| Part 1 From Hunter Gatherers to Agricultural Science |
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1 | (50) |
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Chapter 1 Origin of Farming and the Historical Appreciation of the Value of Manure and Legumes |
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3 | (13) |
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Domestication of animals and crops 10,000-8,000 BC |
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3 | (2) |
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Hunter-gatherers and a natural way of life |
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5 | (2) |
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Appreciation of the value of manure and legumes |
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7 | (5) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 The Fertilizer and Pesticide Roads - from Manure to Man-Made Fertilizers and from Sulphur to Synthetics |
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16 | (28) |
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From Romans to the printing press (1476) |
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16 | (1) |
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Before agricultural chemistry (1477-1800) |
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17 | (4) |
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Agricultural chemistry from 1800 |
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21 | (6) |
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27 | (3) |
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Birth of the modern fertilizer industry |
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30 | (1) |
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Fertilizers - the end of the road |
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31 | (6) |
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The pesticide road from sulphur to synthetics |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Social and Agricultural Scene in 1920s and 1930s |
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44 | (7) |
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Social, political and economic background |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
| Part 2 The Nature, Origin and Benefits of Organic Farming |
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51 | (174) |
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Chapter 4 Organic Farming - Principles, Promotion and Perceptions |
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53 | (30) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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Biodynamic and mainstream organic farming |
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57 | (3) |
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International and national agencies |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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Promotion by mainstream organic groups |
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64 | (2) |
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Public perceptions and the reasons for choosing organic food |
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66 | (5) |
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Perceptions, labelling and promotion of organic food in the USA |
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71 | (2) |
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Reasons for farming organically |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Biodynamic Agriculture - Key Aspects and Development |
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83 | (20) |
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Dislike of modern agriculture |
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84 | (1) |
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Investigation of Steiner's ideas by the Koliskos |
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84 | (1) |
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The nine biodynamic preparations |
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85 | (5) |
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Promotion and extension of Steiner's ideas by Pfeiffer |
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90 | (4) |
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Control of weeds, insects, disease and mice |
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94 | (1) |
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Influence of the Moon on plant growth |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Genetic engineering and nanotechnology |
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98 | (1) |
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Influence of biodynamic agriculture on the origin of the mainstream organic movement |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Origin and Development of Mainstream Organic Movements |
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103 | (18) |
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104 | (2) |
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Haughley Research Farms (1940) |
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106 | (1) |
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The Living Soil (Balfour 1943) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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Reaction to The Living Soil and the Soil Association |
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110 | (1) |
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Haughley Experiment (1945-1969) - Results |
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110 | (3) |
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Organic associations in English-speaking countries |
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113 | (3) |
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Organic associations in other countries |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Organic Areas, Crops and Markets Across the World |
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121 | (18) |
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121 | (2) |
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Main organic crops and areas |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Biodynamic crops and farms |
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129 | (1) |
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Mainstream organic markets |
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130 | (5) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Regulation and Certification of Organic Farming |
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139 | (15) |
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139 | (2) |
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Development of mainstream organic standards |
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141 | (3) |
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Mainstream organic farming regulations |
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144 | (1) |
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IFOAM norms for organic agricultural production |
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145 | (3) |
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Organic equivalence arrangements |
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148 | (1) |
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Non-food crops and products |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Organic Farming and Health - the Pioneers |
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154 | (17) |
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Soil, organic farming methods, diet and health |
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154 | (2) |
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Pioneers, Howard, Sykes, McCarrison, Wrench, Price and John Boyd-Orr |
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156 | (8) |
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The Medical Testament of the Cheshire doctors (1939) |
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164 | (2) |
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Huntingdon feeding experiment |
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166 | (1) |
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Submission to UK Parliament |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Organic Farming and Health - Studies and Concerns |
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171 | (30) |
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172 | (6) |
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178 | (12) |
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Research on potential effects of organic food on human health |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (8) |
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Chapter 11 Soil Organic Matter, Relevance and Benefits |
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201 | (13) |
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Appreciation of soil organic matter |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (2) |
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Importance and benefits of soil organic matter |
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205 | (4) |
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How to maintain and increase soil organic matter levels |
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209 | (1) |
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Soil organic matter and EU legislation |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Manures and Slurries - Composition, Production and Application |
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214 | (11) |
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Nutrient composition of manure |
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214 | (2) |
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Production and recovery of manure |
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216 | (2) |
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Application of manure: amounts, method and timing |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
| Part 3 Comparison of Organic and Conventional Farming |
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225 | (108) |
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Chapter 13 Comparison of Yields of Organic and Conventionally Grown Crops |
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227 | (28) |
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229 | (1) |
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Comparison of organic and conventional yields where the nutrient inputs are known |
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229 | (9) |
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Comparison of yields of organic and conventionally grown crops |
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238 | (5) |
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USA: comparison of organic and conventional yields in 2008 and 2011 |
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243 | (2) |
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Some implications of conversion to organic |
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245 | (2) |
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Nutrient sources for organic farms |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Composition of Organic and Conventionally Grown Crops - Health Implications |
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255 | (42) |
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Plant composition - secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds |
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256 | (3) |
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Toxic effects of bioactive compounds |
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259 | (1) |
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Bioactive compounds in organic and conventional crops: meta-analyses |
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260 | (11) |
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271 | (1) |
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Relevance of the varying composition of crops associated with farming system |
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272 | (3) |
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Phytoalexins and their occurrence |
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275 | (2) |
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Examples of phytoalexins according to plant family |
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277 | (3) |
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Phytoalexins in organic produce and in misshapen fruit and vegetables |
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280 | (2) |
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The grapefruit effect and possible parsnip effect |
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282 | (2) |
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Phytoalexins in the wild ancestors of crops |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (10) |
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Chapter 15 Pesticides - The Fear and the Problems |
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297 | (36) |
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297 | (4) |
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Hidden costs of pesticides |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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Cocktails of pesticide residues |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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Phytoalexins (natural pesticides) in the diet |
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305 | (4) |
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Pesticides used by organic farmers |
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309 | (2) |
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Regulation of synthetic pesticides and pesticide residues |
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311 | (3) |
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Toxicological studies on rodents |
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314 | (2) |
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Toxicological assessments of coffee and wine |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (3) |
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Carcinogenic pharmaceuticals |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (9) |
| Part 4 Nitrogen: the All-Important Element |
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333 | (74) |
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Chapter 16 Human Requirement for Nitrogen and Where it Comes From with a note on Phosphorus and Potassium |
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335 | (38) |
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335 | (5) |
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Nitrogen: where it comes from |
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340 | (9) |
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Recovery and utilization of N in crops |
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349 | (4) |
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Utilization of biologically fixed N |
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353 | (4) |
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Equating fertilizer N with biological fixation of N by forage legumes and soybeans |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (5) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (7) |
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Chapter 17 Behaviour of Nitrogen in the Soil and Environment and the Contribution of Nitrous Oxide and Methane to Greenhouse Gases |
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373 | (34) |
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Supply of absorbable nitrogen |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (9) |
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Recovery of nitrogen from fertilizers and organic materials |
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384 | (1) |
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Greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture |
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385 | (6) |
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Environmental impacts of organic and conventional farming |
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391 | (6) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (9) |
| Part 5 Sustaining Adequate Food Production and the Future |
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407 | (102) |
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Chapter 18 Sustaining Food Production - Problems of Population, Subsistence Farming and Sustainability |
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409 | (37) |
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409 | (5) |
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Population, farm sizes and numbers |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (4) |
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418 | (7) |
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Sustainability and ability of organic farming to feed the world |
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425 | (11) |
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Planetary boundaries for mankind |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (3) |
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440 | (6) |
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Chapter 19 Sustaining Food Production - Supply of Animal Protein, the Nitrogen Problem, Lessons of Organic Farming and Importance of Technology and Innovation |
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446 | (31) |
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446 | (6) |
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The nitrogen problem and greenhouse gas emissions |
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452 | (4) |
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Lessons of organic farming |
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456 | (4) |
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Importance of technology and innovation |
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460 | (10) |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (6) |
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Chapter 20 Sustaining Food Production - Basic Constraints and Potential of Plant Breeding and Mycorrhiza |
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477 | (32) |
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478 | (1) |
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Basic constraints to plant growth |
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478 | (4) |
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Plant breeding and genetic engineering |
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482 | (13) |
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495 | (4) |
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Bacteria in the rhizosphere |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (2) |
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502 | |
| Appendix |
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Chapter 5. Rudolf Steiner Agricultural Course (1924) |
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509 | (9) |
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Chapter 6. Founder and early members of Soil Association |
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518 | (3) |
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Chapter 12. Manures and slurries, composition |
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521 | (1) |
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Chapter 14. Benefits of fruit and vegetables and supplementation with dietary antioxidants |
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522 | (8) |
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Chapter 15. LD50 and HERP |
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530 | (4) |
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Chapter 16. Nitrogen use efficiency |
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534 | (2) |
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Chapter 17. Greenhouse gas emissions by country |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
| Glossary |
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538 | (13) |
| Epilogue |
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551 | (3) |
| Index |
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554 | |