| List of tables |
|
xi | |
| Preface and Acknowledgements |
|
xii | |
| 1 Introduction to the legal and illegal abduction, theriocide and trafficking of endangered animals |
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1 | (22) |
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The deep roots of animal trafficking |
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7 | (1) |
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Wildlife trafficking: a brief overview of its features |
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8 | (5) |
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The offenders: buyers, abductors, killers and middlemen |
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13 | (3) |
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The legal framework, the CITES and EU regulation |
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16 | (7) |
| 2 Methodology and ecophilosophical orientation |
|
23 | (17) |
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The locations and framework of this research |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (4) |
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Situating myself in relation to the research: autoethnography and ecofeminist care ethics |
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26 | (3) |
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An ecofeminist perspective and neutral research |
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29 | (2) |
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Critique of conventional criminology approaches |
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31 | (4) |
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To see and empathize with the other |
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35 | (5) |
| 3 Animals and animal products trafficked to Norway |
|
40 | (18) |
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The legal framework in Norway |
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40 | (1) |
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Seizure data and confiscation reports from Customs |
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41 | (3) |
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Customs seizure reports from Norway: species, products and modus operandi |
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44 | (2) |
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The gendered nature of trafficking |
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46 | (3) |
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Parrot trafficking conviction 1 |
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49 | (4) |
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Parrot trafficking conviction 2: should lessons be learnt from an earlier sentence? |
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53 | (1) |
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Supreme Court verdict, trafficking in animal products |
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54 | (4) |
| 4 Court cases exemplifying the variations of wildlife trade and animal abuse |
|
58 | (18) |
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Ivory smuggling and eBay shopping |
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58 | (1) |
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Motivation: the thrill of collecting |
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59 | (2) |
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Internet auction addiction? |
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61 | (1) |
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The verdict in the ivory/collector case and the application of law |
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62 | (3) |
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Case: taxidermy and the pet trade: trafficking in dead and live endangered birds and predators |
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65 | (2) |
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Trophy hunting and wildlife collections: crimes of 'masculinity'? |
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67 | (3) |
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Case: trafficking raccoons, nose bears and raccoon dogs to Norway, abusing farm animals and committing hunting crimes |
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70 | (1) |
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The charges in the raccoon case |
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71 | (1) |
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The verdict in the raccoon case |
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72 | (4) |
| 5 Trafficking within Norway and from Norway to other countries |
|
76 | (15) |
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Case: reptile trafficking from Norway, as described in the investigation material and interviews |
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76 | (2) |
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The final charges in the reptile trafficking case |
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|
78 | (1) |
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The verdict in the reptile trafficking case |
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|
79 | (3) |
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When are acts of animal abuse seriously abusive, and who count as victims? |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (2) |
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Supreme Court decisions concerning bird (and other animal) crimes |
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|
87 | (4) |
| 6 The enforcement of CITES in Norway from the perspective of CITES control agencies |
|
91 | (22) |
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Enforcement, priorities and knowledge about CITES crimes |
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91 | (7) |
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On cooperation and compartmentalized responsibility among control agencies |
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98 | (6) |
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When economic value increases priority |
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104 | (2) |
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Freight companies: a serious challenge |
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106 | (3) |
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Legal versus illegal trade, parallel legal and illegal markets and ways of offending-Norway |
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109 | (4) |
| 7 The keeping of exotic reptiles in Norway |
|
113 | (19) |
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Reptile keepers' motives for keeping their reptiles |
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116 | (1) |
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The human-reptile relationship |
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116 | (5) |
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Being criminalized and labelled |
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121 | (5) |
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Problems with keeping reptiles |
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126 | (2) |
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Feeding reptiles live mice |
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128 | (4) |
| 8 Summary of the Norwegian case study |
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132 | (5) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
| 9 Wildlife trafficking in Colombia |
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137 | (19) |
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Colombian trafficking in a historical and cultural perspective |
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137 | (6) |
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The trade in free-born animals for the pet trade |
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143 | (3) |
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The Centre for the Reception and Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Flora, Bogota, and the animals they receive |
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146 | (5) |
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Influx and rehabilitation of freeborn animals at URRAS and in the Northeast Amazon |
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151 | (5) |
| 10 The animal victims in Colombia and how they are abused |
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156 | (33) |
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Overview of main categories and motives for abuse and theriocide of freeborn animals in Colombia |
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157 | (3) |
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Modus operandi in Colombia |
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|
160 | (9) |
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Trafficking from and through Colombia |
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169 | (4) |
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Problems concerning parallel markets and laundering revisited |
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173 | (3) |
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Is WLT in Colombia organized crime? |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (5) |
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What impact has the war had on wildlife trade? |
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184 | (5) |
| 11 Responses to wildlife trafficking by the Colombian authorities |
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189 | (14) |
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The development of the framework and organization for law enforcement of wildlife trafficking in Colombia |
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190 | (1) |
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Laws governing environmental issues and trade in plants and animals in Colombia, and law enforcement in practice |
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191 | (5) |
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Colombia's fulfilment of its obligations to CITES |
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196 | (3) |
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Awareness campaigns and control measures combined |
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199 | (4) |
| 12 How to respond to the harms of wildlife trafficking |
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203 | (13) |
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209 | (2) |
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Critique of CITES and its anthropocentric logic |
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211 | (5) |
| 13 Animal victimization in Norway and Colombia |
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216 | (14) |
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Victimization versus animal 'resources' and rehabilitation |
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220 | (1) |
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Animals as beings with intrinsic value versus animals as resources |
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221 | (4) |
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Free-born animals as sovereigns, rather than property or common good |
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225 | (5) |
| 14 Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the wildest of them all? |
|
230 | (6) |
| References |
|
236 | (24) |
| Appendix 1: seizure reports from Norwegian Customs |
|
260 | (17) |
| Appendix 2: Colombian legislation concerning wildlife trafficking |
|
277 | (4) |
| Index |
|
281 | |