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E-raamat: Dielectric Relaxation in Biological Systems: Physical Principles, Methods, and Applications

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Edited by (Professor, Physics Department and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin), Edited by (Professor, Applied Physics Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
  • Formaat: 432 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191510045
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Dielectric Relaxation in Biological Systems: Physical Principles, Methods, and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 432 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191510045
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The study of dielectric properties of biological systems and their components is important not only for fundamental scientific knowledge but also for its applications in medicine, biology, and biotechnology. The associated technique - known as dielectric spectroscopy - has enabled researchers to quickly and accurately acquire time- or frequency-spectra of permittivity and conductivity and permitted the derivation and testing of realistic electrical models for cells and organelles. This text covers the theoretical basis and practical aspects of the study of dielectric properties of biological systems, such as water, electrolyte and polyelectrolytes, solutions of biological macromolecules, cells suspensions and cellular systems. The authors' combined efforts provide a comprehensive and cohesive book that takes advantage of the expertise of multiple scientists involved in cutting-edge research in the specific sub-fields of bio-dielectric spectroscopy while maintaining its self-consistency through numerous discussions.

The first six chapters cover theoretical, methodological and experimental aspects of relaxation and dispersion in biological dielectrics at molecular, cellular and cellular aggregate level. Applications are presented in the following chapters which are organized in the order of increased complexity, beginning with pure water, amino acids and proteins, continuing with vesicles and simple cells such as erythrocytes, and then with more complex, organelle-containing cells and cellular aggregates. Due to its broad coverage, the text could be used as a reference book by researchers, and as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate classes and graduate classes in (bio) physics, medical physics, quantitative biology, and engineering.

Arvustused

This book is a tremendously useful tool for researchers who wish to understand dielectric relaxation methods aimed at studying biological materials. It covers experimental techniques, data analyses, as well as models, in each case ranging from historical backgrounds to state-of-the-art approaches. Challenging features of biological materials such as interfacial dielectric effects and the role of water are covered in detail by experts in the field. The book provides many examples of dielectric signatures of biological processes and illustrates these by informative figures. * Ranko Richert, * The textbook presents a view of dielectric theory, analysis and associated experimental techniques with a focus on biological applications. It addresses the determination of permittivity over a wide range of frequencies and conductivities and presents the methodology for dealing with electrode polarization by experimental techniques and analysis. The text presents a compendium of data, contemporary analyses and results that delineate the system dynamics on biologically interesting systems, ranging from water to macromolecules to membranes to cells. This text is intended for scientists who need information on such systems and/or who want to augment their research arsenal with dielectric measurements. This text is well annotated with useful references. * John G. Berberian *

List of Contributors xviii
Historical Overview 1(32)
Ronald Pethig
Part 1 Theoretical Background
1.1 Elementary Theory of the Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields with Dielectric Materials
33(27)
Yuri Feldman
Paul Ben Ishai
Alexander Puzenko
Valerica Raicu
1.1.1 Electrical Polarization
33(5)
1.1.1.1 Dielectric Polarization in Static Electric Fields
33(2)
1.1.1.2 An Overview of Different Polarization Processes in Atomic and Molecular Dielectrics
35(1)
1.1.1.3 Interactions between Dipoles
36(2)
1.1.2 Dielectric Properties in Time-Dependent Fields
38(4)
1.1.2.1 Complex Dielectric Permittivity and Complex Conductivity
38(2)
1.1.2.2 Relaxation Function
40(2)
1.1.3 Deviations from Debye-Type Behavior
42(7)
1.1.3.1 Phenomenological Dispersion and Relaxation Functions
42(3)
1.1.3.2 Time-Domain Behavior of Dispersion Functions of Havriliak-Negami Type
45(1)
1.1.3.3 Distributions of Relaxation Times as a Means to Relate Time to Frequency Domain
45(4)
1.1.4 Diffusion and Transport in Dielectrics
49(6)
1.1.4.1 Rotational Diffusion
49(2)
1.1.4.2 A Fractal Interpretation of the Non-Debye Behavior
51(2)
1.1.4.3 Percolation Phenomena
53(2)
References
55(5)
1.2 Theory of Suspensions of Particles in Homogeneous Fields
60(24)
Valerica Raicu
1.2.1 Maxwell-Wagner Polarization and Relaxation
60(4)
1.2.1.1 Brief Overview
60(1)
1.2.1.2 Origin of the Interfacial Polarization: Layered Dielectrics
61(3)
1.2.2 Suspensions of Homogeneous Particles Distributed at Random in an Electrolyte
64(4)
1.2.2.1 Spherical Particles
64(3)
1.2.2.2 Suspensions of Ellipsoidal Particles in Homogeneous Electric Fields
67(1)
1.2.3 Inhomogeneous Particles
68(10)
1.2.3.1 The Single-Shell Model of Spherical Particles
68(3)
1.2.3.2 Multi-Shell Models for Spherical Particles
71(1)
1.2.3.3 The Simplified Two-Shell Model
72(5)
1.2.3.4 Model for Shelled Ellipsoidal Particles
77(1)
1.2.4 Concentrated Suspensions
78(2)
1.2.4.1 The Bottcher-Polder-Van Santen Correction for the Far-Field Effect-the Substitution Method
78(1)
1.2.4.2 The Bruggeman-Hanai Correction for the Far-Field Effect-the Integral Method
79(1)
1.2.5 Practical Implementation of Particle Suspension Models
80(2)
1.2.5.1 Implementation of Realistic Cell Models
80(1)
1.2.5.2 Numerical Calculation of Permittivity of Concentrated Suspensions
81(1)
References
82(2)
1.3 Dielectric Models and Computer Simulations for Complex Aggregates
84(25)
Valerica Raicu
Katsuhisa Sekine
Koji Asami
1.3.1 Introduction
84(1)
1.3.2 Modeling Cellular Aggregation by Incorporating Near-Field Corrections
85(6)
1.3.2.1 Dipole-Dipole Interactions in Random Suspensions of Aggregates
85(1)
1.3.2.2 Useful Particular Cases of the Aggregate Model
86(2)
1.3.2.3 Looyenga-Landau-Lifshitz Theory for Percolative Fractal Structures
88(3)
1.3.3 Electrical-Element Method for Modeling Cantorian Fractals
91(5)
1.3.3.1 Theoretical Models for Rough Interfaces and Cantorian Trees
91(3)
1.3.3.2 Computations for Frequency Spectra of Permittivity and Conductivity
94(2)
1.3.4 Numerical Modeling of Cell Aggregates
96(7)
1.3.4.1 Simple Aggregates
96(3)
1.3.4.2 Complex Aggregates
99(4)
References
103(6)
Part 2 Experimental Methods and Techniques
2.1 Experimental Methods
109(31)
Udo Kaatze
Yuri Feldman
Paul Ben Ishai
Anna Greenbaum
Valerica Raicu
2.1.1 Electromagnetic Waves and Dielectric Spectroscopy
109(3)
2.1.1.1 Sample Cells Much Smaller than the Wavelengths of the Field
110(1)
2.1.1.2 Measurement Probe Size Comparable to the Wavelength of the Field
111(1)
2.1.1.3 Sample Size Much Larger than the Wavelength of the Field
112(1)
2.1.2 Audio- and Radiofrequency Methods
112(8)
2.1.2.1 Automatic RLC Bridges and Impedance Analyzers
113(1)
2.1.2.2 Time-Domain Spectrometers
114(1)
2.1.2.3 Choice of Measurement Cells and Corrections for Spurious Contributions
115(5)
2.1.3 Microwave Methods
120(12)
2.1.3.1 Distributed Transmission Line and Resonator Structures
120(4)
2.1.3.2 Broadband Coaxial Line Technology
124(4)
2.1.3.3 Miniaturized Structures
128(2)
2.1.3.4 Spectroscopic Imaging
130(2)
References
132(8)
2.2 Electrode Polarization
140(30)
Yuri Feldman
Paul Ben Ishai
Valerica Raicu
2.2.1 Introduction
140(2)
2.2.1.1 Overview of the Physical Phenomena
140(1)
2.2.1.2 The Problem
140(2)
2.2.2 Physical and Electrochemical Models for Electrode Polarization
142(6)
2.2.2.1 The Gouy-Chapman-Stern Model
142(2)
2.2.2.2 Equivalent Circuits with Lumped Elements
144(2)
2.2.2.3 Circuits with Distributed Elements
146(1)
2.2.2.4 Summing up the Discussion
147(1)
2.2.3 Reduction of EP Contributions through Electrode Treatments
148(5)
2.2.3.1 Platinum Black
149(1)
2.2.3.2 Blocking Electrodes
150(3)
2.2.4 Data Post-Processing Techniques for EP Contribution Correction
153(7)
2.2.4.1 The Substitution Method
153(1)
2.2.4.2 Frequency- and Time-Variation Approaches
154(1)
2.2.4.3 The Frequency-Derivative Method
155(1)
2.2.4.4 Comparison and Substitution Methods
156(1)
2.2.4.5 Methods Based on Data Fitting to Theoretical Models
157(3)
2.2.5 Hardware-Based Techniques
160(4)
2.2.5.1 Electrode Distance Variation Technique
160(1)
2.2.5.2 Four-Electrode Techniques
161(2)
2.2.5.3 Electrode-Less Methods Based on Electromagnetic Induction
163(1)
2.2.6 Conclusion
164(1)
References
164(6)
2.3 Analysis of Experimental Data and Fitting Problems
170(19)
Anna Greenbaum
Paul Ben Ishai
Yuri Feldman
2.3.1 Brief Overview
170(3)
2.3.1.1 Dielectric Dispersion Functions
170(1)
2.3.1.2 Representation of Dielectric Data
171(2)
2.3.2 Modeling Dielectric Processes
173(8)
2.3.2.1 Electrode Polarization in Dielectric Modeling
176(1)
2.3.2.2 Exploiting the Kramers-Kronig Relationships
176(1)
2.3.2.3 Building the Model Function
177(4)
2.3.3 An Example from the Literature
181(3)
2.3.4 Summary
184(1)
References
184(5)
Part 3 Applications
3.1 Dielectric Relaxation of Water
189(39)
Udo Kaatze
3.1.1 Structure and Dielectric Properties of Water
189(11)
3.1.1.1 Architecture of the Water Molecule and Water Structure
189(3)
3.1.1.2 Dielectric Spectrum of Water
192(4)
3.1.1.3 Wait-and-Switch Relaxation Model
196(3)
3.1.1.4 Hydrogen Ions and the pH
199(1)
3.1.2 Microwave Permittivity Spectra of Aqueous Solutions
200(5)
3.1.2.1 Experimental Data
200(2)
3.1.2.2 Hydration Model
202(2)
3.1.2.3 The Dipole-Matrix Interaction Concept
204(1)
3.1.3 Static Permittivity of Water and Aqueous Systems
205(6)
3.1.3.1 Dipole Orientation Correlation Factor of Water
205(1)
3.1.3.2 Non-Dipolar Solutes: Mixture Relations
206(1)
3.1.3.3 Electrolyte Solutions, Dielectric Saturation, and Kinetic Depolarization
207(4)
3.1.4 Dipolar Relaxation of Water and Simple Aqueous Solutions
211(9)
3.1.4.1 Hydration Water Relaxation Times
211(5)
3.1.4.2 Water as a Glass Former
216(2)
3.1.4.3 Proton Motions
218(2)
3.1.5 Concluding Remarks
220(1)
References
220(8)
3.2 Amino Acids and Peptides
228(20)
Irina Ermolina
Yuri Feldman
3.2.1 Introduction
228(11)
3.2.1.1 Dielectric Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Amino Acids
228(11)
3.2.2 Oligopeptides and Polypeptides
239(5)
References
244(4)
3.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Hydrated Biomacromolecules
248(28)
Masahiro Nakanishi
Alexei P. Sokolov
3.3.1 Introduction
248(2)
3.3.2 Methods for Sample Preparation
250(1)
3.3.2.1 Amorphous and Crystalline States
250(1)
3.3.2.2 Sample Shapes Employed in Measurements
250(1)
3.3.2.3 Hydration Control
250(1)
3.3.3 Effects of Sample Heterogeneity on Powder Measurements
251(2)
3.3.3.1 Interfacial Effects
251(1)
3.3.3.2 Difficulties Caused by Use of an Insulator between Electrodes and Sample
252(1)
3.3.4 Spectral Features and their Assignments
253(9)
3.3.4.1 The Main Process
254(4)
3.3.4.2 High-Frequency Observations and Comparison to Solution States
258(2)
3.3.4.3 Comparison between Different Probes
260(2)
3.3.5 Processes Slower or Faster Than the Main Process
262(3)
3.3.5.1 Slow Process
263(1)
3.3.5.2 AI Slow Process
264(1)
3.3.5.3 Faster Process
264(1)
3.3.6 Glass Transition and Dynamic Transition
265(4)
3.3.6.1 Definition of the Concept and Literature Review Based on Non-Dielectric Data
265(2)
3.3.6.2 Dielectric Investigation of Glass Transition in Protein Powders
267(2)
3.3.7 Concluding Remarks
269(1)
References
269(7)
3.4 Proteins in Solutions and Natural Membranes
276(31)
Irma Ermolina
Yoshihito Hayashi
Valerica Raicu
Yuri Feldman
3.4.1 Introduction
276(1)
3.4.2 Proteins in Aqueous Solutions
277(6)
3.4.2.1 Dielectric Properties of Dilute Globular Protein Solutions
277(3)
3.4.2.2 Concentration Dependence
280(3)
3.4.3 Structural Modification and Protein-Ligand Interaction
283(4)
3.4.3.1 Glucose Oxidase Modification
283(3)
3.4.3.2 Hinge-Bending Motion
286(1)
3.4.4 Effects of pH, Temperature, and Denaturant on Protein Dynamics
287(5)
3.4.4.1 pH-Dependent Dimerization
287(1)
3.4.4.2 Thermal Denaturation
288(2)
3.4.4.3 Denaturation by Urea
290(2)
3.4.5 Proteins in Membranes
292(8)
3.4.5.1 Bacteriorhodopsin and Ferroelectric-Like Behavior
292(4)
3.4.5.2 Membrane Proteins in Living Cells
296(4)
References
300(7)
3.5 Dielectric Properties of Polyelectrolytes and Lipid Vesicles
307(33)
Federico Bordi
Stefano Sarti
3.5.1 Introduction
307(5)
3.5.1.1 Polyelectrolytes
307(3)
3.5.1.2 Lipid Vesicles
310(2)
3.5.2 Dielectric Spectra of Polyelectrolyte Solutions
312(11)
3.5.2.1 Dielectric Response and Counterion Polarization
313(2)
3.5.2.2 The Scaling Model and the Effect of Concentration on the Relaxation Parameters
315(3)
3.5.2.3 The High-Frequency Relaxation of Water
318(1)
3.5.2.4 What Kind of Information May be Obtained from the Analysis of Dielectric Spectra of a Polyelectrolyte Solution? An Example
319(4)
3.5.3 Electrical Conductivity of Polyelectrolyte
323(1)
3.5.4 Dielectric Spectra of Lipid Vesicles in Aqueous Solutions
324(1)
3.5.5 Studying Polyelectrolyte-Liposome Interactions with Dielectric Methods
325(7)
3.5.5.1 Dielectric Properties
325(2)
3.5.5.2 Conductometric Properties
327(5)
3.5.6 Conclusions and Outlook
332(1)
References
332(8)
3.6 Radiofrequency Dielectric Properties of Cell Suspensions
340(23)
Koji Asami
3.6.1 Introduction
340(2)
3.6.1.1 Overview of Dielectric Dispersion of Cell Suspensions
341(1)
3.6.1.2 Organization of the
Chapter
342(1)
3.6.2 Modeling of Cells for Analysis of n-Dispersion
342(4)
3.6.2.1 Simple and Composite Cells
342(2)
3.6.2.2 Cell Shape Effects
344(2)
3.6.3 Electrical Properties of Cell Components as Inferred From the p-Dispersion
346(7)
3.6.3.1 Plasma Membrane
347(4)
3.6.3.2 Cytoplasm
351(1)
3.6.3.3 Effects of Layers External to the Plasma Membrane
351(2)
3.6.4 Membrane Properties Associated with a-Dispersion
353(6)
3.6.4.1 Surface Charges
354(1)
3.6.4.2 Membrane Folding
355(1)
3.6.4.3 Membrane Disruption
356(1)
3.6.4.4 Mobile Charges in Membranes
357(2)
References
359(4)
3.7 Dielectric Properties of Blood and Blood Components
363(25)
Yoshihito Hayashi
Koji Asami
3.7.1 Dielectric Properties of Red Blood Cells
363(13)
3.7.1.1 Effects of Erythrocyte Morphology
364(5)
3.7.1.2 Temporal Changes of Preserved Erythrocytes
369(4)
3.7.1.3 Effect of Glucose
373(3)
3.7.2 Blood Cell Aggregation
376(5)
3.7.2.1 Rouleaux Formation
376(2)
3.7.2.2 Blood Coagulation
378(3)
3.7.3 Dielectric Properties of Other Blood Cells
381(3)
3.7.3.1 Healthy Leukocytes
382(1)
3.7.3.2 Malignant Leukocytes
383(1)
References
384(4)
3.8 Glucose Detection from Skin Dielectric Measurements
388(25)
Andreas Caduff
Marks Talary
3.8.1 Introduction
388(1)
3.8.2 Overview of Diabetes as a Disease
389(1)
3.8.3 Physiological Effects of Glucose Changes
390(5)
3.8.3.1 Electrolytes
390(2)
3.8.3.2 Morphology of Skin and Distribution of Microvascular Blood
392(2)
3.8.3.3 Temperature and Chronobiology
394(1)
3.8.4 Impact of Various Physiological Parameters on Dielectric Properties
395(7)
3.8.4.1 Changes Caused by Blood Perfusion
396(4)
3.8.4.2 Effect of Temperature Changes
400(1)
3.8.4.3 Humidity as a Perturbing Factor
401(1)
3.8.5 Dielectric Sensors
402(3)
3.8.5.1 Tissue Measurement
402(3)
3.8.6 Roadmap to Future Developments
405(2)
References
407
Appendices
Appendix A: The Kramers-Kronig Relations
413(1)
Appendix B: Dielectric Spectra Broadening as the Signature of Dipole-Matrix Interaction
414(4)
Appendix C: H Functions
418(1)
Appendix D: Relaxation Kinetics
419(4)
Index 423
Valerica Raicu holds a PhD degree in Biophysics from the University of Bucharest, Romania. Between 1991 and 2004, he has held research and academic positions at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy (Bucharest, Romania), Kochi Medical School (Kochi, Japan), and the University of Toronto (Toronto, Canada). In 2004, Raicu joined the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee as an Assistant Professor of Physics. He is currently a Professor and Chair of the Physics Department and an adjunct faculty member in the Department of Biological Sciences. Professor Raicu has authored or co-authored over forty peer-reviewed papers and several book chapters on various topics in biophysics, soft condensed matter physics and photonics, as well as a book - "Integrated Molecular and Cellular Biophysics" (2008).

Yuri Feldman is at the Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI). He received his M.S. degree in Radio Physics and the Ph.D. degree in Molecular Physics from the Kazan State University, USSR, in 1973 and 1981 respectively. From 1973 to 1991 he was with Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Kazan Institute of Biology of the Academy of Science of the USSR. Since 1991 he has been with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he is currently the Full Professor and the Head of the Dielectric Spectroscopy Laboratory. His current interests include broadband dielectric spectroscopy in frequency and time domain; theory of dielectric polarization and relaxation; relaxation phenomena and strange kinetics in disordered materials; dielectric properties of biological systems. He is an internationally acknowledged expert in the area of soft condensed matter physics and dielectric spectroscopy.
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