Preface |
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ix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
Author |
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xiii | |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Primary Treating Processes of Crude Oil |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3 Crude Oil Derivatives |
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7 | (8) |
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Chapter 2 Crude Oil Distillation |
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15 | (8) |
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2.1 Crude Oil Distillation Units |
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15 | (4) |
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2.2 Vacuum Distillation Section |
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19 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Thermal Conversion Processes |
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23 | (12) |
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23 | (2) |
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3.2 Delayed Coking Process |
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25 | (5) |
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3.3 Solvent Deasphalting Technologies |
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30 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 Catalytic Conversion Processes |
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35 | (38) |
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4.1 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Units |
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35 | (4) |
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4.2 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) Technologies |
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39 | (3) |
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4.3 The FCC Catalyst: Converting Residues to Added-Value Derivatives |
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42 | (1) |
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4.4 Meeting the Market Demand through FCC Optimization |
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43 | (2) |
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4.5 The Petrochemical FCC Alternative: Raising Competitive Advantage |
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45 | (4) |
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4.5.1 Propylene Production from FCC |
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46 | (3) |
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4.6 Catalytic Reforming Technologies |
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49 | (7) |
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4.6.1 Aromatics Separation Section: Ensuring Maximum Added Value |
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52 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Improving the Yield of Light Aromatics: Molecular Management |
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54 | (2) |
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4.7 Naphtha Alkylation Technologies |
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56 | (4) |
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4.8 Naphtha Isomerization |
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60 | (4) |
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4.9 Light Olefin Condensation |
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64 | (2) |
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4.10 Etherification Technologies |
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66 | (3) |
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4.11 Light Paraffin Dehydrogenation |
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69 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Hydro-processing Technologies |
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73 | (32) |
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5.1 Naphtha Hydrotreating Technologies |
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77 | (5) |
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5.1.1 Coker Naphtha Hydrotreating |
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77 | (2) |
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5.1.2 FCC Naphtha Hydrotreating Technologies |
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79 | (2) |
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5.1.2.1 A Special Challenge: Diene (Diolefin) Control |
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81 | (1) |
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5.2 Diesel Hydrotreating Units |
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82 | (2) |
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5.3 Bottom Barrel Hydrotreating Technologies (Residue Upgrading) |
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84 | (4) |
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5.4 Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization: A Special Case |
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88 | (3) |
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5.5 Hydrocracking Technologies |
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91 | (8) |
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5.6 The Hydroprocessing Catalysts |
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99 | (1) |
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5.7 Deactivation of Hydroprocessing Catalysts |
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100 | (5) |
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Chapter 6 Lubricating Production Refineries |
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105 | (14) |
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6.1 Closing the Sustainability Cycle: Used Lubricating Oil Recycling |
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110 | (4) |
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6.1.1 Used Lubricating Recycling Technologies |
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111 | (3) |
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6.2 A Glance over the Brazilian Lubricating Market |
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114 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Refining Configurations |
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119 | (18) |
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7.1 Nelson Complexity Index |
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125 | (1) |
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7.2 The Effect of Crude Oil Slate over the Refining Scheme |
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126 | (11) |
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7.2.1 Heavier Crude Oil Processing |
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126 | (7) |
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7.2.2 Light Crude Oil Processing |
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133 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Hydrogen Production |
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137 | (10) |
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8.1 Hydrogen and Syngas Production Routes |
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137 | (4) |
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8.2 Renewable Hydrogen Generation Routes: Fundamental Enabler to the Energy Transition |
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141 | (1) |
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8.3 Hydrogen Network and Management Actions |
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142 | (5) |
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8.3.1 The Role of Catalytic Reforming Units in the Refineries' Hydrogen Balance |
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143 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 Caustic Treating Processes |
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147 | (8) |
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9.1 Caustic Treating Technologies |
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147 | (5) |
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9.2 Bender Treating Technologies |
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152 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Environmental Processes |
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155 | (18) |
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10.1 Sour Water Stripping Technologies |
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155 | (3) |
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10.2 Amine Treating Technologies |
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158 | (2) |
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10.3 Sulfur Recovery Technologies |
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160 | (5) |
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10.4 Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies |
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165 | (8) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Steps of Effluent Treatment |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.5 API Oil-Water Separator |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.6 Dissolved Air Flotation |
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169 | (1) |
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10.4.7 Biological Treatment |
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170 | (1) |
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10.4.8 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) |
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170 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 A New Downstream Industry |
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173 | (30) |
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11.1 What Is Petrochemical Integration? |
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175 | (2) |
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11.2 More Added Value to the Processed Crude: Integrated Refining Schemes |
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177 | (1) |
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11.3 Crude Oil to Chemicals: Zero Fuel and Maximum Added Value |
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178 | (16) |
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11.3.1 Available Crude-to-Chemicals Routes |
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189 | (1) |
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11.3.2 The Residue Upgrading Technologies in the Integration of Refining and Petrochemical Assets |
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190 | (2) |
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11.3.3 Closing the Sustainability Cycle: Plastic Recycling Technologies |
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192 | (2) |
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11.4 Renewables Coprocessing in Crude Oil Refineries |
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194 | (9) |
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11.4.1 Biofuel Production in Brazil |
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195 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Challenges of Renewables Coprocessing in Crude Oil Refineries |
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196 | (3) |
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11.4.3 The Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO): An Attractive Route to Reach "Green Diesel" |
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199 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 The Propylene Production Gap |
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203 | (16) |
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12.1 Propylene: A Fundamental Petrochemical Intermediate |
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204 | (1) |
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12.2 Propylene Production Routes |
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205 | (14) |
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12.2.1 The Maximum Olefin Operation Mode |
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207 | (2) |
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12.2.2 The Petrochemical FCC Alternative |
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209 | (2) |
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12.2.3 Steam Cracking Units |
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211 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Propane Dehydrogenation |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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12.2.6 Methanol-to-Olefin Technologies (MTO) |
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214 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 Gas-to-Liquid Processing Routes |
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219 | (10) |
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13.1 Gas-to-Liquid Technologies |
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219 | (5) |
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13.1.1 Available Technologies |
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221 | (3) |
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13.2 Ammonia Production Process: An Overview |
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224 | (5) |
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13.2.1 Ammonia Production Technologies: Some Commercial Processes |
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225 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Business Strategy Models Applied to the Downstream Industry |
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229 | (12) |
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14.1 Porter's Competitive Forces in the Downstream Industry |
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230 | (6) |
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14.2 Changing the Focus: More Petrochemicals and Less Fuel |
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236 | (5) |
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14.2.1 Petrochemical and Refining Integration as a Differentiation Strategy |
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237 | (4) |
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Chapter 15 Corrosion Management in Refining Assets |
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241 | (16) |
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15.1 Naphthenic Corrosion: General Overview |
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241 | (2) |
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15.2 Corrosion in Sour Water Stripping Units |
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243 | (3) |
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15.3 Corrosion Process in Amine Treating Units |
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246 | (2) |
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15.4 Corrosion Processes in FCC Units |
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248 | (3) |
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15.4.1 The Petrochemical FCC: Raising Competitive Advantage x Corrosion Attention |
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250 | (1) |
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15.5 Corrosion Management in Hydroprocessing Units |
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251 | (6) |
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Chapter 16 Energy Management and the Sustainability of the Downstream Industry |
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257 | (8) |
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16.1 Introduction and Context |
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257 | (1) |
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16.2 Simple and Available Alternatives to Energy Optimization |
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258 | (4) |
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16.3 The Impact of the Energy Management on the Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
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262 | (3) |
Index |
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265 | |