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Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design, Second Edition 2nd edition [Pehme köide]

(SA Technologies, Marietta, Georgia, USA)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 396 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 562 g, 17 Tables, black and white; 16 Illustrations, color; 146 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1420063553
  • ISBN-13: 9781420063554
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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 396 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 562 g, 17 Tables, black and white; 16 Illustrations, color; 146 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1420063553
  • ISBN-13: 9781420063554
Teised raamatud teemal:
"Liberally illustrated with actual design examples, this book demonstrates how people acquire and interpret information and examines the factors that undermine this process. The first edition successfully filled a significant gap in the market, presenting a core set of principles and a methodology for engineers and designers who are seeking to nourish the situation awareness of their system's users. The second edition significantly expands and updates the examples throughout to include wider range of domains and increases the coverage of SA design principles and guidelines to include new areas of current development. It translates current research into a usable, applicable method and guidelines"--

"Preface Our Age of Anxiety is, in great part, the result of trying to do today's jobs with yesterday's tools. Marshall McLuhan While a clear understanding of one's situation is undoubtedly the critical trigger that allows the knowledge, skills, and creativity of the human mind to be successfully brought to bear in shaping our environment, very often people must work uphill, against systems and technologies that block rather than enhance their ability to ascertain the information they need. Knowledge in a vacuum is meaningless. Its use in overcoming human problems and achieving human goals requires the successful application of that knowledge in ways that are contextually appropriate. Yet, across a wide variety of engineered systems, people face an ever-widening information gap--the gulf between the data that is available and the information that they really need to know. This book addresses the information gap through system design. It presents a core set of principles and a methodology for engineers and designers who are seeking to nourish the situation awareness of their system's users. Operators of power plants, aircraft, automobiles, ships, command and control centers for military and large-scale commercial enterprises, intelligence operations, medical systems, and information management systems are all in need of technologies that allow people to effectively manage the information available to gain a high level of understanding of what is happening. They need systems designed to support situation awareness. We are indebted to many people. First, we are grateful for the support and patience of our families during the writing of this book--may it lead to a better world for our children"--

Provided by publisher.

The barrage of data overload is threatening the ability of people to effectively operate in a wide range of systems, including aircraft cockpits and ground control stations, military command and control centers, intelligence operations, emergency management, medical systems, air traffic control centers, automobiles, financial and business management systems, space exploration, and power and process control rooms. All of these systems need user interfaces that allow people to effectively manage the information available to gain a high level of understanding of what is currently happening and projections on what will happen next. They need systems designed to support Situation Awareness.

Addressing the information gap between the plethora of disorganized, low-level data and what decision makers really need to know, Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design, Second Edition provides a successful, systematic methodology and 50 design principles for engineers and designers seeking to improve the situation awareness of their system's users based on leading research on a wide range of relevant issues.

So, what's new in the Second Edition:

Significantly expanded and updated examples throughout to a wider range of domains

New Chapters: Situation Awareness Oriented Training and Supporting SA in Unmanned and Remotely Operated Vehicles

Updated research findings and expanded discussion of the SA design principles and guidelines to cover new areas of development
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Authors xvii
Part I Understanding Situation Awareness in System Design
Chapter 1 User-Centered Design
3(10)
1.1 Who Is This Book for?
3(2)
1.2 Why Do We Need User-Centered Design'?
5(2)
1.2.1 Technology-Centered Design
5(2)
1.2.2 User-Centered Design
7(1)
1.3 What Does User-Centered Design Mean?
7(2)
1.3.1 What User-Centered Design Does Not Mean
7(2)
1.4 Principles for User-Centered Design
9(2)
1.4.1 Organize Technology around the User's Goals, Tasks, and Abilities
9(1)
1.4.2 Technology Should Be Organized around the Way Users Process Information and Make Decisions
10(1)
1.4.3 Technology Must Keep the User in Control and Aware of the State of the System
11(1)
1.5 Situation Awareness: The Key to User-Centered Design
11(2)
Chapter 2 What Is Situation Awareness?
13(18)
2.1 SA Defined
13(6)
2.1.1 Level 1 SA: Perception of Elements in the Environment
14(2)
2.1.2 Level 2 SA: Comprehension of the Current Situation
16(2)
2.1.3 Level 3 SA: Projection of Future Status
18(1)
2.2 Time as a Part of SA
19(1)
2.3 Situation Awareness as a Product of the Process
19(1)
2.4 Perception and Attention
20(1)
2.5 Working Memory
20(1)
2.6 Mental Models, Schema, and Scripts
21(3)
2.7 Goals and SA
24(3)
2.8 Expectations
27(1)
2.9 Automaticity and SA
28(1)
2.10 Summary
28(3)
Chapter 3 SA Demons: The Enemies of Situation Awareness
31(12)
3.1 Attentional Tunneling
31(2)
3.2 Requisite Memory Trap
33(1)
3.3 Workload, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Other Stressors
34(1)
3.4 Data Overload
35(1)
3.5 Misplaced Salience
36(2)
3.6 Complexity Creep
38(1)
3.7 Errant Mental Models
39(1)
3.8 Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome
40(1)
3.9 Summary
41(2)
Chapter 4 Design Process
43(20)
4.1 Systems Development Life Cycle
43(2)
4.1.1 Waterfall Model of Design
43(1)
4.1.2 Concurrent Engineering Model
43(2)
4.2 User Interface Design Process
45(14)
4.2.1 Requirements Analysis
45(3)
4.2.2 Technology Analysis
48(1)
4.2.3 Design Conceptualization
48(4)
4.2.3.1 Function Analysis/Function Allocation
49(1)
4.2.3.2 User Interface Design
49(2)
4.2.3.3 Design Concept Products
51(1)
4.2.4 Prototype Development
52(4)
4.2.4.1 Modeling
53(1)
4.2.4.2 Rapid Prototyping
53(1)
4.2.4.3 Simulation Testing
54(1)
4.2.4.4 Field Tests
55(1)
4.2.5 Test and Evaluation
56(3)
4.2.5.1 Subjective Measures
56(1)
4.2.5.2 Objective Measures of Performance
57(1)
4.2.5.3 Workload Measures
57(1)
4.2.5.4 Situation Awareness Measures
58(1)
4.2.6 Final Design
59(1)
4.3 Situation Awareness-Oriented Design
59(4)
Part II Creating Situation Awareness-Oriented Designs
Chapter 5 Determining SA Requirements
63(16)
5.1 Goal-Directed Task Analysis
63(1)
5.2 Methodology Overview
64(1)
5.3 Interviews
64(3)
5.4 Determining the Preliminary Goal Structure
67(7)
5.4.1 Goal Determination
68(4)
5.4.1.1 Goals versus Tasks
68(1)
5.4.1.2 Goals versus Information Requirements
69(2)
5.4.1.3 Callouts
71(1)
5.4.1.4 Summary
71(1)
5.4.2 Decisions
72(1)
5.4.3 SA Requirements
72(2)
5.4.4 General
74(1)
5.5 Future Interviews
74(1)
5.6 Interview Issues
75(2)
5.6.1 Maximizing Data Collection
75(1)
5.6.2 Participant Personality Factors
75(1)
5.6.3 Audio/Video Recording
76(1)
5.7 Organizational Tips
77(1)
5.8 GDTA Validation
77(2)
Chapter 6 Principles of Designing for SA
79(34)
6.1 From Theory to Design
79(5)
6.2 Case Study: SA-Oriented Design
84(29)
6.2.1 MCC SA Requirements Analysis
85(1)
6.2.2 MCC System Evaluation
85(14)
6.2.2.1 Lack of Integration of Information
96(1)
6.2.2.2 Lack of Required Information
96(1)
6.2.2.3 Poorly Presented or Lacking Information to Support Diagnosis
96(1)
6.2.2.4 Major Functions Not Supported
97(1)
6.2.2.5 Integration Time Consuming
97(1)
6.2.2.6 Information Not Made Explicit
97(1)
6.2.2.7 Needed Communications Sporadic
97(1)
6.2.2.8 Information on Adjacent Sector Activities Not Provided
98(1)
6.2.2.9 Global SA Poor
98(1)
6.2.2.10 Data Overload
98(1)
6.2.2.11 Poor User Interfaces
98(1)
6.2.3 Situation Awareness-Oriented Interface Design
99(11)
6.2.3.1 Hardware
100(1)
6.2.3.2 Status Map
100(2)
6.2.3.3 Status
102(1)
6.2.3.4 Activity
103(3)
6.2.3.5 History
106(1)
6.2.3.6 Comms
107(1)
6.2.3.7 Set-Up
107(2)
6.2.3.8 Weather Map
109(1)
6.2.4 Summary of Interface Design Case Study
110(3)
Chapter 7 Confidence and Uncertainty in SA and Decision Making
113(18)
7.1 Uncertainty
113(1)
7.2 Types and Sources of Uncertainty
113(4)
7.2.1 Level 1: Data Uncertainty
113(3)
7.2.2 Level 2: Comprehension Uncertainty
116(1)
7.2.3 Level 3: Projection Uncertainty
116(1)
7.2.4 Decision Uncertainty
116(1)
7.3 Role of Confidence in Linking SA and Decision Making
117(1)
7.4 Management of Uncertainty
118(3)
7.4.1 Search for More Information
119(1)
7.4.2 Reliance on Defaults
119(1)
7.4.3 Conflict Resolution
119(1)
7.4.4 Thresholding
120(1)
7.4.5 Bet-Hedging and Contingency Planning
120(1)
7.4.6 Narrowing Options
120(1)
7.5 Design Principles for Representing Uncertainty
121(10)
Chapter 8 Dealing with Complexity
131(16)
8.1 Simplified View of Complexity
131(11)
8.1.1 System Complexity
131(2)
8.1.2 Operational Complexity
133(2)
8.1.3 Apparent Complexity
135(6)
8.1.3.1 Cognitive Complexity
135(4)
8.1.3.2 Display Complexity
139(1)
8.1.3.3 Task Complexity
140(1)
8.1.4 Role of the User's Mental Model
141(1)
8.2 Design Principles for Taming Complexity
142(5)
Chapter 9 Alarms, Diagnosis, and SA
147(22)
9.1 An Alarming Practice
147(1)
9.2 Processing Alarms in the Context of SA
148(13)
9.2.1 Alarm Reliability
149(3)
9.2.2 Confirmation
152(1)
9.2.3 Expectancy
153(2)
9.2.4 Disruptions and Diversions
155(1)
9.2.5 Workload and Alarms
155(2)
9.2.6 Alarm Formats and Compliance
157(1)
9.2.7 Diagnosis of Alarms
158(2)
9.2.8 Alarm Reduction Schemes
160(1)
9.3 Principles for the Design of Alarm Systems
161(8)
Chapter 10 Automation and Situation Awareness
169(24)
10.1 Automation: A Help or a Hindrance?
169(2)
10.2 Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome
171(6)
10.2.1 Vigilance, Complacency, and Monitoring
173(2)
10.2.2 Active versus Passive Processing
175(1)
10.2.3 System Feedback Quality
176(1)
10.3 Automation and Level of Understanding
177(2)
10.4 Decision Support Dilemma
179(3)
10.5 New Approaches to Automation
182(4)
10.5.1 Adaptive Automation
182(2)
10.5.2 Levels of Automation
184(2)
10.6 Principles for Designing Automated Systems
186(7)
Chapter 11 Designing to Support SA for Multiple and Distributed Operators
193(26)
11.1 Team Operations
193(2)
11.2 SA in Teams
195(1)
11.3 What Is Shared SA?
196(2)
11.4 Critical Factors Affecting SA in Teams
198(10)
11.4.1 Shared SA Requirements
199(3)
11.4.2 Shared SA Devices
202(2)
11.4.3 Shared SA Mechanisms
204(2)
11.4.4 Shared SA Processes
206(2)
11.4.5 Interrelationship between Factors
208(1)
11.5 SA in Distributed Teams
208(2)
11.6 SA Breakdowns in Teams
210(3)
11.7 Design Principles for Supporting Team Operations
213(6)
Chapter 12 Unmanned and Remotely Operated Vehicles
219(16)
12.1 Unmanned Vehicles for Many Uses
219(1)
12.2 Classes of Unmanned Vehicle Control
219(2)
12.3 Human Error in Unmanned Vehicle Operations
221(2)
12.4 Situation Awareness Requirements for Unmanned Vehicle Operations
223(1)
12.5 Challenges for SA in Remote Operations
223(6)
12.5.1 Poor Sensory Data, Intermittent Data, and Time-Lags
226(1)
12.5.2 Difficulties in Unmanned Vehicle Localization
226(1)
12.5.3 Demanding Tasks in Complex Environments
226(1)
12.5.4 Low-Level Data Overload and Interface Design
227(1)
12.5.5 Multitasking in Unmanned Vehicle Operations
227(1)
12.5.6 Lack of Support for Multi-Person Operations
228(1)
12.5.7 Increased Autonomy for Unmanned Vehicle Operations
228(1)
12.6 Factors for Effective Design of Unmanned Vehicle Tasks and Systems
229(4)
12.6.1 Unmanned Vehicle Displays
229(1)
12.6.2 Unmanned Vehicle Controls
230(1)
12.6.3 Multiple Unmanned Vehicle Controls
231(1)
12.6.4 Support for Team Coordination and Collaboration
231(2)
12.7 Summary
233(2)
Chapter 13 SA Oriented Training
235(24)
13.1 Need for Training to Enhance SA
235(1)
13.2 Challenges for Novices
235(1)
13.3 Mental Models Form a Key Mechanism for Expertise
236(2)
13.4 Schema of Prototypical Situations or Patterns
238(1)
13.5 Critical Skills for SA
239(1)
13.6 Examples of SA Deficits in Novices
239(5)
13.7 Training Approaches for Improving Situation Awareness
244(11)
13.7.1 Classroom and Exercise-Based Training Approaches
245(1)
13.7.2 SA Trainer for General Aviation
246(1)
13.7.3 Interactive SA Trainer
247(2)
13.7.4 Virtual Environment Situation Awareness Review System
249(5)
13.7.4.1 SA Behavioral Rating
249(1)
13.7.4.2 SA Communications Rating
249(1)
13.7.4.3 SA Probes
250(1)
13.7.4.4 Use of VESARS in After Action Reviews
251(3)
13.7.5 Situation Awareness Virtual Instructor
254(1)
13.8 Summary
255(4)
Part III Completing the Design Cycle
Chapter 14 Evaluating Design Concepts for SA
259(26)
14.1 Indirect Measures of Situation Awareness
260(6)
14.1.1 Process Measures
260(3)
14.1.1.1 Verbal Protocols
260(1)
14.1.1.2 Communication Analysis
261(1)
14.1.1.3 Psychophysiological Metrics
262(1)
14.1.2 Behavioral and Performance-Based Measures
263(3)
14.1.2.1 Behavioral Measures
264(1)
14.1.2.2 Performance Outcome Measures
265(1)
14.2 Direct Measures of Situation Awareness
266(11)
14.2.1 Subjective Measures
266(4)
14.2.1.1 Situational Awareness Rating Technique
268(1)
14.2.1.2 Situation Awareness-Subjective Workload Dominance Technique
269(1)
14.2.1.3 Situational Awareness Rating Scale
269(1)
14.2.2 Objective Measures
270(9)
14.2.2.1 Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique
270(6)
14.2.2.2 Online Probes
276(1)
14.3 Measuring Team SA
277(2)
14.4 Case Study
279(4)
14.4.1 Test Case and Testing Description
279(1)
14.4.2 Implementation and Analysis of SA Measures
280(3)
14.5 Summary
283(2)
Chapter 15 Applying SA-Oriented Design to Complex Systems
285(12)
15.1 Combating the Enemies of Situation Awareness
288(6)
15.1.1 Attentional Narrowing
289(1)
15.1.2 Requisite Memory Trap
290(1)
15.1.3 Workload, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Other Stressors
290(1)
15.1.4 Data Overload
291(1)
15.1.5 Misplaced Salience
291(1)
15.1.6 Complexity Creep
292(1)
15.1.7 Errant Mental Models
293(1)
15.1.8 Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome
293(1)
15.2 SA-Oriented Design Synergy
294(1)
15.3 System Evaluation
295(1)
15.4 Future Directions
296(1)
Appendix A: Goal-Directed Task Analysis for Commercial Airline Pilots 297(42)
References 339(26)
Index 365
SA Technologies, Marietta, Georgia, USA