| Preface |
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xii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
| Disclaimer |
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xiv | |
| 1 Why the common fisheries policy is important |
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1 | (17) |
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1 | (7) |
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The CFP as a key European policy |
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1 | (1) |
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The fishing sector in Europe: some facts |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (4) |
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The importance of European fishing beyond economics |
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7 | (1) |
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Fishing and national traditions: the difficult balance |
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8 | (2) |
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Fishing and the tragedy of the commons |
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8 | (1) |
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The importance of geography |
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8 | (1) |
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The importance of economics and culture |
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9 | (1) |
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Fisheries and international conflict |
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10 | (1) |
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Fisheries and European law |
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10 | (5) |
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The CFP in the Treaty of Rome |
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10 | (1) |
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Fishing in subsequent Treaties |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Fisheries policy and European integration |
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13 | (1) |
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Who decides what in the CFP? |
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13 | (2) |
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The importance of history |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
| 2 The origin of the CFP |
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18 | (18) |
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18 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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The precedents: ICNAF and NEAFC |
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20 | (1) |
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The Commission's first initiatives |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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The structures and market regulations of 1970 |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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The declaration of exclusive fisheries zones as of 1977 |
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24 | (2) |
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Relative stability and The Hague preferences |
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26 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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The consolidation of relative stability |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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What remains of the 1983 policy? |
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31 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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...But relative stability can change |
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32 | (1) |
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...And relative stability can be adjusted annually: quota swaps |
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33 | (1) |
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The application of The Hague Preferences |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
| 3 EU enlargement and the CFP |
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36 | (13) |
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36 | (1) |
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The second enlargement: Greece in 1981 |
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36 | (1) |
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Spain and Portugal in 1986: a quantum leap for the CFP |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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The transitional period and the 'Western Waters' Regulation |
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38 | (5) |
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The first adaptation in 1995 |
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39 | (1) |
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The end of the transitional period in 2002 |
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39 | (1) |
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The effort management scheme of the western waters |
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39 | (1) |
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The biologically sensitive zone |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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The other side effect of accession: the 'quota hoppers' |
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42 | (1) |
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Implementation of the Western Waters Regulation |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (4) |
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Sweden, Finland and Austria in 1995 and the failed accession of Norway |
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43 | (1) |
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The non-accession of Norway |
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44 | (1) |
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The 2004 enlargement: new Baltic, Mediterranean and land-locked Member States |
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45 | (1) |
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The enlargement of 2007: the Black Sea |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
| 4 The conservation policy |
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49 | (50) |
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Conservation: the core business of the CFP |
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49 | (1) |
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TACs and quotas: the main conservation instrument of the CFP |
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50 | (12) |
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The scope of TACs and quotas |
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51 | (2) |
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TACs and scientific advice: a conflicting relationship |
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53 | (2) |
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Improving TAC setting: from ad hoc discussions to the Policy Statement |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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The elusive multi-species TACs |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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From annual TACs to multi-annual plans |
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62 | (9) |
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63 | (2) |
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The reform of 2002 and the consolidation of long-term plans |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (3) |
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Other plans proposed by the Commission |
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69 | (2) |
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The introduction of fishing effort as a management instrument |
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71 | (5) |
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Cod recovery and effort management |
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71 | (2) |
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The implementation of effort management |
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73 | (2) |
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The future of effort management |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (12) |
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Technical measures: are they just technical? |
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76 | (1) |
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Some historical background |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (4) |
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Minimum landing sizes: a difficult compromise |
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82 | (1) |
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Closed areas/seasons as technical measures |
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83 | (2) |
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Closed areas as a mainstream management instrument |
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85 | (1) |
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Amending technical measures |
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85 | (1) |
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Implementing technical measures |
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86 | (2) |
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The future of technical measures |
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88 | (1) |
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Is the CFP conservation policy a success? |
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88 | (7) |
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The slow progress of the conservation policy |
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88 | (4) |
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92 | (1) |
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The contribution from long-term management plans |
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92 | (1) |
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Linkages of the conservation policy with other policy elements |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
| 5 Fleet policy |
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99 | (21) |
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The relationship between fleets and resources |
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99 | (1) |
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Fleet capacity and fisheries management |
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99 | (1) |
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Historical background: the first fleet policy |
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100 | (1) |
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The multi-annual guidance programmes |
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100 | (4) |
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MAGPs for the period 1983-1986 |
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101 | (1) |
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MAGPs for the period 1987-1991 |
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101 | (1) |
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MAGPs for 1992-1996: the Gulland report |
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102 | (1) |
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The MAGPs 1997-2001: the Lassen report |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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The modest objectives and their implementation |
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104 | (1) |
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The measurement of capacity |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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The unpopular image of the policy |
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106 | (1) |
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Other weaknesses of the MAGPs |
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106 | (1) |
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From MAGPs to Member States' responsibility: the policy since 2002 |
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107 | (4) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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MAGPs versus Member State responsibility |
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110 | (1) |
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Fleet and structural policy: have they helped each other? |
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111 | (3) |
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Vessel construction and modernisation: a contribution to overcapacity? |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Temporary laying-ups: an instrument to undermine fleet capacity adjustment? |
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113 | (1) |
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Has the fleet policy delivered? |
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114 | (1) |
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Is there an alternative to fleet policy? The case for rights-based management |
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115 | (2) |
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Are RBM systems a panacea? |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (3) |
| 6 Structural policy |
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120 | (24) |
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The structural policy: the oldest component of the CFP |
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120 | (1) |
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The 43 years of structural policy |
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121 | (6) |
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The first regulation in 1970 |
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121 | (1) |
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The second instrument in 1976 |
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122 | (1) |
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Structural policy and the birth of the CFP in 1983 |
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122 | (1) |
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The accession of Spain and Portugal and the new regulation in 1986 |
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123 | (1) |
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The first FIFG: 1994-1999 |
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124 | (1) |
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The second FIFG: 2000-2006 |
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125 | (1) |
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The European Fisheries Fund: 2007-2013 |
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125 | (1) |
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Implementation of the EFF |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Has the structural policy resolved the structural problems of the CFP? |
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127 | (5) |
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The evolution of the financial package |
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128 | (1) |
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The results: a mixed picture |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Ancillary industries and infrastructures |
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129 | (1) |
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The development of aquaculture |
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130 | (1) |
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The improvements in working conditions on board |
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130 | (1) |
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Community-led local development |
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131 | (1) |
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Contribution to the achievement of CFP objectives |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (5) |
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The fishing sector: a highly subsidised industry? |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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The effects: subsidies and competitiveness |
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135 | (2) |
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The 'resource rent' of the fishing sector in Europe |
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137 | (1) |
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Is there a social dimension in the CFP? |
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137 | (4) |
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The 'invisible' part of the CFP |
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137 | (2) |
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Working as a fisherman in Europe |
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139 | (1) |
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The social elements of the CFP |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
| 7 The external dimension |
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144 | (26) |
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The last frontier of the CFP: external resources |
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144 | (2) |
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The importance of the external sector |
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145 | (1) |
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A stand-alone policy pillar? |
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145 | (1) |
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The global governance of fisheries |
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146 | (6) |
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The development of international fisheries law |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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The recognition of the Union as a world partner for fisheries governance |
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151 | (1) |
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Multilateral management of fisheries |
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152 | (9) |
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The Union in Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs): the question of membership |
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152 | (3) |
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The relationship between the CFP and global fisheries management |
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155 | (1) |
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The contribution of RFMOs to the development of the CFP |
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156 | (1) |
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What challenges for the RFMOs? |
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157 | (3) |
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Are resources improving in RFMOs? |
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160 | (1) |
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Other neighbouring relationships. Coastal states of the Northeast Atlantic: the case of mackerel |
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161 | (1) |
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Bilateral fisheries agreements |
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161 | (7) |
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162 | (2) |
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Agreements with trade concessions |
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164 | (1) |
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Agreements with financial compensation |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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Fisheries and international conflict: the Greenland halibut war |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
| 8 The mediterranean specificity |
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170 | (18) |
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The CFP in the Mediterranean |
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170 | (1) |
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A CFP in and for the North Sea and Atlantic |
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170 | (1) |
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The Importance of Mediterranean fisheries |
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171 | (1) |
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The Mediterranean specificity: myth or reality? |
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171 | (4) |
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The status of Mediterranean fisheries |
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172 | (3) |
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A different policy approach |
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175 | (1) |
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The jurisdictional regime of Mediterranean waters |
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175 | (3) |
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Fisheries management under the CFP |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Implementation and enforcement |
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180 | (1) |
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Multilateral management in the Mediterranean |
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181 | (4) |
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181 | (1) |
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ICCAT: the case of Bluefin tuna |
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182 | (3) |
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The Black Sea: the new challenge of the CFP |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
| 9 Enforcing the CFP |
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188 | (25) |
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The control pillar of the CFP |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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The question of competence |
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189 | (1) |
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The historical development of the control system of the CFP |
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189 | (4) |
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1982: The first regulation |
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189 | (1) |
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1987: The second regulation |
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190 | (1) |
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1993: The third regulation |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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The evaluation of the control policy |
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192 | (1) |
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The difficulty of enforcing the CFP |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Control as a key factor in the development of the CFP |
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196 | (2) |
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A case story: control and effort management |
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197 | (1) |
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Financing the control of the CFP |
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197 | (1) |
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The new control regulation |
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198 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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The international dimension of the control of fisheries |
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200 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Control and the international 'level playing field': the IUU regulation |
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202 | (5) |
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Control in a global context |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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The IUU Regulation of 2010 |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Possible future developments |
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206 | (1) |
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Towards integration of the control of fisheries |
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207 | (3) |
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European integration: EFCA |
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207 | (2) |
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Sectorial integration: the opportunity of CISE |
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209 | (1) |
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Policy integration — control and structural policy: conditionality |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
| 10 The scientific advice for the CFP |
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213 | (19) |
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The CFP, a science-based policy |
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213 | (3) |
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The sources of fisheries research to underpin the CFP |
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213 | (1) |
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The sources of advice for the CFP |
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214 | (2) |
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The basic data for science and advice |
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216 | (2) |
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The processing of the data |
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217 | (1) |
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The evolution of the scientific advice |
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218 | (6) |
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From safe biological limits to maximum sustainable yield |
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218 | (1) |
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From short to long term advice |
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219 | (1) |
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Moving from single species advice |
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220 | (1) |
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The case of 'data poor' stocks |
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221 | (2) |
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The precautionary principle |
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223 | (1) |
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The advice in the Mediterranean |
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223 | (1) |
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Science and policy making: an often difficult relationship |
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224 | (3) |
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Scientists and policy-makers: a different language |
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224 | (1) |
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Science and political decisions |
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224 | (1) |
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Fisheries science and enforcement |
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225 | (1) |
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Science and industry: from mistrust to cooperation |
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226 | (1) |
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The future scientific advice: new methodologies and new demands of the reformed CFP after 2013 |
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226 | (1) |
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Economic science in the CFP |
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227 | (3) |
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Economic versus biological science in the CFP: closing the gap |
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227 | (2) |
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The Annual Economic Reports |
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229 | (1) |
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Economic analysis as a tool for fisheries management |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
| 11 Fisheries and the environment |
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232 | (18) |
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Environmental performance of the CFP |
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232 | (2) |
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The integration of environmental concerns in the CFP |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Fisheries and environment: a difficult relationship |
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234 | (1) |
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Fisheries and the environment as complementary policies |
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234 | (5) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Environmental questions as drivers for fisheries decisions |
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238 | (1) |
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Implementing environmental law through the CFP |
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239 | (2) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (6) |
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Implementation in the CFP |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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The Marine Strategy Framework Directive |
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244 | (1) |
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The notion of 'balanced harvest' and the ecosystem approach |
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245 | (1) |
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The ecosystem approach and maritime spatial planning |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (3) |
| 12 The stakeholders |
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250 | (12) |
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The CFP and the 'ivory tower' effect |
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250 | (1) |
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The Advisory Committee for Fisheries and Aquaculture |
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251 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Regional Advisory Councils |
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253 | (4) |
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The precedents: regional workshops |
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253 | (1) |
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The establishment of the RACs |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Non-governmental organisations |
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257 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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From iconic species to mainstream fisheries |
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258 | (1) |
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Widening the scope: from campaigners to formal stakeholders |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Institutional consultations |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Consultations with the public at large |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
| 13 The governance of the CFP |
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262 | (16) |
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The CFP: a 'central command' policy? |
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262 | (4) |
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The 'micromanagement from Brussels' |
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262 | (1) |
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The 'culture' of the December Council |
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262 | (1) |
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The psychology of decision making |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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'Paper fish' and governance |
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265 | (1) |
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Allocating national quotas: a Member State prerogative |
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266 | (1) |
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Improving decision making |
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266 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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The effects of the Policy Statement |
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267 | (1) |
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Streamlining TAC decisions |
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267 | (1) |
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Enlargement and decision making by Council |
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268 | (1) |
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The CFP, a complex policy |
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|
268 | (4) |
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The ever increasing complexity |
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269 | (1) |
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The number of regulations |
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|
270 | (1) |
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Duplication of management instruments |
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|
271 | (1) |
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The number of Member States in Council |
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|
272 | (1) |
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The Treaty of Lisbon and co-decision |
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|
272 | (3) |
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Co-decision and simplification |
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|
272 | (2) |
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Co-decision and societal interests |
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|
274 | (1) |
|
Council versus Parliament: Articles 43(2) and 43(3) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Co-decision and regionalisation |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Non-legislative elements for decision making |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Is co-management an option for the CFP? |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
| 14 Aquaculture |
|
278 | (13) |
|
Is aquaculture part of the CFP? |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Some facts and figures on aquaculture in the EU |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
The evolution of the EU policy in promoting aquaculture development |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
EU legislation and aquaculture |
|
|
280 | (3) |
|
Aquaculture as part of the structural policy of the CFP |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Aquaculture and environmental policy |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
Aquaculture and sanitary policy |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Aquaculture and research policy |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Alien species in aquaculture |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
The aquaculture strategies |
|
|
283 | (3) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
2009: The second strategy |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
2013: The strategic guidelines |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Aquaculture strategy and CFP reform |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
What future for European aquaculture? |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
European aquaculture: a unique mixture of strengths and weaknesses |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
289 | (2) |
| 15 Reforming the CFP: 1992 and 2002 |
|
291 | (12) |
|
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
The new basic regulation of 1992 |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Implementation of the first reform |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (7) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Regional Advisory Councils |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
What the 2002 reform missed: Maximum Sustainable Yield |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
The implementation of the 2002 reform |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (2) |
| 16 The CFP reform of 2013 |
|
303 | (38) |
|
The context for reform and the Green Paper |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
The reform in 2012: the status quo is not an option |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
305 | (5) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
The practical difficulties and the need for flexibility |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Discard ban and TAC levels |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Regionalising the CFP: easier said than done |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Regionalisation and national law: the need for delegated acts |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Maximum sustainable yield |
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Is MSY a balanced objective? |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Which MSY based on fishing mortality or biomass? |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Why not Maximum Economic Yield? |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Transferable fishing concessions and fleet policy |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
Why a system of transferable rights? |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Other issues in the basic regulation |
|
|
317 | (5) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Long-term management plans |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
The composition of Advisory Councils |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Integration of environmental concerns |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Scientific advice and data collection |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Delegated and implementing acts |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Contributing to long-term sustainability worldwide |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
The new market regulation |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
The new structural instrument: the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
The negotiation and the final regulation |
|
|
326 | (13) |
|
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Control and data collection |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Community-led local development |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Integrated maritime policy |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Investments by the Commission under direct management |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (2) |
| 17 What's next? |
|
341 | (26) |
|
Implementing the new CFP: a daily affair |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Implementation of the MSY objectives |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
MSY in multi-species fisheries |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Implementing the discard ban |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
The necessary changes in current legislation: the 'omnibus' proposal |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Improving selectivity: the next generation of technical measures |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Preparing the future rules |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
The problem of 'choke species' |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Facilitating the discard ban |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Controlling the discard ban |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Discard ban and conservation policy: a new paradigm |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (4) |
|
Enhancing regional cooperation |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Regionalisation versus harmonisation |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Long-term multi-species management plans |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
Planned versus bottom-up approach |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
What multi-species approach? |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (3) |
|
Improving the scientific advice |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Fishery Protected Areas: a lost opportunity? |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
The future of management by fishing effort |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
The new CFP under co-decision |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Co-decision and policy complexity |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Adaptation of legislation |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
The role of the Commission |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Will the new CFP prevent the 'tragedy of the commons'? |
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
Fisheries in a wider maritime context: integrated maritime policy |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Maritime Spatial Planning |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Some external challenges for the CFP |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
The effects of climate change |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Possible increases in fuel prices |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Possible changes in the ownership of the means of production |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Possible changes in the world's fisheries governance |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (2) |
| Glossary |
|
367 | (4) |
| Index |
|
371 | |
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