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Cladh Hallan: Roundhouses and the dead in the Hebridean Bronze Age and Iron Age, Part I: stratigraphy, spatial organisation and chronology [Kõva köide]

The first of two volumes presenting the evidence from excavations at the site of Cladh Hallan on South Uist in the Western Isles of Scotland.

This first of two volumes presents the archaeological evidence of a long sequence of settlement and funerary activity from the Beaker period (Early Bronze Age c. 2000 BC) to the Early Iron Age (c. 500 BC) at the unusually long-occupied site of Cladh Hallan on South Uist in the Western Isles of Scotland. Particular highlights of its sequence are a cremation burial ground and pyre site of the 18th&;16th centuries BC and a row of three Late Bronze Age sunken-floored roundhouses constructed in the 10th century BC. Beneath these roundhouses, four inhumation graves contained skeletons, two of which were remains of composite collections of body parts with evidence for post-mortem soft tissue preservation prior to burial. They have proved to be the first evidence for mummification in Bronze Age Britain.

Cladh Hallan's remarkable stratigraphic sequence, preserved in the machair sand of South Uist, includes a unique 500-year sequence of roundhouse life in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Britain. One of the most important results of the excavation has come from intensive environmental and micro-debris sampling of house floors and outdoor areas to recover patterns of discard and to interpret the spatial use of 15 domestic interiors from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. From Cladh Hallan&;s roundhouse floors we gain intimate insights into how daily life was organized within the house - where people cooked, ate, worked and slept. Such evidence rarely survives from prehistoric houses in Britain or Europe, and the results make a profound contribution to long-running debates about the sunwise organisation of roundhouse activities. Activity at Cladh Hallan ended with the construction and abandonment of two unusual double-roundhouses in the Early Iron Age. One appears to have been a smokery and steam room, and the other was used for metalworking.

Arvustused

The first of two promised monographs (the next will feature artefacts, animal bones and environmental and human remains), this rich compendium presents the sites stunning stratigraphy soils, structures, burials, dating and pottery. * British Archaeology * A large publication, this book contains a vast amount of information, including chapters on thin-section soil micromorphology, scientific dating and pottery, that will be of interst and use to other researchers. * Archaeology Ireland * It is not often that one opens the pages of a huge excavation report with a real sense of anticipation, awaiting the depth and detail that a monograph affords to shed light on a site that garnered much media attention [ It] finally allows the context, chronology, and interpretation of these discoveries to be explained in depth [ and] shows how flexible and evolving excavation methodologies and research questions can lead to outstanding results There is no doubt that the understanding of later prehistoric lifeways, house building, cosmology, burial practices, metallurgical crafts, farming and ceramics have all been augmented by the work at Cladh Hallan and this wonderful volume. * Scottish Archaeological Journal * Lucid writing and communication of the highly complex site stand out throughout the publication Much more than a primer or scene-setter for the human remains, [ this] is a great asset and a superb volume supported by high production values and lavish illustrations. The book evokes 500 years of settlement development and forms a contextualised basis for understanding the dynamic interplay between the dead and the living. [ It] thus makes a highly important contribution to our understanding of Scottish and British later prehistory. * Antiquity * It is one of those rare archaeological sites that transform the mundanity of everyday domestic life into something very much extraordinary, generating fascination from academic and lay audiences alike. So, it should come as no surprise that we feel [ this volume] on the Bronze Age and Iron Age roundhouses at Cladh Hallan, which are presented in full alongside the buried human remains associated with them, should be very well received by archaeologists and all those interested in the later prehistoric archaeology of Britain The monograph is also incredibly well illustrated with 575 figures, over 280 of which are in colour While this volume will immediately appeal to people interested in later prehistoric settlement in Britain, anyone wanting to see a slightly different take on the printed archaeological monograph should also have a look between its covers. * Archaeological Journal *

List of Figures
vi
List of Tables
xiv
Contributors xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 The Cladh Hallan excavations and their context
1(25)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
1.1 The site of Cladh Hallan and its environs
2(2)
1.2 The Bronze Age to Early Iron Age settlement at Cladh Hallan
4(1)
1.3 Previous discoveries
5(2)
1.4 Survey, test excavations and trial-trenching 1988-1996
7(6)
1.5 The evolving research design
13(4)
1.6 The 1997-2003 excavations
17(9)
2 Beaker cultivation, Cordoned Urn layers and Early Bronze Age cremation burials (phases 1-3)
26(26)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
C.A.I. French
H. Manley
2.1 Beaker-period cultivation and activity (phase 1)
26(7)
2.2 Early Bronze Age settlement remains at Cladh Hallan (phase 2)
33(5)
2.3 The cremation cemetery (phase 3)
38(6)
2.4 The gully or ditch under Houses 1370 and 401 (phase 3)
44(2)
2.5 The cremation platform and pyre (phase 3)
46(1)
2.6 Area B: the stone structure (phase 3)
47(2)
2.7 Area C: a disturbed inhumation burial (phase 3)
49(2)
2.8 Conclusion M. Parker Pearson
51(1)
3 The first houses: Late Bronze Age occupation (phases 4-7)
52(29)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
C.A.I. French
A. Hale
H. Manley
3.1 The boat-shaped house (2835; phase 4) and its destruction (phase 5)
52(10)
3.2 The sheep burial in the north-central zone of Area A (phase 4)
62(1)
3.3 Ard-marks, a post-built structure and an exploratory pit (phases 5-6)
62(4)
3.4 The cigar-shaped structure (2477; phase 7)
66(4)
3.5 The tiny roundhouse (3260; phase 7)
70(3)
3.6 The pit alignment (phases 6-7)
73(4)
3.7 The pottery from phases 5-7 M. Parker Pearson
77(1)
3.8 Conclusion M. Parker Pearson
78(3)
4 Construction of the row of roundhouses and digging of the features beneath them (phase 8)
81(41)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
T. Booth
A. Chamberlain
O. Craig
J. Evans
J. Hiller Bardsley
J. Montgomery
C. Willis
4.1 Beneath House 801
82(3)
4.2 Beneath House 401
85(6)
4.3 Beneath House 1370
91(4)
4.4 The double pit outside House 1370
95(5)
4.5 The sub-floor human burials: a summary
100(3)
4.6 Construction of House 801
103(1)
4.7 Construction of House 401
104(7)
4.8 Construction of House 1370
111(2)
4.9 The pottery from phase 8
113(3)
M. Parker Pearson
4.10 Stratigraphic relationships of the skeletons, their contexts of deposition and the house floors
116(4)
M. Parker Pearson
4.11 Conclusion At. Parker Pearson
120(2)
5 The primary occupation of the Late Bronze Age roundhouses (phase 9)
122(83)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
A. Hale
H. Manley
5.1 House 801: the southern roundhouse
122(15)
5.2 House 401: the middle roundhouse
137(28)
5.3 House 1370: the northern roundhouse
165(18)
5.4 The front yard of the settlement
183(1)
5.5 The area behind the houses (west of House 401)
184(7)
5.6 Area D: the southern edge of the settlement mound and House 2049
191(3)
5.7 Area C: the midden
194(1)
5.8 The pottery from phase 9
195(3)
M. Parker Pearson
5.9 Conclusion
198(7)
M. Parker Pearson
6 The sand-blow and the second phase of roundhouse occupation (phase 10)
205(43)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
A. Hale
H. Manley
6.1 The windblown sand
205(1)
6.2 Gullies, pits and spademarks over the ruins of House 801
206(5)
6.3 House 2190
211(1)
6.4 House 401 in phase 10: its second phase of occupation
212(19)
6.5 House 1370 in phase 10
231(10)
6.6 Area C: the midden
241(1)
6.7 The pottery from phase 10
242(1)
M. Parker Pearson
6.8 Conclusion
243(5)
M. Parker Pearson
7 The third phase of roundhouse occupation (phase 11)
248(33)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
A. Hale
H. Manley
7.1 Round the back: above the ruins of House 801 and west of House 401
248(2)
7.2 House 401 in phase 11: its third phase of occupation
250(22)
7.3 The end of House 1370
272(3)
7.4 The pottery from phase 11
275(1)
M. Parker Pearson
7.5 Conclusion
276(5)
M. Parker Pearson
8 A single roundhouse at the bronze-iron transition (phase 12)
281(32)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
A. Hale
H. Manley
J. Peto
8.1 The southern end of Area A: above House 2190 and the deep windblown sand layer
281(2)
8.2 House 401 in phase 12: its fourth phase of occupation
283(20)
8.3 The later use of the areas to the front and rear of House 401
303(1)
8.4 The northern part of the settlement
304(4)
8.5 The pottery from phase 12
308(1)
M. Parker Pearson
8.6 Conclusion
309(4)
M. Parker Pearson
9 The single roundhouse into the Iron Age (phase 13)
313(18)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
A. Hale
H. Manley
9.1 House 401 in phase 13: its fifth phase of occupation
313(15)
9.2 After abandonment
328(1)
9.3 The pottery from phase 13
328(1)
M. Parker Pearson
9.4 Conclusion
329(2)
M. Parker Pearson
10 The double roundhouse (phases 13-16) in Area C
331(24)
M. Parker Pearson
J. Mulville
H. Smith
10.1 House 150: the double roundhouse in Area C
331(17)
10.2 The pottery from House 150
348(3)
M. Parker Pearson
10.3 Conclusion
351(4)
M. Parker Pearson
11 Final occupation of the roundhouses in the Iron Age (phases 14-16)
355(24)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
11.1 House 401 in phase 14: its sixth phase of occupation
355(7)
11.2 House 401 in phase 15: its seventh phase of occupation
362(4)
11.3 House 401 in phase 16: its eighth and final phase of occupation
366(4)
11.4 House 1500: phase 14
370(6)
11.5 The pottery from phases 14-16 (House 401 and House 1500)
376(1)
M. Parker Pearson
11.6 Conclusion
376(3)
M. Parker Pearson
12 House 640: a double roundhouse (phase 16) in Area A
379(14)
M. Parker Pearson
P. Marshall
J. Mulville
H. Smith
A. Hale
S. Rhodes
12.1 House 640: a smokery and steam room?
379(12)
12.2 The pottery from House 640
391(1)
M. Parker Pearson
12.3 Conclusion
391(2)
M. Parker Pearson
13 Thin-section soil micromorphology
393(20)
L.E. Hamlet
I.A. Simpson
13.1 Research questions
393(2)
13.2 Methodology
395(1)
13.3 Descriptions and analyses
396(14)
13.4 Discussion
410(2)
13.5 Conclusion
412(1)
14 Scientific dating
413(34)
P. Marshall
M. Parker Pearson
J.-L. Schwenninger
G. Cook
14.1 Dataset, objectives and sampling strategy
413(1)
14.2 Methods, presentation of results and chronological modelling
413(1)
14.3 The chronological model
414(26)
14.4 The stratigraphic model
440(7)
15 Pottery and ceramic artefacts
447(88)
V. Parsons
M. Parker Pearson
H. Manley
15.1 Introduction
441(1)
M. Parker Pearson
15.2 Pottery fabrics
441(15)
H. Manley
15.3 Potting clay
456(8)
M. Parker Pearson
15.4 The pottery
464(26)
V. Parsons
M. Parker Pearson
15.5 Artefacts of fired and baked clay
490(1)
M. Parker Pearson
15.6 Overview - chronology and change
490(45)
M. Parker Pearson
Bibliography 535(7)
Index 542
Mike Parker Pearson is Professor of British Later Prehistory at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. A distinguished prehistorian, he has been involved with many major projects, including leading the recent Stonehenge Riverside Project. Jacqui Mulville is Professor of Archaeology at Cardiff University. A distinguished bioarchaeologist, she is a field archaeologist with 35 years of excavation experience whose research focuses on osteoarchaeology, human and animal identities, and island archaeologies concentrated on Britain. Helen Smith has been Senior Lecturer in Archaeology at Bournemouth University, specialising in the analysis of archaeobotanical remains, having completed her PhD in Archaeology at the University of Sheffield on traditional farming practices of the Western Isles. Pete Marshall is a leading specialist in radiocarbon dating and statistical modelling. He is director of Chronologies and works in Historic Englands Policy & Evidence Department as part of the Scientific Dating Team. He has been involved in many iconic archaeological projects over the last twenty years.