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E-raamat: Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networks: Interplanetary and Earth-Bound -- Architecture, Protocols, and Applications

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  • Formaat: 486 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351984218
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Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networks: Interplanetary and Earth-Bound -- Architecture, Protocols, and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 486 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351984218
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Delay- and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are networks subject to arbitrarily long-lived disruptions in connectivity and therefore cannot guarantee end-to-end connectivity at all times. Consequently DTNs called for novel core networking protocols since most existing Internet protocols rely on the network’s ability to maintain end-to-end communication between participating nodes. This book presents the fundamental principles that underline DTNs. It explains the state-of-the-art on DTNs, their architecture, protocols, and applications. It also explores DTN’s future technological trends and applications. Its main goal is to serve as a reference for researchers and practitioners.

Preface xv
Contributors xvii
1 Introduction 1(8)
Daniel Oberhaus
1.1 Introduction
1(9)
1.1.1 What Is DTN?
2(1)
1.1.2 What Is IPN?
3(3)
1.1.3 DTN Applications
6(1)
1.1.4 Outline of the Rest of This Book
6(1)
1.1.5 Summary
7(2)
2 Delay and Disruption Tolerant Network Architecture 9(28)
Aloizio P. Silva
Scott Burleigh
Katia Obraczka
2.1 Introduction
10(2)
2.2 The Internet Architecture
12(2)
2.3 DTN Characteristics
14(1)
2.4 DTN Architecture
15(3)
2.4.1 Store-Carry-and-Forward
16(1)
2.4.2 Network of Networks
17(1)
2.4.3 The Bundle Layer
18(1)
2.5 Bundle Protocol
18(3)
2.6 Bundle Format
21(6)
2.6.1 Block Processing Control Flags
23(1)
2.6.2 Primary and Payload Block Format
23(3)
2.6.3 Canonical Bundle Block Format
26(1)
2.6.4 Extension Block
27(1)
2.7 Bundle Processing
27(1)
2.8 Bundle Reception
28(1)
2.9 Local Bundle Delivery
29(1)
2.10 Bundle Fragmentation
30(1)
2.11 Fragment Reassembly
31(1)
2.12 Administrative Record Processing
32(2)
2.12.1 Administrative Records
32(1)
2.12.2 Bundle Status Reports
32(1)
2.12.3 Generation of Administrative Records
33(1)
2.13 Convergence Layers Service
34(1)
2.14 Bundle Protocol Security
34(1)
2.15 Summary
35(2)
3 DTN Platforms 37(52)
Aloizio P. Silva
Scott Burleigh
3.1 Introduction
38(1)
3.2 DTN2 : Reference Implementation
39(2)
3.2.1 DTN2 Architecture
39(2)
3.3 IBR-DTN : Embedded Systems and Mobile Nodes
41(3)
3.3.1 IBR-DTN Architecture
42(2)
3.4 ION : Space Communication
44(35)
3.4.1 Structure and Function
45(2)
3.4.2 Constraints on the Design
47(2)
3.4.2.1 Link Constraints
48(1)
3.4.2.2 Processor Constraints
48(1)
3.4.3 Design Principles
49(2)
3.4.3.1 Shared Memory
49(1)
3.4.3.2 Zero-Copy Procedures
50(1)
3.4.3.3 Highly Distributed Processing
50(1)
3.4.3.4 Portability
50(1)
3.4.4 Organizational Overview
51(3)
3.4.5 Resource Management in ION
54(2)
3.4.5.1 Working Memory
54(1)
3.4.5.2 Heap
55(1)
3.4.6 Package Overviews
56(5)
3.4.6.1 Interplanetary Communication Infrastructure (ICI)
56(2)
3.4.6.2 Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP)
58(1)
3.4.6.3 Bundle Protocol (BP)
59(1)
3.4.6.4 Asynchronous Message Service (AMS)
59(1)
3.4.6.5 Datagram Retransmission (DGR)
60(1)
3.4.6.6 CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP)
60(1)
3.4.6.7 Bundle Streaming Service (BSS)
60(1)
3.4.7 Network Operation Concepts
61(12)
3.4.7.1 Fragmentation and Reassembly
61(1)
3.4.7.2 Bandwidth Management
62(1)
3.4.7.3 Contact Plans
63(3)
3.4.7.4 Route Computation
66(2)
3.4.7.5 Delivery Assurance
68(2)
3.4.7.6 Rate Control
70(1)
3.4.7.7 Flow Control
70(1)
3.4.7.8 Storage Management
71(2)
3.4.8 BP/LTP Detail-How It Works
73(6)
3.4.8.1 Databases
74(1)
3.4.8.2 Control and Data Flow
75(4)
3.5 μ DTN : Sensor Networks
79(2)
3.5.1 μ Sensor Networks DTN Architecture
79(2)
3.6 Other Implementations
81(6)
3.6.1 Bytewalla
81(1)
3.6.2 DTNLite
82(1)
3.6.3 ContikiDTN
83(1)
3.6.4 6LoWDTN
84(2)
3.6.5 CoAP over BP
86(1)
3.7 Summary
87(2)
4 Case Study: Interplanetary Networks 89(24)
Aloizio P. Silva
Scott Burleigh
4.1 Introduction
89(2)
4.2 Deep Space Communications Main Features
91(6)
4.3 Deep Space Network
97(2)
4.4 Interplanetary Network
99(1)
4.5 IPN Architecture
100(11)
4.5.1 Solar System Internetwork Architecture
104(7)
4.6 Summary
111(2)
5 Routing in Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networks 113(26)
Aloizio P. Silva
Scott Burleigh
Katia Obraczka
5.1 Introduction
114(1)
5.2 Internet Routing
114(1)
5.3 Routing in DTN
115(12)
5.3.1 Replication-Based Routing
117(7)
5.3.1.1 Unlimited Replication
117(3)
5.3.1.2 Quota-Based Replication
120(4)
5.3.2 Forwarding-Based Routing Protocols
124(3)
5.4 Contact Graph Routing (CGR)
127(9)
5.4.1 Routing Tables
128(1)
5.4.2 Key Concepts
129(2)
5.4.3 Dynamic Route Selection Algorithm
131(2)
5.4.4 Contact Graph Routing Extension Block
133(2)
5.4.5 CGR Route Exception Handling
135(1)
5.4.6 CGR Remarks
135(1)
5.5 Summary
136(3)
6 DTN Coding 139(66)
Marius Feldmann
Felix Walter
Tomaso de Cola
Gianluigi Liva
6.1 Introduction
140(1)
6.2 Network Coding
141(32)
6.2.1 Fundamentals on Network Coding
141(9)
6.2.1.1 Network Coding by Example
141(2)
6.2.1.2 Basic Network Coding Operations in Finite Fields
143(3)
6.2.1.3 Advantages and Drawbacks of Network Coding
146(3)
6.2.1.4 Application of Network Coding
149(1)
6.2.2 Survey on Network Coding in the DTN Context
150(16)
6.2.2.1 Central Criteria for Differentiation
151(4)
6.2.2.2 Classification of Approaches by Knowledge
155(4)
6.2.2.3 Further Research Domains
159(2)
6.2.2.4 Overview of Approaches
161(1)
6.2.2.5 Open Research Problems
162(4)
6.2.3 Implementation Considerations and Case Study
166(7)
6.2.3.1 Processing Flow
166(3)
6.2.3.2 Case Study
169(4)
6.3 Coding at the Physical Layer and Packet-Level Coding
173(29)
6.3.1 Basics of Channel Coding with Application to CCSDS Links
173(7)
6.3.1.1 Binary Linear Block Codes
176(1)
6.3.1.2 Channel Codes for Telemetry (Downlink)
177(2)
6.3.1.3 Channel Codes for Telecommand (Uplink)
179(1)
6.3.1.4 Channel Codes for Packet Erasures
179(1)
6.3.2 Erasure Codes
180(13)
6.3.2.1 Basics
180(4)
6.3.2.2 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes for Erasure Channels
184(8)
6.3.2.3 Erasure Codes in CCSDS
192(1)
6.3.3 Application to DTN
193(16)
6.3.3.1 Positioning of Erasure Codes in the Protocol Stack
193(4)
6.3.3.2 Exemplary Protocol Design
197(3)
6.3.3.3 Performance Results
200(2)
6.4 Summary
202(3)
7 DTN for Spacecraft 205(26)
Keith Scott
7.1 Overview
206(2)
7.2 Current Model for Space Missions
208(1)
7.3 DTN Model for Space Missions
209(7)
7.3.1 Space Internetworking Protocol Alternatives
212(1)
7.3.2 Space Internetworking CONOPS
213(3)
7.4 DTN Capabilities for Space Missions
216(6)
7.4.1 Custody Transfer
216(2)
7.4.2 Convergence Layer Architecture and LTP
218(1)
7.4.3 Aggregate Custody Signaling
219(1)
7.4.4 Delay-Tolerant Payload Conditioning (DTPC)
220(1)
7.4.5 DTPC and LT? Together
220(1)
7.4.6 Extended Class of Service
221(1)
7.5 Benefits of DTN to Space Missions
222(2)
7.5.1 Automated Data Transfer
222(1)
7.5.2 Rate-Matching
223(1)
7.5.3 In-Space Cross-Support
224(1)
7.6 Standard SSI Applications
224(2)
7.7 DTN on Space Missions
226(4)
7.7.1 DINET
226(1)
7.7.2 DTN on the International Space Station
226(1)
7.7.3 EO-1, IRIS, and TDRSS Demonstrations
227(1)
7.7.4 LLCD
228(1)
7.7.5 ISS DTN Gateways
229(1)
7.8 Summary
230(1)
8 Delay-Tolerant Security 231(44)
Edward Birrane
8.1 Introduction
232(1)
8.2 Common Security Services
233(6)
8.2.1 Confidentiality
234(2)
8.2.2 Integrity
236(1)
8.2.3 Authentication
237(1)
8.2.4 Availability
238(1)
8.2.5 Cipher Suites
239(1)
8.3 Security Challenges Specific to DTNs
239(11)
8.3.1 Security Networking Assumptions
240(2)
8.3.1.1 Rapid, Round-Trip Communications
240(1)
8.3.1.2 Naming and Addressing
241(1)
8.3.1.3 Stateful, Session-Based Data Exchange
241(1)
8.3.1.4 Homogenous Data Representation
242(1)
8.3.2 Relevant DTN Characteristics
242(3)
8.3.2.1 Link Characteristics
243(1)
8.3.2.2 Internetworking Characteristics
244(1)
8.3.3 Security Constraints
245(5)
8.3.3.1 Unreliable Access to Oracles
247(1)
8.3.3.2 Logical Security Policies
247(1)
8.3.3.3 Unreliable/Insecure Link Layers
248(1)
8.3.3.4 Multiple Data Representations
248(2)
8.4 The End-to-End Security Model
250(6)
8.4.1 A Multi-Layered Approach
250(4)
8.4.1.1 Link Layer
251(1)
8.4.1.2 The Policy Layer
252(1)
8.4.1.3 End-to-End Layer Considerations
253(1)
8.4.1.4 User Layer Considerations
254(1)
8.4.2 A Multi-Component Approach
254(1)
8.4.3 DTN Model
255(1)
8.5 Securing the Bundle Protocol
256(9)
8.5.1 Bundle Protocol Extension Mechanisms
256(1)
8.5.2 Key Properties
257(2)
8.5.2.1 Block-Level Granularity
257(1)
8.5.2.2 Multiple Security Sources
258(1)
8.5.2.3 Dynamic Security Policy
258(1)
8.5.2.4 Multiple Cipher Suites
259(1)
8.5.2.5 Deterministic Processing
259(1)
8.5.3 The Bundle Security Protocol
259(5)
8.5.3.1 Terminology
260(1)
8.5.3.2 Security Blocks
260(4)
8.5.3.3 BPSec Example
264(1)
8.5.4 Bundle-in-Bundle Encapsulation
264(1)
8.6 Special Security Threats
265(6)
8.6.1 Attack Capabilities and Objectives
266(1)
8.6.2 Terminology
267(1)
8.6.3 Special Cases
268(1)
8.6.4 Attacks and Mitigations
268(9)
8.6.4.1 Eavesdropping Attacks
269(1)
8.6.4.2 Modification Attacks
269(2)
8.7 Policies Considerations
271(1)
8.8 Summary
271(2)
8.9 Problems
273(2)
9 DTN of Things 275(34)
Juan A. Fraire
Jorge M. Finochietto
9.1 Introduction
276(1)
9.2 Network of Things
277(6)
9.2.1 Overview
277(1)
9.2.2 Internet of Things
278(1)
9.2.3 Applications and Services
279(2)
9.2.4 Projection
281(1)
9.2.5 Layered Architecture
281(2)
9.3 Existing Protocols
283(3)
9.3.1 The Things Part
283(1)
9.3.2 Computation
284(2)
9.4 The Network Part
286(11)
9.4.1 Infrastructure Protocols
286(11)
9.4.1.1 Short Range
286(1)
9.4.1.2 Medium Range
287(3)
9.4.1.3 Long Range
290(4)
9.4.1.4 Application Protocols
294(2)
9.4.1.5 Routing Protocols
296(1)
9.5 Toward a DTN of Things
297(3)
9.5.1 Link Instability
297(2)
9.5.1.1 Store and Forward: Single-Hop
298(1)
9.5.1.2 Store and Forward: Multi-Hop
298(1)
9.5.2 The DTN Architecture
299(1)
9.6 Experiences with the DTN of Things
300(7)
9.6.1 Applications and Models
302(2)
9.6.2 Implementations
304(2)
9.6.3 Persistent Challenges
306(1)
9.7 Summary
307(2)
10 DTN Congestion Control 309(36)
Aloizio P. Silva
Scott Burleigh
Katia Obraczka
10.1 Introduction
309(3)
10.2 What Is Congestion?
312(3)
10.3 Internet Congestion Control
315(2)
10.4 Congestion Control in DTN
317(2)
10.5 DTN Congestion Control Mechanisms
319(24)
10.5.1 DTN Congestion Control Taxonomy
330(3)
10.5.2 Classification of DTN Congestion Control Mechanisms
333(10)
10.6 Summary
343(2)
11 Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) 345(56)
Nicholas Ansell
11.1
Chapter Preface
347(1)
11.2 Introduction
347(9)
11.2.1 Protocol Overview
348(1)
11.2.2 LTP Placement within a Protocol Hierarchy
349(1)
11.2.3 Protocol Encapsulation
350(1)
11.2.4 Bundles, Blocks and Segments
351(1)
11.2.5 LTP Engines and Sessions
352(1)
11.2.6 Typical LTP Sequence
352(1)
11.2.7 Link State Cues and Transmission Queues
353(3)
11.3 Segment Structure
356(9)
11.3.1 Segment Header
358(2)
11.3.1.1 Segment Type Flags
358(1)
11.3.1.2 Extensions Field
359(1)
11.3.2 Segment Content
360(4)
11.3.2.1 Data Segment
360(1)
11.3.2.2 Report Segment (RS)
361(2)
11.3.2.3 Report Acknowledgment Segment (RA)
363(1)
11.3.2.4 Session Management Segments (CS, CR, CAS, CAR)
363(1)
11.3.3 Segment Trailer
364(1)
11.4 Internal Procedures
365(10)
11.4.1 Start Transmission
368(1)
11.4.2 Stop Transmission
368(1)
11.4.3 Start Checkpoint Timer
369(1)
11.4.4 Start Report Segment Timer
369(1)
11.4.5 Start Cancel Timer
369(1)
11.4.6 Retransmit Checkpoint
369(1)
11.4.7 Retransmit Report Segment
369(1)
11.4.8 Retransmit Cancellation Segment
370(1)
11.4.9 Retransmit Data
370(1)
11.4.10 Signify Red-Part Reception
370(1)
11.4.11 Signify Green-Part Reception
371(1)
11.4.12 Send Reception Report
371(1)
11.4.13 Suspend Timers
371(1)
11.4.14 Resume Timers
371(1)
11.4.15 Stop Report Segment Timer
371(1)
11.4.16 Acknowledge Cancellation
372(1)
11.4.17 Stop Cancel Timer
372(1)
11.4.18 Signify Transmission Completion
372(1)
11.4.19 Cancel Session
372(1)
11.4.20 Close Session
373(1)
11.4.21 Handle Mis-Colored Segment
373(1)
11.4.22 Handle System Error Condition
373(1)
11.4.23 Client Service Notifications
373(2)
11.5 State Transition Diagrams
375(9)
11.5.1 LTP Sender
375(4)
11.5.1.1 CP Operation
377(1)
11.5.1.2 RX Operation
378(1)
11.5.1.3 CX Operation
378(1)
11.5.1.4 Transmission of 100 Percent Green Data (Zero Red Part)
379(1)
11.5.1.5 Transmission of Non-Zero Red Parts
379(1)
11.5.2 LTP Receiver
379(5)
11.5.2.1 RX Operation
381(1)
11.5.2.2 CX Operation
382(1)
11.5.2.3 Receiving a Green Data Segment
383(1)
11.5.2.4 Receiving a Red Data Segment
383(1)
11.6 Security
384(5)
11.6.1 LTP Security Features
384(3)
11.6.1.1 LTP Authentication Extension
385(2)
11.6.1.2 LTP Cookies Extension
387(1)
11.6.2 Potential Attack Vectors
387(2)
11.6.2.1 Eavesdropping
387(1)
11.6.2.2 Corrupting Data
388(1)
11.6.2.3 Disrupting a Transmission or Service
388(1)
11.7 Practical LTP Analysis
389(11)
11.7.1 Test-Bed Architecture
389(1)
11.7.2 TX Node Configuration File
389(2)
11.7.3 RX Node Configuration File
391(2)
11.7.4 Interplanetary Overlay Network Tests
393(11)
11.7.4.1 Send 10 Bundles with No Loss
393(3)
11.7.4.2 Send 10 Bundles with Simulated Loss
396(4)
11.8 Summary
400(1)
12 Delay-/Disruption-Tolerant Networking Performance Evaluation with DTNperf_3 401(24)
Carlo Caini
12.1 Introduction
403(1)
12.2 DTNperf_3 General Description
404(3)
12.2.1 Operating Modes
405(1)
12.2.2 Transmission Modes
405(1)
12.2.3 Congestion Control Policies
406(1)
12.2.3.1 Window-Based Congestion Control
406(1)
12.2.3.2 Rate-Based Congestion Control
406(1)
12.2.4 Collecting Information
406(1)
12.3 DTNperf_3 Client
407(2)
12.3.1 Syntax, Parameters and Options
407(1)
12.3.2 Implementation Notes
407(2)
12.3.2.1 Initialization
407(2)
12.3.2.2 Threads
409(1)
12.3.2.3 Program Termination
409(1)
12.4 DTNperf_3 Server
409(2)
12.4.1 Syntax and Options
409(1)
12.4.2 Implementation Notes
410(1)
12.4.2.1 Initialization
410(1)
12.4.2.2 Threads
411(1)
12.4.2.3 File Transfer
411(1)
12.4.2.4 Program Termination
411(1)
12.5 DTNperf_3 Monitor
411(3)
12.5.1 Syntax and Options (external monitor only)
412(1)
12.5.2 Implementation Notes
412(2)
12.5.2.1 Initialization
412(1)
12.5.2.2 Threads
412(1)
12.5.2.3 Sessions and Log Files
413(1)
12.5.2.4 Closure of Log Files
413(1)
12.5.2.5 Program Termination
414(1)
12.6 The Abstraction Layer
414(3)
12.6.1 Implementation Notes
414(3)
12.6.1.1 Abstraction Layer Components: AL Types and AL API Procedures
415(1)
12.6.1.2 AL Types
415(1)
12.6.1.3 AL API
416(1)
12.6.1.4 AL API Files and Structure
416(1)
12.7 DTNperf_3 Use
417(3)
12.7.1 Basic Applications
418(1)
12.7.1.1 Ping
418(1)
12.7.1.2 Trace
418(1)
12.7.1.3 File Transfer
418(1)
12.7.2 Performance Evaluation in Continuous and Disrupted Networks
419(1)
12.7.2.1 Goodput (macro-analysis)
419(1)
12.7.2.2 Status Report Analysis (micro-analysis)
419(1)
12.7.2.3 Performance Evaluation in Partitioned Networks: "Data Mule" Communications
420(1)
12.8 DTNperf_3 Advanced
420(3)
12.8.1 Interoperability Tests
421(1)
12.8.1.1 DTNperf Running on Top of DTN2: Registration as "ipn" with Node Number Passed by the User
421(1)
12.8.1.2 DTNperf Running on Top of ION: Registration as "dtn"
422(1)
12.8.1.3 Dtnperf Running on Top of IBR-DTN: Registration as "ipn"
422(1)
12.8.2 Independent Use of Client and Monitor
422(1)
12.8.2.1 Client
422(1)
12.8.2.2 Monitor
422(1)
12.9 Summary
423(2)
References 425(26)
Index 451
Aloizio P. Silva has Phd degree at Department of Computer and Eletronic Engineer Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) (2015). PMP Certified. Master of Business Administration (MBA) in Project Management at Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV) (2008) and Master Degree in Computer Science at Federal University of Minas Gerais (2002) and Undergraduate in Computer Science at Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (1999) . Have experience in the area of Computer Engineering, specifically in Distributed Systems, Computer Networks, Algebraic Topology, Telecommunication Networks and Software Engineer, working mainly in the following subjects: space data systems, wireless space data systems, delay and disruption tolerant networks, wireless communication, location-based services, quality of service, wireless data services, Interplanetary Networks, Mobile Computing and wireless sensor networks. Currently, JPL-NASA/Caltech affiliate at interplanetary network team. Also, visitor researcher at University of California Santa Cruz at department of computer engineering.



Scott Burleigh has been developing software at JPL since 1986. He was a co-author of the specifications for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) and Asynchronous Message Service (AMS), and as a member of the Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) Research Group of the Internet Research Task Force. He co-authored the specifications for the DTN Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050) and the DTN Licklider Transmission Protocol for delay-tolerant ARQ (RFC5326). He has developed implementations of these protocols that are designed for deep space mission systems, aiming to enable deployment of a delay-tolerant Solar System Internet.



Katia Obraczka is Professor of Computer Engineering at UC Santa Cruz. Her research interests span the areas of computer networks, distributed systems, and Internet information systems. Her lab, the Internetwork Research Group (i-NRG) at UCSC, conducts research on designing and developing protocol architectures motivated by the internets of the future. She has been a PI and a co-PI in a number of projects sponsored by government agencies (e.g., NSF, DARPA, NASA, ARO, DoE, AFOSR) as well as industry (e.g., Cisco, Google, Nokia).
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