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1 | (8) |
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1 | (3) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 Objective of This Book |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (4) |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (20) |
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2.1 Collaborative Perception and SLAM |
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9 | (6) |
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2.1.1 Single Robot Perception and SLAM |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (2) |
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2.1.3 Multi-Robot Map Fusion |
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14 | (1) |
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2.2 Data Registration and Matching |
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15 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Registration of Sensor Data |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Homogeneous Map Matching |
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16 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Heterogeneous Map Matching |
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17 | (2) |
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2.3 Collaborative Information Fusion |
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19 | (10) |
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2.3.1 Map Inconsistency Detection |
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19 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Probabilistic Information Integration |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (8) |
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3 Point Registration Approach for Map Fusion |
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29 | (18) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Uncertainty in Occupancy Probability |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Uncertainty in Positional Value |
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34 | (2) |
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3.3 Transformation Evaluation and Probability Fusion |
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36 | (3) |
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3.3.1 Transformation Evaluation |
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37 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Relative Entropy Filter |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (6) |
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3.4.1 Registration Results |
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40 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Transformation Evaluation |
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41 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Probabilistic Map Fusion |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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4 Hierarchical Map Fusion Framework with Homogeneous Sensors |
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47 | (30) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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4.3 Map Uncertainty Modeling |
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50 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Individual Voxel Uncertainty |
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50 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Structural Edge Uncertainty |
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53 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Local Uncertainty Propagation |
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54 | (2) |
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4.4 Two-Level Probabilistic Map Matching |
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56 | (5) |
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4.4.1 The Formulation of Two-Level Probabilistic Map Matching Problem |
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56 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Probabilistic Data Association |
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58 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Error Metric Optimization |
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60 | (1) |
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4.5 Transformation Evaluation and Probability Merging |
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61 | (2) |
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4.5.1 Transformation Evaluation |
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61 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Relative Entropy Filter |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (11) |
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4.6.1 Evaluation Protocol |
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64 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Edge Matching Analysis |
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65 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Full Map Matching Analysis |
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67 | (4) |
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4.6.4 Statistical Testing and Map Merging |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (3) |
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75 | (2) |
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5 Collaborative 3D Mapping Using Heterogeneous Sensors |
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77 | (24) |
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77 | (2) |
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5.2 Distributed Multi-Robot Map Fusion |
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79 | (3) |
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5.2.1 System Architecture |
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79 | (1) |
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5.2.2 System Framework Definition and Formulation |
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80 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Map Fusion Definition and Formulation |
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81 | (1) |
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5.3 Multi-Robot Map Matching |
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82 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Mathematic Formulation |
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82 | (1) |
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5.3.2 3D Occupancy Map Matching |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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5.4 Time-Sequential Map Merging |
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86 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Uncertainty Propagation and Transformation |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (9) |
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5.5.1 Evaluation Protocol |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Mixed Environment Ground Floor |
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93 | (2) |
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5.5.4 Changi Exhibition Center |
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95 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Unstructured Environment Environment |
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96 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Analysis of Experiment Results |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (2) |
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99 | (2) |
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6 All-Weather Collaborative Mapping with Dynamic Objects |
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101 | (16) |
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101 | (2) |
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6.2 Framework of Collaborative Dynamic Mapping |
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103 | (1) |
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6.3 Multimodal Environmental Perception |
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104 | (1) |
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6.3.1 Heterogeneous Sensors Calibration |
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105 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Separation of Static and Dynamic Observations |
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105 | (1) |
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6.4 Distributed Collaborative Dynamic Mapping |
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105 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Single Robot Level Definition |
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106 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Collaborative Robots Level Definition |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (6) |
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6.5.1 Experiments Overview |
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109 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Daytime Unstructured Environment |
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111 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Night-Time Unstructured Environment |
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112 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Quantitative Analysis |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (2) |
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115 | (2) |
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7 Collaborative Probabilistic Semantic Mapping Using CNN |
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117 | (22) |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (2) |
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7.2.1 The Framework of Hierarchical Semantic 3D Mapping |
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120 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Centralized Problem Formulation |
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120 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Distributed Hierarchical Definition |
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121 | (1) |
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7.3 Collaborative Semantic 3D Mapping |
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122 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Multimodal Semantic Information Fusion |
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123 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Single Robot Semantic Mapping |
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124 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Collaborative Semantic Map Fusion |
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125 | (4) |
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129 | (8) |
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7.4.1 Evaluation Overview |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Mixed Indoor Outdoor |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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7.4.5 Quantitative Analysis |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (2) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | |