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E-raamat: Computer Network Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol on Earth and in Space, Second Edition

3.86/5 (9 hinnangut Goodreads-ist)
(University of Delaware, Newark, USA)
  • Formaat: 494 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439814642
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Computer Network Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol on Earth and in Space, Second EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 494 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439814642
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Carefully coordinated, reliable, and accurate time synchronization is vital to a wide spectrum of fieldsfrom air and ground traffic control, to buying and selling goods and services, to TV network programming. Ill-gotten time could even lead to the unimaginable and cause DNS caches to expire, leaving the entire Internet to implode on the root servers.

Written by the original developer of the Network Time Protocol (NTP), Computer Network Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol on Earth and in Space, Second Edition addresses the technological infrastructure of time dissemination, distribution, and synchronizationspecifically the architecture, protocols, and algorithms of the NTP. This system has been active in one form or another for almost three decades on the Internet and numerous private networks on the nether side of firewalls. Just about everything today that can be connected to a network wire has support for NTP.

This book:











Describes the principal components of an NTP client and how it works with redundant servers and diverse network paths





Provides an in-depth description of cryptographic and other critical algorithms





Presents an overview of the engineering principles guiding network configuration

Evaluating historic events that have taken place since computer network timekeeping started almost three decades ago, the author details a number of systems and drivers for current radio, satellites, and telephone modem dissemination and explains how we reckon the time, according to the stars and atoms. The original 16 chapters of the first edition have been rewritten, updated, and enhanced with new material. Four new chapters cover new algorithms and previously uncovered concepts, including timekeeping in space missions.

Praise for the first edition:

" For those that need an exhaustive tome on all of the minutiae related to NTP and synchronization, this is the source. definitive this book should be considered the last word on the topic." Ben Rothke on Slashdot.org

" the bible of the subject contains enough information to take you just as far as you want to go.Dr. Mills is the original developer of NTP." Books On-Line

Arvustused

praise for the first edition

"a valuable book for those that are serious about network time synchronization. David Mills, the author of the book, is one of the pillars of the network time synchronization community, and an original developer of the IETF-based network time protocol (NTP). The book is the summation of his decades of experience and a detailed look at how to use NTP to achieve highly accurate time on your network. clearly the indisputable reference on the subject, given its extraordinary depth and breadth.

"For those that are simply interested in how time synchronization works, or are responsible for time synchronization in their organization, Computer Network Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol is the most comprehensive guide available to using NTP. For those that need an exhaustive tome on all of the minutiae related to NTP and synchronization, this is the source. Short of a vendor and product analysis, the book covers every detail within NTP and is the definitive title on the subject. this book should be considered the last word on the topic." -- Ben Rothke on Slashdot.org

This is the bible of the subject.it contains enough information to take you just as far as you want to go.Dr. Mills is the original developer of NTP." Books On-Line June 21, 2006

List of Illustrations xv
List of Tables xxi
Preface xxiii
About the Author xxvii
1 Basic Concepts 1(14)
1.1 Time Synchronization
1(2)
1.2 Time Synchronization Protocols
3(2)
1.3 Computer Clocks
5(2)
1.4 Processing Time Values
7(1)
1.5 Correctness and Accuracy Expectations
8(2)
1.6 Security
10(2)
1.7 NTP in the Internet
12(1)
1.8 Parting Shots
13(1)
References
14(1)
Further Reading
14(1)
2 How NTP Works 15(22)
2.1 General Infrastructure Requirements
16(1)
2.2 How NTP Represents the Time
17(2)
2.3 How NTP Reckons the Time
19(2)
2.4 How NTP Disciplines the Time
21(1)
2.5 How NTP Manages Associations
22(3)
2.6 How NTP Discovers Servers
25(1)
2.7 How NTP Deals with Stale Time Values
26(1)
2.8 How NTP Manages Network Resources
27(1)
2.9 How NTP Avoids Errors
28(2)
2.10 How NTP Performance Is Determined
30(1)
2.11 How NTP Controls Access
31(1)
2.12 How NTP Watches for Terrorists
32(1)
2.13 How NTP Clocks Are Watched
33(1)
2.14 Parting Shots
34(1)
References
35(1)
Further Reading
35(2)
3 In the Belly of the Beast 37(36)
3.1 Related Technology
37(3)
3.2 Terms and Notation
40(1)
3.3 Process Flow
41(2)
3.4 Peer Process
43(1)
3.5 Poll Process
44(2)
3.6 On-Wire Protocol
46(2)
3.7 Clock Filter Algorithm
48(3)
3.8 Select Algorithm
51(5)
3.9 Cluster Algorithm
56(3)
3.10 Combine Algorithm
59(1)
3.11 Mitigation Rules and the Prefer Peer
60(4)
3.11.1 The Prefer Peer
61(1)
3.11.2 Peer Classification
61(1)
3.11.3 Mitigation Rules
62(1)
3.11.4 The minsane Option
63(1)
3.12 Huff-'n-Puff Filter '
64(1)
3.13 Orphan Mode
65(2)
3.14 Rate Control and the Kiss-o'-Death Packet
67(3)
3.14.1 Average Headway and Guard Time
68(1)
3.14.2 The Kiss-o'-Death Packet
69(1)
3.15 Parting Shots
70(1)
References
70(2)
Further Reading
72(1)
4 Clock Discipline Algorithm 73(16)
4.1 Feedback Control Systems
74(2)
4.2 Phase and Frequency Discipline
76(2)
4.3 Time and Frequency Response
78(3)
4.4 Poll Interval Control
81(1)
4.5 Popcorn and Step Control
82(2)
4.6 Clock State Machine
84(2)
4.7 Parting Shots
86(1)
References
87(1)
Further Reading
87(2)
5 NTP System Engineering and Configuration 89(22)
5.1 Core Engineering Principles
90(2)
5.2 Engineering Large Corporate and Campus NTP Systems
92(1)
5.3 Examples of Large Corporate NTP Systems
93(3)
5.4 Engineering Home Office and Small Business NTP Systems
96(1)
5.5 Network Considerations
97(1)
5.6 General Configuration Considerations
98(2)
5.7 Manual Server Discovery
100(1)
5.8 Automatic Server Discovery
101(4)
5.8.1 Broadcast/Multicast Discovery
102(1)
5.8.2 NTP Manycast Discovery
103(1)
5.8.3 NTP Pool Discovery
103(2)
5.9 Configuration Commands and Options
105(5)
5.9.1 Association Configuration Options (server, peer, and the Like)
105(2)
5.9.2 Type of Service Options (tos)
107(2)
5.9.3 Tinker Options (tinker)
109(1)
5.10 Parting Shots
110(1)
Further Reading
110(1)
6 NTP Performance in the Internet 111(20)
6.1 Performance Measurement Tools
112(1)
6.2 System Clock Latency Characteristics
113(1)
6.3 Characteristics of a Primary Server and Reference Clock
114(3)
6.4 Characteristics between Primary Servers on the Internet
117(6)
6.5 Characteristics of a Client and a Primary Server on a Fast Ethernet
123(2)
6.6 Results from an Internet Survey
125(3)
6.7 Server and Network Resource Requirements
128(2)
6.8 Parting Shots
130(1)
References
130(1)
7 Primary Servers and Reference Clocks 131(18)
7.1 Driver Structure and Interface
132(3)
7.2 Serial Timecode Drivers
135(2)
7.3 Generic Modem Driver
137(1)
7.4 Local Clock Driver
138(1)
7.5 PPS Interface and Driver
139(1)
7.6 Audio Drivers
140(7)
7.6.1 IRIG Driver
142(1)
7.6.2 WWV/H Driver
142(3)
7.6.3 CHU Driver
145(2)
References
147(2)
8 Kernel Timekeeping Support 149(20)
8.1 System Clock Reading Algorithm
151(2)
8.2 Kernel Discipline Algorithms
153(2)
8.3 Kernel PLL/FLL Discipline
155(1)
8.4 Kernel PPS Discipline
156(2)
8.5 Clock Adjust Algorithm
158(1)
8.6 Proof of Performance
159(1)
8.7 Kernel PLL/FLL Discipline Performance
160(5)
8.8 Kernel PPS Discipline
165(3)
8.9 Parting Shots
168(1)
References
168(1)
Further Reading
168(1)
9 Cryptographic Authentication 169(16)
9.1 NTP Security Model
170(5)
9.1.1 On the Provenance of Filestamps
172(1)
9.1.2 On the Naming of Things
173(1)
9.1.3 On Threats and Countermeasures
173(2)
9.2 NTP Secure Groups
175(3)
9.3 Autokey Security Protocol
178(5)
9.3.1 Session Key Operations
179(2)
9.3.2 X509 Certificates
181(1)
9.3.3 Protocol Operations
182(1)
9.4 Parting Shots
183(1)
References
183(1)
Further Reading
184(1)
10 Identity Schemes 185(14)
10.1 Identity Schemes
186(9)
10.1.1 Private Certificate Identity Scheme
187(1)
10.1.2 Trusted Certificate Identity Scheme
188(1)
10.1.3 Schnorr Identity Scheme
188(2)
10.1.4 Guillou-Quisquater Identity Scheme
190(2)
10.1.5 Mu-Varadharajan Identity Scheme
192(3)
10.2 Cryptotypes
195(3)
10.3 Parting Shots
198(1)
References
198(1)
Further Reading
198(1)
11 Analysis of Errors 199(10)
11.1 Clock Reading Errors
200(1)
11.2 Timestamp Errors
201(2)
11.3 Sawtooth Errors
203(1)
11.4 Peer Error Budget
204(2)
11.5 System Error Budget
206(2)
11.6 Parting Shots
208(1)
References
208(1)
12 Modeling and Analysis of Computer Clocks 209(16)
12.1 Computer Clock Concepts
210(4)
12.2 Mathematical Model of the Generic Feedback Loop
214(5)
12.2.1 Type I FLL Feedback Control Loop
216(1)
12.2.2 Type II Feedback Control Loop
217(2)
12.3 Synthetic Timescales and Clock Wranglers
219(3)
12.4 Parting Shots
222(1)
References
222(1)
Further Reading
223(2)
13 Metrology and Chronometry of the NTP Timescale 225(30)
13.1 Scientific Timescales Based on Astronomy and Atomic Physics
227(2)
13.2 UTC and the Leap Second
229(1)
13.3 The Leap Second Controversy
230(3)
13.4 How NTP Reckons with UTC Leap Seconds
233(2)
13.5 On Numbering the Calendars and Days
235(2)
13.6 On the Julian Day Number System
237(1)
13.7 On Timescales and the Age of Eras
238(2)
13.8 On NTP Era and Timestamp Calculations
240(1)
13.9 Comparison with Other Computer Timescales
241(2)
13.10 Primary Frequency and Time Standards
243(1)
13.11 Time and Frequency Coordination
244(1)
13.12 Time and Frequency Dissemination
245(7)
13.12.1 Shortwave Radio Services
246(1)
13.12.2 Long-Wave Radio Services
246(1)
13.12.3 Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite Service
247(1)
13.12.4 Telephone Modem Services
248(1)
13.12.5 Global Positioning System
248(1)
13.12.6 LORAN-C Radio Navigation System
249(3)
13.13 Parting Shots
252(1)
References
253(1)
Further Reading
254(1)
14 NTP Reference Implementation 255(26)
14.1 NTP Packet Header
256(3)
14.2 Control Flow
259(4)
14.3 Main Program and Common Routines
263(1)
14.4 Peer Process
264(4)
14.5 System Process
268(4)
14.6 Clock Discipline Process
272(3)
14.7 Clock Adjust Process
275(1)
14.8 Poll Process
276(1)
14.9 Parting Shots
277(2)
References
279(1)
Further Reading
279(2)
15 Precision System Clock Architecture 281(30)
15.1 Limitations of the Art
281(1)
15.2 Precision System Clock
282(7)
15.2.1 Timer Oscillator
283(1)
15:2.2 Timestamp Counter
283(1)
15.2.3 Real-Time Clock
284(1)
15.2.4 Precision System Clock Implementation
285(2)
15.2.5 Precision System Clock Operations
287(2)
15.3 Principles of Precision Timestamping
289(9)
15.3.1 Timestamp Transposition
291(2)
15.3.2 Error Analysis
293(5)
15.3.2.1 Reciprocity Errors
294(1)
15.3.2.2 Transposition Errors
295(1)
15.3.2.3 Interworking Errors
295(1)
15.3.2.4 Store-and-Forward Errors
296(1)
15.3.2.5 Nonreciprocal Rate Errors
297(1)
15.4 IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol
298(9)
15.4.1 Timestamp Capture
298(3)
15.4.2 PTP Clock Architecture
15.4.3 PTP Messages
301(1)
15.4.4 Best Master Clock Algorithm
302(1)
15.4.5 Data Set Comparison Algorithm
303(1)
15.4.6 PTP Time Transfer
304(1)
15.4.7 PTP and NTP Compared
305(2)
15.5 Have Quick, STANAG 4330, and Precise Time and Time Interval Have Quick Interfaces
307(2)
15.6 Parting Shots
309(1)
References
309(2)
16 NTP Interleaved Modes 311(18)
16.1 Basic/Interleaved Protocol State Machines and Flowcharts
312(3)
16.2 Basic Symmetric Mode
315(2)
16.3 Interleaved Symmetric Mode
317(2)
16.4 Interleaved Broadcast Mode
319(3)
16.5 Error Detection and Recovery
322(1)
16.6 Measured Performance with the Interleaved Modes
323(4)
16.7 Parting Shots
327(2)
17 Time Transfer for Space Data Links 329(24)
17.1 Orbit Mechanics
330(3)
17.2 Clock Comparisons and the Effects of General Relativity
333(5)
17.3 Time Transfer from a Planet to the Solar System Barycenter
338(1)
17.4 Time Comparisons between Clocks in Space
339(3)
17.5 Spacecraft Electronics
342(3)
17.6 Proximity-1 Protocol
345(1)
17.7 Proximity-1 Time Service
346(1)
17.8 Time Transfer Using the Electra Transceiver
347(2)
17.9 Parting Shots
349(2)
References
351(1)
Further Reading
352(1)
18 Time Transfer for Deep-Space Missions 353(24)
18.1 Time Transfer between Earth Stations
354(3)
18.2 Time Transfer to Earth Satellites
357(2)
18.3 Time Transfer to the Moon and Satellites of Other Planets
359(2)
18.4 Time Transfer for a Planetary Space Fleet
361(6)
18.5 Time Transfer for Deep-Space Missions
367(5)
18.6 Parting Shots
372(3)
References
375(2)
19 Technical History of NTP 377(20)
19.1 On the Antiquity of NTP
378(3)
19.2 On the Proliferation of NTP around the Globe
381(1)
19.3 Autonomous Authentication
381(2)
19.4 Autonomous Configuration
383(1)
19.5 Radios, We Have Radios
384(1)
19.6 Hunting the Nanoseconds
385(3)
19.7 Experimental Studies
388(1)
19.8 Theory and Algorithms
389(2)
19.9 Growing Pains
391(1)
19.10 As Time Goes By
391(1)
19.11 Parting Shots
392(1)
References
393(3)
Further Reading
396(1)
Bibliography 397(10)
Acronyms 407(4)
Index 411
Dr. David L. Mills is professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering and computer and information sciences at the University of Delaware. He has been an active contributor for many years to the field of Internet technology, particularly computer network time synchronization. He is the original developer of the Network Time Protocol and has authored over 30 articles and technical reports on the subject, including the current operative standards documents. His doctoral degree in computer science was conferred by the University of Michigan in 1971. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow in both the Association for Computing Machinery and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
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