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E-raamat: Crowdsourcing and Online Collaborative Translations: Expanding the limits of Translation Studies

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(Rutgers University)
  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Sari: Benjamins Translation Library 131
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Apr-2017
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027265852
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Crowdsourcing and Online Collaborative Translations: Expanding the limits of Translation StudiesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Sari: Benjamins Translation Library 131
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Apr-2017
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027265852
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Crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations have emerged in the last decade to the forefront of Translation Studies as one of the most dynamic and unpredictable phenomena that has attracted a growing number of researchers. The popularity of this set of varied translational processes holds the potential to reframe existing translation theories, redefine a number of tenets in the discipline, advance research in the so-called “technological turn” and impact public perceptions on translation. This book provides an interdisciplinary analysis of these phenomena from a descriptive and critical perspective, delving into industry approaches and fostering inter and intra disciplinary connections between areas in which the impact is the greatest, such as cognitive translatology, translation technologies, quality and translation evaluation, sociological approaches, text-linguistic approaches, audiovisual translation or translation pedagogy. This book is of special interest to translation researchers, translation students, industry experts or anyone with an interest on how crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations relate to past, present and future research and theorizations in translation studies.
Acknowledgements xi
List of figures and tables
xii
Abbreviations xv
Introduction 1(10)
Chapter 1 Crowdsourcing and collaborative translation in Translation Studies: Definitions and types
11(26)
1.1 Introduction
11(1)
1.2 The wider context: The crowdsourcing paradigm
11(6)
1.2.1 Definitions of crowdsourcing
12(3)
1.2.2 Typologies of crowdsourcing
15(1)
1.2.3.1 Estelles and Gonzalez (2012b) typology of crowdsourcing
15(1)
1.2.3.2 Brabham's (2008, 2013) typology of crowdsourcing
16(1)
1.3 Collaboration in translation
17(6)
1.3.1 Translation crowdsourcing
18(1)
1.3.2 Online collaborative translations
19(1)
1.3.3 Common features of crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations
19(2)
1.3.4 Distinguishing features of crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations
21(2)
1.4 Definitions of translation crowdsourcing and types of collaborative practices in TS
23(3)
1.5 Mapping crowdsourcing into related TS concepts
26(4)
1.6 Classifications of online collaborative translations
30(3)
1.7 Which translations are outsourced? of preferred genres and translation types
33(4)
Chapter 2 The emergence of crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations
37(24)
2.1 Introduction
37(1)
2.2 Collaborative translations: A brief historical overview until the Internet era (until 1980)
38(4)
2.3 The emergence of personal computing, the Internet and the WWW (1980--1995)
42(3)
2.4 Participatory cultures on the Internet as a foundation for collaborative translations (1980s)
45(3)
2.5 The development of collaborative translations on the web (1995--2005)
48(4)
2.5.1 The emergence of fansubbing
48(1)
2.5.2 The early days of videogame "rom hacking" and open software localization
49(1)
2.5.3 The emergence of crowdsourcing and collaborative translation technological platforms (2000--2005)
50(2)
2.6 Crowdsourcing translation goes mainstream (2005--2010): From social networking sites to Wikipedia and non-profit initiatives
52(5)
2.7 A Continuing Evolution: Paid Crowdsourcing and the Exploration of the Limits of Crowdsourcing (2010--20xx)
57(4)
Chapter 3 Crowdsourcing and the industry: From workflows to prescriptive approaches
61(36)
3.1 Introduction
61(1)
3.2 Revolutionizing traditional professional translation processes
62(2)
3.3 Crowdsourcing processes from a workflow perspective
64(9)
3.4 Workflows and novel approaches to translation
73(9)
3.4.1 Social networking sites: Facebook
73(3)
3.4.2 Non-Profits: Kiva and Trommons
76(2)
3.4.3 MT post-editing: Asia Online and Crowdin
78(1)
3.4.4 Audiovisual translation: TED and Amara
79(2)
3.4.5 The fansubbing process
81(1)
3.5 Crowdsourcing platforms: An overview
82(4)
3.6 Post-editing MT and crowdsourcing
86(5)
3.7 Crowdsourcing and prescription: Industry and the case of motivation
91(6)
Chapter 4 Crowdsourcing and Cognitive Translation Studies: Moving beyond the individual's mind
97(24)
4.1 Introduction
97(3)
4.2 Distributed and extended cognition in the age of translation crowdsourcing
100(9)
4.2.1 The introduction of embodied, situated and extended cognition approaches to translation
103(6)
4.3 But what is an expert anyhow? Insights from Cognitive Translatology
109(8)
4.3.1 Expertise in translation and non-professionals: Findings
113(4)
4.4 Other significant issues in CT: Cognition, technology and emotions
117(1)
4.5 Reflections on new methodologies: Internet-mediated methods and collaborative translation protocols
118(3)
Chapter 5 Crowdsourcing: Challenges to translation quality
121(36)
5.1 Introduction
121(1)
5.2 Translation quality: A multifractal notion in constant evolution
122(2)
5.3 Dynamicity in models of translation quality: Towards adaptable models of quality
124(7)
5.3.1 Quality tiers in MT: Towards a model for crowdsourcing and collaborative models
126(3)
5.3.2 Paid crowdsourcing and the customization of translation quality
129(2)
5.4 Guaranteeing quality in crowdsourcing
131(5)
5.5 Crowdsourcing, quality and challenges to TS
136(10)
5.5.1 Translation theory: A prerequisite for quality evaluation?
137(3)
5.5.2 The minimal unit to evaluate quality: Between internal and external quality
140(1)
5.5.3 Is translation quality always improving through the process?
141(3)
5.5.4 Crowdsourcing and different assessment types
144(1)
5.5.5 Translation quality in MT
145(1)
5.6 A Critical Review of the Iterative Translate/Vote Crowdsourcing Approaches In the Light of Translation Studies
146(8)
5.6.1 The Facebook model and reader-response approaches
147(2)
5.6.2 The iterative quality models and functionalist approaches
149(2)
5.6.3 Corpus-assisted approaches
151(3)
5.7 Empirical studies on crowdsourcing translation quality in TS
154(3)
Chapter 6 Texts and crowdsourcing: Perspectives from textual, discursive and linguistic approaches
157(22)
6.1 Introduction
157(1)
6.2 Defining texts in an era of dynamic texts produced in collaboration
158(2)
6.3 The atomization of texts in TS: From TM to localization
160(5)
6.3.1 Textual segmentation and TM
160(3)
6.3.2 Textual segmentation and localization
163(2)
6.4 Texts in a crowdsourcing era: Insights from linguistics and TS
165(4)
6.5 "Entire texts" as the unit of translation: The crowdsourcing perspective
169(3)
6.6 The "unit of translation" and crowdsourcing
172(3)
6.7 Redefining crowdsourced "texts" as a translation product
175(4)
Chapter 7 Fansubs and AVT norms
179(16)
7.1 Introduction
179(1)
7.2 From professional norms to "abusive subtitling"... and back
180(2)
7.3 Translation and subtitling norms in fansubbing research
182(3)
7.4 Fansubbing or how collaboration can challenge translation norms
185(3)
7.4.1 Challenges to professional audiovisual norms from fansubbing
186(2)
7.5 Challenges to subtitling norms: A summary
188(7)
Chapter 8 Crowdsourcing: Insights from the sociology of translation
195(32)
8.1 Introduction
195(1)
8.2 The "sociological turn" in TS
196(4)
8.2.1 Bourdieu's theory of fields and the translator's "habitus"
197(2)
8.2.2 Latour's Actor-Network theory and collaborative translations
199(1)
8.3 Overlapping turns: When the sociological and the technological turns collide
200(4)
8.3.1 Crowdsourcing and the "economic turn"
201(2)
8.3.2 The "activist turn" and collaborative practices
203(1)
8.4 Ethics of translation in a participatory digital world
204(12)
8.4.1 TS research into the ethics of crowdsourcing
209(4)
8.4.2 Copyright infringement and fansubbing
213(3)
8.5 Methodologies from the social sciences in research into collaborative practices
216(3)
8.5.1 Questionnaire and survey methodologies in the study of crowdsourcing
217(1)
8.5.2 Netnographic approaches and mixed methods
218(1)
8.6 Motivation to participate in online collaborative initiatives: A summary
219(4)
8.7 Volunteer profiles: A summary
223(4)
Chapter 9 Crowdsourcing and translation training
227(28)
9.1 Introduction
227(1)
9.2 Crowdsourcing and collaborative translation in training: The path from volunteer to professional
228(2)
9.3 Are online collaborative practices "accidental training" environments?
230(3)
9.4 Socio-constructivist approaches and crowdsourcing
233(2)
9.4.1 The development of online collaborative training models
234(1)
9.5 The search for constructive feedback; On the identification of initiatives that can enhance student's learning
235(6)
9.5.1 Neunzig and Tanqueiro's (2005) classification of online translation feedback
236(2)
9.5.2 A Classification of Collaborative Initiatives on the Basis of Feedback
238(3)
9.6 Translation competence models in Cognitive Translatology, the development of translation competence and collaborative voluntarism
241(10)
9.6.1 Translation competence in TS
241(2)
9.6.2 The PACTE and TRANSCOMP translation competence models
243(5)
9.6.3 The acquisition of translation competence
248(3)
9.7 Componential translation competence models from the perspective of collaborative voluntarism
251(4)
Chapter 10 Conclusions
255(10)
10.1 Introduction
255(3)
10.2 Language industry perspectives and impact on the profession
258(3)
10.3 Impact on Translation Studies
261(4)
References 265(36)
Index 301
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