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xiii | |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
About the Editors |
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xix | |
Workshop Participants |
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xxi | |
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1 | (4) |
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1 | (1) |
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Workshop Objectives and Topics |
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2 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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Setting Environmental Standards within a Socioeconomic Context |
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5 | (26) |
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5 | (1) |
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Social and Economic Context |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Social Aspects of Standard Setting |
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6 | (1) |
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Typological Issues in Understanding Standards |
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6 | (5) |
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6 | (1) |
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Why Does Terminology Matter? |
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7 | (1) |
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Why Are Different Types of Standards Necessary? |
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8 | (1) |
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Standards for Different Purposes |
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8 | (1) |
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Selecting the Right Standard for the Job |
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8 | (3) |
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Framework for Deriving a New Standard |
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11 | (17) |
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12 | (1) |
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Why Is a Standard Needed? |
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13 | (1) |
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Who Needs to Be Involved? |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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Social and Economic Questions |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Developing a Specification |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Consideration of Costs and Benefits |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Integrating Scientific, Social, and Economic Factors |
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23 | (1) |
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Understanding the Relationship Exposure and Effects |
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23 | (2) |
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Implementation of Standards |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Taking Socioeconomic Factors into Account |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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29 | (2) |
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How Should an Environmental Standard Be Implemented? |
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31 | (16) |
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31 | (1) |
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Types and Uses of Standards |
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31 | (5) |
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Essential Features that Allow Implementation of a Standard |
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36 | (7) |
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Using Standards to Guide Decision Making |
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36 | (1) |
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Absolute Limits versus Ideal Standards |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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Application of Ideal Standards to Other Media |
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41 | (2) |
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Other Implementation Issues |
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43 | (4) |
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Geographical Scope of Standards |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Forcing Technological Innovation |
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44 | (1) |
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Verification and Review of Standards |
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44 | (1) |
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Implementation Analysis Report |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Water and Sediment EQS Derivation and Application |
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47 | (58) |
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47 | (3) |
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Specification and Recording of EQS Derivation Procedures |
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50 | (1) |
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Selection and Evaluation of Data for Deriving Water and Sediment EQSs |
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51 | (10) |
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Selection and Prioritization of Substances for EQS Setting |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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Sediment-Dwelling Organisms |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Data Requirements of Different EQS Assessment Methods |
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55 | (6) |
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Use of Toxic Body Burdens for Assessing Sediment Toxicity |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (7) |
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61 | (1) |
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Standard Test Species Approach |
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62 | (2) |
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Species Sensitivity Distributions |
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64 | (2) |
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Predictions from Model Ecosystem (Microcosm and Mesocosm) Data |
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66 | (1) |
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Selection of the Most Appropriate PNEC or EQS Derivation Method |
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67 | (1) |
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Corrections for Bioavailability |
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67 | (1) |
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Short- (MAC) and Long-Term (AA) EQSs and Implications of Exceedance |
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68 | (1) |
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Marine and Freshwater EQS Derivation |
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69 | (3) |
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Need for Separate Marine and Freshwater Standards |
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69 | (3) |
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Marine Toxicity Data Requirements |
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72 | (1) |
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Substitution of Freshwater for Marine Data (and Vice Versa) |
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72 | (1) |
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Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Data |
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72 | (2) |
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Introduction to Microcosm and Mesocosm Tests |
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72 | (1) |
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Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Studies for EQS Setting |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Use of New Microcosm and Mesocosm Studies |
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74 | (1) |
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Calculated Estimates of Toxicity |
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74 | (2) |
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Background Contamination by Naturally Occurring Substances |
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76 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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Identifying Background Concentrations |
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76 | (2) |
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Modifying Metal EQSs to Account for Background |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Protection of the Human and Wildlife Food Chains from Aquatic Contaminants |
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79 | (3) |
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Protection of the Food Chain --- Humans and Wildlife |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Protection of Drinking Water |
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81 | (1) |
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Protection of Recreational Water |
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81 | (1) |
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Consideration of Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Reproductive Toxicity, Including Endocrine Disruption |
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82 | (5) |
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Background to Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Reproductive Toxicity |
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82 | (1) |
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Carcinogens, Mutagens, and Aquatic Organisms |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Deriving PNECs for Genotoxins |
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83 | (1) |
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Genotoxicity Assessment Methods |
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84 | (1) |
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Reproductive Toxins, Endocrine Disrupters, and Aquatic Organisms |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Reproductive Toxicity and PNEC Derivation |
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84 | (1) |
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Reproductive and Sexual Development Toxicity Assessment Tools |
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85 | (2) |
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Validation, Implementation, and Review of Aquatic EQSs |
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87 | (5) |
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Validation of Aquatic EQSs |
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87 | (1) |
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Validation of Correct Derivation |
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87 | (1) |
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Validation of EQS in the Field |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Use of Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Field Studies for Validation Purposes |
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89 | (1) |
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Criteria for Triggering a Review of an Established EQS |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (11) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (10) |
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Derivation and Use of Environmental Quality and Human Health Standards for Chemical Substances in Groundwater and Soil |
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105 | (22) |
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105 | (1) |
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Starting Point for the Development of a Terrestrial or Groundwater Standard |
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106 | (3) |
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Further Considerations in Soil Quality Standard Setting |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Exposure Models --- Use in Standard Setting |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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Relevance and Reliability of Data |
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114 | (1) |
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Selection of Data prior to Standard Setting for Data-Rich Substances |
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114 | (1) |
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Use of Surrogate Data for Data-Poor Substances |
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115 | (1) |
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Assessment Factors --- Extrapolation and Soil Quality Standard Derivation |
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115 | (2) |
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Availability and Bioavailability |
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117 | (2) |
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Ecological Risk Assessment |
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117 | (1) |
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Human Health Risk Assessment |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Background Concentrations |
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119 | (3) |
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Added Soil Quality Standard Approach |
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120 | (1) |
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Refinement of the Total Soil Quality Standard Approach |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Correcting the Quality Standard for Differences in Chemical Availability |
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122 | (1) |
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Correcting the Quality Standard for Differences in Bioavailability |
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122 | (1) |
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Verification of the Standard |
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122 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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Workshop Conclusions and Recommendations |
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127 | (6) |
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Index |
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133 | |