Preface |
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xix | |
Author |
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xxi | |
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1 | (4) |
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2 Construction Management for Industrial Projects |
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5 | (62) |
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5 | (1) |
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2.2 Project Characteristics |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (10) |
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10 | (1) |
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2.3.2 FEED (Preliminary) Engineering |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.3.6 Commissioning and Start-Up |
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17 | (1) |
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2.4 Is This Project Successful? |
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18 | (1) |
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2.5 Project Management Tasks |
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18 | (2) |
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2.6 Project Manager Skill |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (7) |
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2.7.1 Who Will Make the Plan? |
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22 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Where Do You Start the Plan? |
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23 | (3) |
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2.7.3 Work Breakdown Structure |
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26 | (1) |
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2.8 Responsibilities of the Planning Team |
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27 | (1) |
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2.9 Estimating Time Required for an Activity |
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28 | (11) |
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2.9.1 Calculating Time Required for an Activity |
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30 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Time Schedule Preparation |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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2.9.6 Critical Path Method |
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33 | (1) |
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2.9.7 Program Evaluation and Review Technique |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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2.9.9 Applications for the PERT Method |
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36 | (2) |
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2.9.9.1 Statistical Calculation of Activity Time |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (20) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.10.3 Construction Cost Estimate |
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42 | (2) |
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2.10.4 Steel Structure Cost Estimate |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.10.6 Tendering Cost Estimate |
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46 | (1) |
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2.10.7 Cost Estimate to Project Control |
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46 | (1) |
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2.10.8 Economic Analysis of Project Cost |
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47 | (1) |
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2.10.8.1 Work Breakdown Structure |
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47 | (1) |
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2.10.8.2 Organization Breakdown Structure |
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48 | (1) |
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2.10.8.3 OBS and WBS Matrix |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (3) |
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2.10.9 Cash Flow Calculation |
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55 | (1) |
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2.10.9.1 Cash Flow during the Project |
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56 | (1) |
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2.10.9.2 Impact on Increasing Cost |
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57 | (1) |
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2.10.9.3 Project Late Impact |
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58 | (1) |
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2.10.9.4 Impact of Operation Efficiency |
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58 | (1) |
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2.11 Project Risk Management |
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59 | (7) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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2.11.3 Defining Risk Using Quantitative Risk Assessment |
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62 | (2) |
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2.11.4 Qualitative Risk Assessment |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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3 Loads on Industrial Structures |
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67 | (62) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (53) |
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68 | (1) |
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3.2.1.1 General Design Loads |
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68 | (7) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.2.1.3 Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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3.2.3.1 Basic Wind Load Formula |
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78 | (3) |
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3.2.3.2 Wind Loads on Pipe Racks and Open-Frame Structures |
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81 | (22) |
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103 | (1) |
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3.2.4.1 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters |
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104 | (1) |
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3.2.4.2 Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components Systems |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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3.2.4.5 Boilers and Pressure Vessels |
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109 | (1) |
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3.2.4.6 General Precaution |
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109 | (1) |
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3.2.4.7 Building and Nonbuilding Structures |
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109 | (5) |
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3.2.4.8 Flexibility of Piping Attachments |
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114 | (1) |
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3.2.4.9 Design Review for Seismic Loads |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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3.2.8.1 Site-Specific Studies |
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118 | (1) |
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3.2.8.2 Loads due to Freezing Rain |
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119 | (1) |
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3.2.8.3 Design Ice Thickness for Freezing Rain |
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120 | (1) |
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3.2.8.4 Wind on Ice-Covered Structures |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (7) |
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121 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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3.3.1.2 Horizontal Vessels and Heat Exchangers |
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125 | (1) |
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3.3.1.3 Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Design |
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126 | (1) |
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3.3.1.4 Ground-Supported Storage Tank Load Combinations |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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4 Design of Foundations for Vibrating Equipment |
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129 | (24) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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4.3 Foundation Design Guidelines |
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130 | (16) |
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4.3.1 Trial Foundation Sizing Guidelines |
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130 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Foundation Dynamic Analysis |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (12) |
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146 | (5) |
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147 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Spring and Rubber Mounts |
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147 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Inertia Block Bolt or Pad Mounting Bolt Installation |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (46) |
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153 | (1) |
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5.2 Concrete Storage Tanks |
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153 | (8) |
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5.2.1 Rectangular Wall---Concrete |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (6) |
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5.3.1 Preliminary Retaining Wall Dimensions |
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162 | (1) |
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5.3.1.1 Check Stability against Overturning |
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162 | (2) |
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5.3.1.2 Check Stability against Sliding |
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164 | (1) |
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5.3.1.3 Check Stability against Bearing Capacity |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (20) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Annular Bottom Plates |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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5.4.4.2 Calculation of Thickness by the 1-Foot Method |
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171 | (1) |
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5.4.4.3 Calculation of Thickness by the Variable-Design-Point Method |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (2) |
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5.4.5.1 Allowable Stresses |
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177 | (1) |
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5.4.5.2 Supported Cone Roofs |
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177 | (2) |
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5.4.5.3 Self-Supporting Cone Roofs |
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179 | (1) |
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5.4.5.4 Self-Supporting Dome and Umbrella Roofs |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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5.4.8 Design Basis for Small Tanks |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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5.4.10 Differential Settlement Tank Bottom Designs |
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186 | (1) |
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5.5 Ring Beam Design Consideration |
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187 | (11) |
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5.5.1 Wind and Earthquake Stability and Pressures |
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191 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Earthquake Stability |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Soil Pressure (Uplift Is Present) |
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192 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Concrete Ring Beam Design |
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193 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Ring Wall Reinforcement |
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194 | (4) |
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198 | (1) |
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6 Static Equipment Foundation Design |
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199 | (66) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (7) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Bundle Pull Load (Exchangers) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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6.5.1 Anchorage Considerations |
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208 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Reinforcement for Piers |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (5) |
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6.6.1 Foundation Reinforcement |
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210 | (1) |
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6.6.1.1 Bottom Reinforcement |
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210 | (1) |
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6.6.1.2 Top Reinforcement |
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211 | (3) |
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6.7 Example: Heat Exchanger Data |
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214 | (19) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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6.7.4.1 Size Steel Slide Plate |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (9) |
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230 | (3) |
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6.8 Separator Design Example |
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233 | (5) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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6.9 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design |
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238 | (15) |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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6.9.4 Soil Bearing on the Octagon Footing |
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244 | (5) |
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6.9.5 Check Stability and Sliding |
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249 | (1) |
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6.9.6 Check for Foundation Sliding |
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250 | (1) |
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6.9.7 Reinforced Concrete Design |
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250 | (1) |
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6.9.7.1 Top Reinforcement |
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251 | (1) |
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6.9.7.2 Shear Consideration |
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251 | (2) |
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6.10 Example for Vertical Vessel |
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253 | (6) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (2) |
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7 Steel Structures in Industry |
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265 | (72) |
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265 | (1) |
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7.2 Stress-Strain Behavior of Structural Steel |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (29) |
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267 | (1) |
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7.3.1.1 Slenderness Ratio |
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268 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Compression Members |
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271 | (1) |
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7.3.2.1 Steps of Preliminary Design |
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271 | (10) |
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281 | (2) |
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7.3.3.1 Lateral Torsion Buckling |
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283 | (2) |
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7.3.3.2 Allowable Deflection |
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285 | (5) |
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7.3.4 Design of Beam Column Member (Allowable Stress Design) |
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290 | (2) |
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7.3.5 Design of Beam Column Member (LRFD) |
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292 | (3) |
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7.4 Steel Pipe Rack Design |
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295 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Pipe Rack Design Guide |
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295 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Pipe Rack Superstructure Design |
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296 | (1) |
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7.4.2.1 Structural Steel Expansion |
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297 | (5) |
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302 | (2) |
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302 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Handrails and Railings |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (17) |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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7.7.2.2 Strength of Welds |
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311 | (2) |
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7.7.2.3 Welding in Existing Structures |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (7) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (13) |
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7.8.1 Anchor Bolts, Nuts, and Washers |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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7.8.2 Anchor Bolt Plate Design |
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324 | (1) |
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7.8.3 Coatings and Corrosion |
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324 | (1) |
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7.8.4 Bolt Types, Details, and Layout |
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325 | (1) |
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7.8.4.1 Anchor Bolt Projection |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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7.8.5 Calculation of Vessel Anchor Bolts |
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328 | (2) |
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7.8.6 Anchor Bolt Strength Design |
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330 | (1) |
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7.8.6.1 Ultimate Strength Design |
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331 | (1) |
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7.8.6.2 Allowable Stress Design |
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331 | (1) |
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7.8.6.3 Calculate Required Embedment Length |
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332 | (1) |
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7.8.7 Anchor Design Considerations |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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8 Assessment of Existing Structures |
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337 | (40) |
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337 | (1) |
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8.2 Preliminary Inspection |
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338 | (8) |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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8.2.2.1 Plastic Shrinkage Cracking |
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341 | (2) |
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8.2.2.2 Settlement Cracking |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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8.2.2.5 Chemical Reaction |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (14) |
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8.3.1 Methods of Structure Assessment |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (5) |
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353 | (1) |
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8.3.2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity |
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354 | (3) |
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8.3.2.4 Inherent Variations in In Situ Strength |
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357 | (1) |
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8.3.2.5 Comparison between Different Tests |
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358 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Sources of Concrete Failure |
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359 | (1) |
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8.4 Test Methods for Corroded Steel in Concrete |
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360 | (9) |
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360 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Concrete Cover Measurements |
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361 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Half-Cell Potential Measurements |
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363 | (2) |
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8.4.4 Electrical Resistivity Measurement |
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365 | (2) |
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8.4.5 Measurement of Carbonation Depth |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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8.5 Structure Evaluation Technique |
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369 | (4) |
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8.5.1 Case Study One: Structural Evaluation |
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369 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Case Study Two: Structural Assessment |
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370 | (2) |
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8.5.3 Case Study Three: Structural Assessment |
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372 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Case Study Four: Structural Assessment |
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373 | (1) |
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8.6 Structural Assessment |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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9 Methods of Protecting Foundations from Corrosion |
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377 | (26) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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9.3 Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcement |
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380 | (2) |
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9.4 Galvanized Steel Bars |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (1) |
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9.6 Fiber Reinforcement Bars |
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385 | (2) |
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9.7 Protecting Concrete Surfaces |
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387 | (3) |
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9.7.1 Sealers and Membranes |
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387 | (1) |
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9.7.1.1 Coating and Sealers |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Cathodic Protection by Surface Painting |
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389 | (1) |
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9.8 Cathodic Protection System |
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390 | (11) |
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9.8.1 Cathodic Protection |
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391 | (2) |
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9.8.2 Cathodic Protection Components and Design Consideration |
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393 | (1) |
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9.8.2.1 Source of Impressed Current |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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9.8.2.4 Precaution in Anode Design |
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396 | (1) |
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9.8.2.5 Follow-Up Precaution |
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397 | (1) |
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9.8.3 A Comparison between Cathodic Protection and Other Methods |
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398 | (1) |
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9.8.4 Cathodic Protection for the Prestressed Concrete |
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399 | (1) |
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9.8.5 Bond Strength in Case of Cathodic Protection |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (2) |
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10 Repair of Industrial Structures |
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403 | (28) |
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403 | (1) |
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10.2 Main Steps to Execute Repair |
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404 | (5) |
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10.2.1 Strengthening the Structure |
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405 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Removal of Concrete Cracks |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (1) |
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10.2.2.2 Pneumatic Hammer Methods |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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10.3 Cleaning the Concrete Surface and Steel Rein forcement |
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409 | (5) |
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410 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Cleaning the Steel Reinforcement Bars |
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411 | (3) |
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10.4 New Patches of Concrete |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (3) |
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415 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Casting Way at the Site |
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415 | (1) |
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10.5.2.1 Grouted Preplaced Aggregate |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Complete Member Casting |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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10.7 New Methods for Strengthening Concrete Structures |
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418 | (2) |
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10.8 Using Steel Sections |
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420 | (3) |
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10.9 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer |
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423 | (4) |
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425 | (1) |
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10.9.2 Application on Site |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (3) |
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11 Economic Study for Maintenance Plan |
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431 | (30) |
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431 | (1) |
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11.2 Basic Rules of Cost Calculation |
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432 | (1) |
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11.2.1 Present Value Method |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (6) |
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11.3.1 Capacity Loss in Reinforced Concrete Sections |
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435 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Required Time to Corrosion |
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437 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Time Required to Deterioration |
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438 | (1) |
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11.4 Repair and Inspection Strategy and Optimization |
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439 | (6) |
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441 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Expected Total Cost |
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441 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Optimization Strategy |
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442 | (3) |
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445 | (13) |
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11.5.1 Assessment Process |
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445 | (4) |
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11.5.2 RBI Maintenance Plan |
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449 | (2) |
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11.5.3 RBI Plan for Offshore Structures |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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11.5.3.2 Development of Likelihood |
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453 | (2) |
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11.5.3.3 Development of Consequence |
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|
455 | (2) |
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11.5.3.4 Inspection Planning for Offshore Structure |
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|
457 | (1) |
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|
458 | (3) |
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12 Overview of Fixed Offshore Structures |
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|
461 | (60) |
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|
461 | (1) |
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12.2 Types of Offshore Platforms |
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|
462 | (6) |
|
12.2.1 Fixed Offshore Platforms |
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|
462 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.1 Drilling or Well Protector Platforms |
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|
462 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.2 Tender Platforms |
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|
462 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.3 Self-Contained Platforms |
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|
463 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.4 Production Platform |
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|
463 | (1) |
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12.2.1.5 Quarters Platform |
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|
463 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.6 Flare Jacket and Flare Tower |
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|
463 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.7 Auxiliary Platform |
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|
463 | (1) |
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|
464 | (1) |
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|
464 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 Concrete Gravity Platforms |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
12.2.3 Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
12.2.4 Tension Leg Platforms |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
12.3 Major Steps in Constructing an Offshore Structure |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
12.4 Offshore Platform Design Overview |
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|
470 | (31) |
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|
470 | (1) |
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|
470 | (2) |
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|
472 | (1) |
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|
472 | (3) |
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|
475 | (4) |
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12.4.1.5 Comparison between Wind and Wave Calculation |
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|
479 | (1) |
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|
479 | (1) |
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|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
12.4.2 Platform Configuration |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
12.4.3 Approximate Design Dimensions |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
12.4.4 Topside Structures |
|
|
484 | (1) |
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|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (3) |
|
12.4.7 In-Place Structure Analysis |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
12.4.8 Dynamic Structure Analysis |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
12.4.9 Tubular Joint Design |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
12.4.9.1 Tubular Joint Calculation |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
12.4.9.2 Tubular Joint Punching Failure |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
12.4.11.1 Calculation of Collison Force |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
12.4.11.2 Cases of Impact Load |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
12.4.11.3 Cases of Impact Load |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
12.5 Design Quality Control |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
12.6 Construction Procedures |
|
|
501 | (19) |
|
12.6.1 Engineering of Execution |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
12.6.2.1 Joint Fabrication |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
12.6.5 Loads from Transportation, Launch, and Lifting Operations |
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
12.6.8 Transportation Forces |
|
|
512 | (6) |
|
12.6.9 Launching and Upending Forces |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
13 Soil Investigation and Pile Design |
|
|
521 | (24) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
13.2 Soil Exploration Methods |
|
|
522 | (13) |
|
13.2.1 Planning the Program |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
13.2.2 Organization of Fieldwork |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
13.2.3 Soil Boring Methods |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
13.2.3.2 Sampling Methods |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
13.2.3.3 Spacing of Borings |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
13.2.4 Standard Penetration Test |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
13.2.5 Cone Penetration Tests |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (3) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
535 | (8) |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
13.3.4 Precast and Prestressed Piles |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
|
543 | (2) |
Index |
|
545 | |