes of Protactinium
260(1)
15.13.2 Chemistry of Protactinium
261(1)
15.13.3 Separation of Protactinium
262(1)
15.13.4 Essentials of Protactinium Radiochemistry
263(1)
15.14 Uranium
264(13)
15.14.1 The Most Important Uranium Isotopes
264(2)
15.14.2 Occurrence of Uranium
266(1)
15.14.3 Chemistry of Uranium
267(2)
15.14.4 Hydrolysis of Uranium
269(1)
15.14.5 Formation of Uranium Complexes
269(2)
15.14.6 Uranium Oxides
271(1)
15.14.7 From Ore to Uranium Fuel
271(1)
15.14.8 Measurement of Uranium
272(1)
15.14.9 Reasons for Determining Uranium Isotopes
273(1)
15.14.10 Separation of Uranium
274(1)
15.14.10.1 Separation of Uranium from Other Naturally Occurring Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides
274(1)
15.14.10.2 Determination of Chemical forms of Uranium in Groundwater
274(1)
15.14.10.3 Separation of Uranium from Transuranium Elements by Anion Exchange or by Extraction Chromatography
275(1)
15.14.10.4 Separation of Uranium by Solvent Extraction with Tributylphosphate (TBP)
275(1)
15.14.11 Essentials of Uranium Radiochemistry
275(2)
15.15 Neptunium
277(7)
15.15.1 Sources of Neptunium
277(1)
15.15.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 237Np
278(1)
15.15.3 Chemistry of Neptunium
278(2)
15.15.4 Separation of 237Np
280(1)
15.15.4.1 Neptunium Tracers for Yield Determinations
280(2)
15.15.4.2 Preconcentration of Neptunium from Large Water Volumes
282(1)
15.15.4.3 Separation of 237Np by Extraction Chromatography
282(1)
15.15.4.4 Separation of 237Np by Anion Exchange Chromatography
283(1)
15.15.4.5 Separation of 237Np by Solvent Extraction
283(1)
15.15.5 Essentials of Neptunium Radiochemistry
283(1)
15.16 Plutonium
284(18)
15.16.1 Isotopes of Plutonium
284(2)
15.16.2 Sources of Plutonium
286(1)
15.16.3 Measurement of Plutonium Isotopes
287(2)
15.16.4 The Chemistry of Plutonium
289(1)
15.16.4.1 Oxidation States and Plutonium
289(1)
15.16.4.2 Disproportionation
290(1)
15.16.4.3 Hydrolysis
291(1)
15.16.4.4 Redox Behavior
291(2)
15.16.4.5 Complex Formation
293(1)
15.16.5 Separation of Plutonium
293(1)
15.16.6 Tracers Used in the Determination of Pu Isotopes
294(1)
15.16.7 Separation by Solvent Extraction
295(1)
15.16.8 Separation of Pu by Anion Exchange Chromatography
296(1)
15.16.9 Separation of Pu by Extraction Chromatography
297(1)
15.16.10 Separation of Pu from Large Volumes of Water
298(2)
15.16.11 Automated and Rapid Separation Methods for Pu Determination
300(1)
15.16.12 Essentials of Plutonium Radiochemistry
301(1)
15.17 Americium and Curium
302(9)
15.17.1 Sources of Americium and Curium
302(1)
15.17.2 Nuclear Characteristics and Measurement of 241Am, 242Cm, 243Cm, and 244Cm
303(1)
15.17.3 Chemistry of Americium and Curium
304(2)
15.17.4 Separation of Americium and Curium
306(1)
15.17.4.1 Separation of Am and Cm by Ion Exchange
307(1)
15.17.4.2 Separation of Am and Cm by Extraction Chromatography
307(1)
15.17.4.3 Separation of Am and Cm by Solvent Extraction
307(1)
15.17.4.4 Separation of Lanthanides from Am and Cm
308(1)
15.17.5 Essentials of Americium and Curium Radiochemistry
309(2)
16 Speciation Analysis
311(26)
16.1 Considerations Relevant to Speciation
311(1)
16.2 Significance of Speciation
312(1)
16.3 Categorization of Speciation Analyzes
313(1)
16.4 Fractionation Techniques for Environmental Samples
314(3)
16.4.1 Particle Fractionation in Water
314(2)
16.4.2 Fractionation of Aerosol Particles
316(1)
16.4.3 Fractionation of Soil and Sediments
317(1)
16.5 Analysis of Radionuclide and Isotope Compositions
317(1)
16.6 Spectroscopic Speciation Methods
318(3)
16.7 Wet Chemical Methods
321(3)
16.7.1 Coprecipitation
321(1)
16.7.2 Solvent Extraction
322(1)
16.7.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography
323(1)
16.8 Sequential Extractions
324(2)
16.9 Computational Speciation Methods
326(3)
16.10 Characterization of Radioactive Particles
329(8)
16.10.1 Identification and Isolation of the Particles
330(1)
16.10.2 Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis of the Particles
330(1)
16.10.3 Gamma and X-ray Analysis of the Particles
331(1)
16.10.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Radioactive Particles
332(1)
16.10.5 Synchrotron-Based X-ray Microanalyses
332(2)
16.10.6 Post-Dissolution Analysis of Particles
334(1)
Further Reading
335(2)
17 Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry
337(24)
17.1 Introduction
337(1)
17.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
338(12)
17.2.1 Components and Operation Principles of ICP-MS Systems
339(3)
17.2.2 Resolution and Abundance Sensitivity
342(1)
17.2.3 Dynamic Collision/Reaction Cells
343(1)
17.2.4 Detectors
344(1)
17.2.5 Detection Limits
345(1)
17.2.6 90Sr Measurement by ICP-MS
346(2)
17.2.7 99Tc Measurement by ICP-MS
348(1)
17.2.8 Measurement of Uranium and Thorium Isotopes by ICP-MS
348(1)
17.2.9 237Np Measurement by ICP-MS
349(1)
17.2.10 Measurement of Plutonium Isotopes by ICP-MS
349(1)
17.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
350(6)
17.3.1 Components and Operation of AMS
350(2)
17.3.2 14C Measurement by AMS
352(1)
17.3.3 36Cl Measurement by AMS
353(1)
17.3.4 41Ca Measurement by AMS
353(1)
17.3.5 63Ni and 59Ni Measurement by AMS
353(1)
17.3.6 99Tc Measurement by AMS
354(1)
17.3.7 129I Measurement by AMS
355(1)
17.3.8 Measurement of Plutonium Isotopes by AMS
355(1)
17.4 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS)
356(2)
17.5 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS)
358(1)
17.6 Essentials of the Measurement of Radionuclides by Mass Spectrometry
359(2)
Further Reading
360(1)
18 Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for the Determination of Radionuclides
361(30)
18.1 Introduction
361(1)
18.2 Air Sampling and Pretreatment
362(4)
18.2.1 Sampling Aerosol Particles
362(1)
18.2.1.1 Radioactive Aerosol Particles
363(1)
18.2.1.2 Integral Aerosol Particle Sampling
363(2)
18.2.1.3 Size-Selective Aerosol Particle Sampling
365(1)
18.2.1.4 Passive Aerosol Particle Sampling
366(1)
18.3 Sampling Gaseous Components
366(3)
18.4 Atmospheric Deposition Sampling
369(2)
18.4.1 Dry/Wet Deposition Sampling
369(1)
18.4.2 Ion Exchange Collector
370(1)
18.5 Water Sampling
371(6)
18.5.1 Surface Water Sampling
371(1)
18.5.2 Water Core (Depth Profile)
372(3)
18.5.3 Preconcentration of Radionuclides from Natural Waters
375(1)
18.5.3.1 Preconcentration of Radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs)
375(1)
18.5.3.2 Preconcentration of Pu, Am, Np, and 99Tc
376(1)
18.6 Sediment Sampling and Pretreatment
377(7)
18.6.1 Surface Sediment Sampling
377(2)
18.6.2 Sediment Core Sampling
379(2)
18.6.3 Sediment Pore Water Sampling
381(2)
18.6.4 Pretreatment of Sediments - Storage, Drying, Homogenizing
383(1)
18.7 Soil Sampling and Pretreatment
384(4)
18.7.1 Planning the Sampling
384(1)
18.7.2 Soil Core Sampling
385(2)
18.7.3 Template Method
387(1)
18.7.4 Trench Method
387(1)
18.7.5 Pretreatment of Soil Samples
388(1)
18.8 Essentials in Sampling and Sample Pretreatment for Radionuclides
388(3)
19 Chemical Changes Induced by Radioactive Decay
391(6)
19.1 Autoradiolysis
391(2)
19.1.1 Dissolved Gases
392(1)
19.1.2 Water Solutions
392(1)
19.1.3 Organic Compounds Labeled with Radionuclides
392(1)
19.1.4 Solid Compounds
393(1)
19.2 Transmutation and Subsequent Chemical Changes
393(1)
19.3 Recoil - Hot Atom Chemistry
394(3)
Index 397
Professor Jukka Lehto is the head of the Laboratory of Radiochemistry at the Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki. He attained his PhD degree in 1987 at the University of Helsinki. Since 1980 he has worked as a teaching assistant, senior lecturer at the University of Helsinki, visiting researcher at Texas A&M University, USA, senior research fellow of the Academy of Finland, acting professor and since 2005 as a professor in radiochemistry. Professor Lehto's main research areas have been nuclear waste management and disposal, and environmental radioactivity studies. He has published 160 scientific and technical papers and patents, and also published a book on the principles of radioactivity and radiochemistry in Finnish.



Xiaolin Hou obtained his PhD degree in nuclear and radioanalytical chemistry from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1997. He joined Ris? National Laboratory, Denmark, in 1998 (in 2007 Ris? became part of the Technical University of Denmark), and has been a senior scientist there since 2003. His primary research interests are radiochemical and speciation analysis of radionuclides, nuclear and radioanalytical techniques, environmental radioactivity, radiotracer application, radiolabeling and protein adsorption on surfaces. Dr. Hou has authored/co-authored more than 110 research articles in peer reviewed scientific journals and 7 book chapters.