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Corrosion Protection for the Oil and Gas Industry: Pipelines, Subsea Equipment, and Structures [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 170 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 428 g, 12 Tables, black and white; 84 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367172801
  • ISBN-13: 9780367172800
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Corrosion Protection for the Oil and Gas Industry: Pipelines, Subsea Equipment, and StructuresSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 170 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 428 g, 12 Tables, black and white; 84 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367172801
  • ISBN-13: 9780367172800
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Märksõnad:

Corrosion Protection for the Oil and Gas Industry: Pipelines, Subsea Equipment, and Structures summarizes the main causes of corrosion and requirements for materials protection, selection of corrosion-resistant materials and coating materials commonly used for corrosion protection, and the limitations to their use, application, and repair.

This book focuses on the protection of steels against corrosion in an aqueous environment, either immersed in seawater or buried. It also includes guidelines for the design of cathodic protection systems and reviews of cathodic protection methods, materials, installation, and monitoring. It is concerned primarily with the external and internal corrosion protection of onshore pipelines and subsea pipelines, but reference is also made to the protection of other equipment, subsea structures, risers, and shore approaches. Two case studies, design examples, and the author’s own experiences as a pipeline integrity engineer are featured in this book. Readers will develop a high quality and in-depth understanding of the corrosion protection methods available and apply them to solve corrosion engineering problems.

This book is aimed at students, practicing engineers, and scientists as an introduction to corrosion protection for the oil and gas industry, as well as to overcoming corrosion issues.

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Author xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(2)
Chapter 2 Corrosion
3(14)
2.1 Basics of Aqueous Metallic Corrosion
3(1)
2.2 Forms of Corrosion
4(3)
2.3 Polarization and Corrosion Rates
7(3)
2.3.1 Concept of Polarization
7(1)
2.3.1.1 Causes of Cathodic Polarization
7(1)
2.3.1.2 Polarization Diagram
7(2)
2.3.2 Corrosion Rate
9(1)
2.3.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate
9(1)
2.4 Hydrogen-Release Corrosion and Oxygen-Consumption Corrosion
10(2)
2.4.1 Hydrogen-Release Corrosion
10(1)
2.4.2 Oxygen-Consumption Corrosion
11(1)
2.5 Causes of Corrosion
12(3)
2.5.1 Corrosive Environments
14(1)
2.6 Corrosion Protection Methods
15(2)
Chapter 3 External Corrosion Protection
17(82)
3.1 Material Selection
17(5)
3.1.1 Considerations for Material Selection
18(2)
3.1.1.1 Material Selection Criteria for Metal Alloys
20(1)
3.1.1.2 Materials with High Corrosion Resistance
20(2)
3.2 External Coatings
22(23)
3.2.1 Standards
22(3)
3.2.2 Coating Philosophy and Selection
25(1)
3.2.3 Coal Tar and Asphalt Coatings
26(1)
3.2.3.1 Coal Tar Enamel
26(1)
3.2.3.2 Asphalt Enamel
26(1)
3.2.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
27(1)
3.2.3.4 Field Joints and Coating Repairs
27(1)
3.2.4 Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coatings
27(1)
3.2.4.1 Description
27(1)
3.2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
28(1)
3.2.4.3 Field Joints and Coating Repairs
29(1)
3.2.5 Polyethylene Coatings
29(1)
3.2.5.1 Description
29(1)
3.2.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
30(1)
3.2.5.3 Field Joint and Coating Repair
30(1)
3.2.6 Tape Wrap
31(1)
3.2.6.1 Self-Adhesive Bituminous Laminate Tapes
31(1)
3.2.7 Epoxy and Urethane Liquid Coatings
31(1)
3.2.7.1 Description
31(1)
3.2.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
32(1)
3.2.7.3 Field Joint and Coating Repairs
32(1)
3.2.8 Coal Tar Epoxy Coatings
32(1)
3.2.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
32(1)
3.2.9 Mill-Applied Tape Coating Systems
33(1)
3.2.9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
33(1)
3.2.10 Extruded Polyolefin Systems
33(1)
3.2.10.1 Crosshead-Extruded Polyolefin with Asphalt/Butyl Adhesive
33(1)
3.2.10.2 Dual-Side-Extruded Polyolefin with Butyl Adhesive
34(1)
3.2.11 Multilayer Epoxy/Extruded Polyolefin Systems
34(1)
3.2.11.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
35(1)
3.2.12 Elastomer Coatings
35(1)
3.2.12.1 Field Joint and Coating Repairs
35(1)
3.2.13 High-Temperature Coatings
36(1)
3.2.13.1 Standards
36(1)
3.2.13.2 Coating Philosophy and Selection
37(1)
3.2.13.3 Polypropylene Coatings
38(2)
3.2.13.4 Polyurethane Elastomer
40(1)
3.2.13.5 Foam Materials
40(2)
3.2.13.6 Syntactic Foams
42(1)
3.2.13.7 Epoxy Phenolic Coatings
42(1)
3.2.13.8 Epoxy Novolac Coatings
43(1)
3.2.13.9 Silicone Coatings
43(1)
3.2.13.10 Modified Silicone Coatings
43(1)
3.2.13.11 Multi-Polymeric Matrix Coatings
44(1)
3.2.14 Other Coatings
44(1)
3.2.14.1 Concrete Weight Coatings
44(1)
3.3 Cathodic Protection
45(50)
3.3.1 Main Parameters of Cathodic Protection
46(1)
3.3.1.1 Natural Potential
46(1)
3.3.1.2 Minimum Protective Potential
46(1)
3.3.1.3 Maximum Protective Potential
46(1)
3.3.1.4 Minimum Protective Current Density
46(1)
3.3.1.5 Instant Switch-Off Potential
47(1)
3.3.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection System
47(1)
3.3.2.1 Advantages
48(1)
3.3.2.2 Disadvantages
48(1)
3.3.3 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System
48(1)
3.3.3.1 Advantages
49(1)
3.3.3.2 Disadvantages
49(1)
3.3.4 Offshore Cathodic Protection
49(1)
3.3.4.1 Principle
50(1)
3.3.4.2 Anode Design and Attachment
51(1)
3.3.4.3 Anode Materials
52(1)
3.3.4.4 Monitoring of Offshore Cathodic Protection System
53(1)
3.3.4.5 Criteria for Cathodic Protection
54(1)
3.3.5 Onshore Cathodic Protection
54(1)
3.3.5.1 Anode Materials
54(3)
3.3.5.2 Monitoring of Onshore Cathodic Protection System
57(3)
3.3.5.3 Criteria for Cathodic Protection
60(1)
3.3.5.4 Protective Potential Value (NACE RP 0169-96, SY/T0036)
61(1)
3.3.5.5 Test Conditions
61(1)
3.3.6 Reference Electrode
62(1)
3.3.6.1 Application and Maintenance
63(2)
3.3.7 Groundbed Site Selection and Design
65(1)
3.3.7.1 Ground Resistance Measurement of Anode Bed
66(3)
3.3.7.2 Ground Resistance Measurement of Sacrificial Anode
69(1)
3.3.8 Transformer-Rectifier
70(1)
3.3.8.1 Classification
70(3)
3.3.8.2 Core
73(1)
3.3.8.3 Winding
74(2)
3.3.9 Anode Backfilling
76(1)
3.3.9.1 Backfilling Selection
77(1)
3.3.10 Auxiliary Facilities of Cathodic Protection
77(1)
3.3.10.1 Insulation Device
77(2)
3.3.10.2 CP Measuring Devices
79(1)
3.3.11 Satisfying the Current Output Requirement
80(1)
3.3.12 Design of Offshore Cathodic Protection System
81(1)
3.3.12.1 Data Required
81(2)
3.3.12.2 Design Procedure
83(4)
3.3.12.3 Optimizing Design Calculations
87(1)
3.3.13 Design of Onshore Cathodic Protection System
87(1)
3.3.13.1 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System Design
88(5)
3.3.13.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection System Design
93(2)
3.4 Galvanic Zinc Application
95(4)
3.4.1 Zinc Metallizing (Plating)
95(1)
3.4.2 Zinc-Rich Paints
96(1)
3.4.3 Hot-Dip Galvanizing
96(3)
Chapter 4 Internal Corrosion Protection
99(34)
4.1 Internal Coatings
99(8)
4.1.1 Epoxy Pipe Coating
100(1)
4.1.2 Benefits of Internal Coating to Gas Pipelines
100(3)
4.1.3 Benefits of Internal Coating to Water Pipelines
103(1)
4.1.4 Spray Lining
104(1)
4.1.5 In Situ Coating
104(1)
4.1.5.1 Procedure
104(1)
4.1.5.2 In Situ Surface Preparation
105(1)
4.1.5.3 In Situ Lining
105(1)
4.1.5.4 Pipeline Design for In Situ Coating
105(1)
4.1.5.5 Testing In Situ Coating
106(1)
4.1.6 Treatment of Weld
106(1)
4.2 Chemical Injection
107(19)
4.2.1 Corrosion Inhibitor
107(1)
4.2.1.1 Types of Corrosion Inhibitors
107(2)
4.2.1.2 Applications of Corrosion Inhibitors
109(1)
4.2.2 Scale Inhibitor
109(1)
4.2.3 Hydrate Inhibitors
110(2)
4.2.3.1 Hydrate Formation and Inhibition
112(1)
4.2.3.2 Conditions Necessary for Hydrate Formation
113(1)
4.2.3.3 Types of Hydrates
113(1)
4.2.3.4 Methods of Hydrate Inhibition
113(1)
4.2.3.5 Hydrate Inhibition
114(2)
4.2.4 Biocides
116(2)
4.2.5 Antifoam
118(1)
4.2.6 Drag Reducers
119(1)
4.2.6.1 Drag Reduction
119(6)
4.2.6.2 Wax Crystal Modifier Additives
125(1)
4.2.6.3 Heavy and Asphaltic Crudes
125(1)
4.2.7 Emulsion Breakers
126(1)
4.3 Dehydration
126(4)
4.3.1 Reason for Dehydrating the Gas
127(1)
4.3.2 Common Gas Dehydration Methods
127(1)
4.3.2.1 Glycol Dehydration
127(2)
4.3.2.2 Adsorption on Solid Bed (e.g., Molecular Sieves)
129(1)
4.3.2.3 Low Temperature Separator (LTS) with Glycol Injection System
130(1)
4.4 Cleaning Pigs
130(2)
4.5 Buffering
132(1)
Chapter 5 Atmospheric Corrosion
133(10)
5.1 Atmospheric Corrosion Inspection
134(1)
5.2 Causes of Atmospheric Corrosion
134(1)
5.3 Methods of Preventing Atmospheric Corrosion
134(5)
5.3.1 Coatings
135(1)
5.3.2 Metal Films
135(1)
5.3.3 Polymer Coatings
135(1)
5.3.4 Vitreous Enamels
136(1)
5.3.5 Conversion Coatings
136(1)
5.3.6 Painting
137(1)
5.3.7 Sacrificial Coating
137(1)
5.3.8 Temporary Protectives
137(1)
5.3.9 Design
138(1)
5.3.10 Control Relative Humidity
138(1)
5.3.11 Packaging
138(1)
5.3.12 Atmospheric Control
139(1)
5.4 Atmospheric Corrosion Repair
139(4)
5.4.1 Surface Preparation
139(1)
5.4.2 Recoating
140(1)
5.4.3 Inspection
140(1)
5.4.4 Health and Safety
140(1)
5.4.4.1 Environmental Protection
141(2)
Chapter 6 Stray Current Corrosion
143(6)
6.1 Stray Current Sources
143(1)
6.2 Stray Current Corrosion Prevention
143(6)
6.2.1 Construction Technique
143(1)
6.2.2 Corrosion and Prevention of DC Stray Current
143(1)
6.2.3 AC Interference Hazard and Protection
144(1)
6.2.3.1 Electric Field Effect
144(1)
6.2.3.2 Earth Electric Effect
144(1)
6.2.3.3 Electromagnetic Effect
144(3)
6.2.3.4 Protection
147(2)
Chapter 7 Case Study
149(10)
7.1 Situation
149(4)
7.1.1 External Corrosion Coupons
150(2)
7.1.2 History of Metal Loss
152(1)
7.2 Steps Involved
153(4)
7.2.1 Laboratory Testing: Major Findings
153(1)
7.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
153(4)
7.3 Conclusion
157(1)
7.4 Recommendation
157(2)
Chapter 8 Corrosion Failures: Gas Pipeline Explosion
159(2)
8.1 Situation
159(1)
8.1.1 Events Leading to the Accident
160(1)
8.2 Findings
160(1)
References 161(2)
Key Terms and Definition 163(4)
Index 167
Mavis Sika Okyere is a pipeline integrity engineer at Ghana National Gas Company. She is an expert in risk-based assessment, pipeline integrity, corrosion monitoring, and cathodic protection design. She has experience with subsea structural engineering, piping, and pipeline engineering principles as applied to both onshore and offshore conditions. Mavis studied MSc. Gas Engineering and Management at University of Salford, United Kingdom and BSc. Civil Engineering at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. In her current role at Ghana National Gas Company, she is involved in coating, cathodic protection, key performance indicators, leak detection, atmospheric corrosion survey, corrosion monitoring, and closed interval potential survey on the company pipeline. In addition, her industry experience includes teaching oil and gas management courses at Bluecrest College, serving as an engineer with LUDA Development Ltd, INTECSEA/Worleyparsons Atlantic Ltd, Technip, Ussuya Ghana Ltd, and Ghana Highway Authority. She has published in several books and journals and is a member of many national and international bodies.