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Ecotoxicology [Pehme köide]

, , (Queen's University, Ontario), (Queen's University, Ontario)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 594 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 280x215x29 mm, kaal: 1600 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108819737
  • ISBN-13: 9781108819732
Teised raamatud teemal:
EcotoxicologySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 594 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 280x215x29 mm, kaal: 1600 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108819737
  • ISBN-13: 9781108819732
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781108819732.html
Märksõnad:
Ecotoxicology offers a comprehensive overview of the science underpinning the recognition and management of environmental contamination. It describes the toxicology of environmental contaminants, the methods used for assessing their toxicity and ecological impacts, and approaches employed to mitigate pollution and ecological health risks globally. Chapters cover the latest advances in research, including genomics, natural toxins, endocrine disruption and the toxicology of radioactive substances. The second half of the book focuses on applications, such as cradle-to-grave effects of selected industries, legal and economic approaches to environmental regulation, ecological risk assessment, and contaminated site remediation. With short capsules written by invited experts, numerous case studies from around the world and further reading lists, this textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate one-semester courses. It is also a valuable reference for graduate students and professionals. Online resources for instructors and students are also available.

An introduction to the science needed to recognize and manage environmental contamination for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It describes methods for gaging the toxicity and ecological impacts of chemical emissions, illustrated by numerous case studies, and reviews legal and economic tactics to regulating and reducing pollutants.

Muu info

The sources, distribution, toxicity and management of environmental contaminants, from molecular interactions to ecological effects.
Preamble xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
PART I APPROACHES AND METHODS
1(168)
1 The History and Emergence of Ecotoxicology as a Science
3(20)
Pamela M. Welbourn
Peter V. Hodson
Learning Objectives
3(1)
1.1 The Science of Ecotoxicology
3(4)
1.2 Historical Landmarks in the Development of Ecotoxicology
7(6)
1.2.1 Silent Spring and Pesticides
7(3)
1.2.2 Mercury
10(1)
1.2.3 Acidification
10(1)
1.2.4 Industrial Waste Disposal and Brownfields
11(1)
1.2.5 Oil Spills
12(1)
1.2.6 Our Stolen Future and Endocrine Disruptors
12(1)
1.3 The Emergence of the Science of Ecotoxicology
13(2)
1.4 The Turning Point and Formal Regulation of Toxic Substances
15(1)
1.5 Solutions That May Lead to New Problems
16(1)
1.6 Conclusions
17(6)
Summary
18(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
18(1)
Abbreviations
19(1)
References
19(4)
2 Measuring Toxicity
23(72)
Peter V. Hodson
David A. Wright
Learning Objectives
23(1)
2.1 The Basics of Environmental Toxicology
23(5)
2.1.1 Concepts and Definitions
24(1)
2.1.1.1 What Is Toxicity?
24(1)
2.1.1.2 Chemical Structure vs Toxicity
24(1)
2.1.1.3 Nutrients vs Toxicants
25(1)
2.1.1.4 Expressions of Toxicity
26(2)
2.2 Designing a Toxicity Test: What Is the Question?
28(14)
2.2.1 Test Organisms
29(1)
2.2.1.1 Laboratory Cultures of Test Organisms
30(1)
2.2.1.2 Life Stages Tested and Responses Measured
31(1)
2.2.2 Test Media and Routes of Exposure
32(1)
2.2.3 Exposure Gradients
33(1)
2.2.4 Exposure Time
33(3)
2.2.5 Control Treatments
36(1)
2.2.6 Other Test Conditions That Affect Measured Toxicity
36(2)
2.2.7 Characterizing Test Conditions and Chemical Exposures
38(1)
2.2.8 Complexities in Toxicity Testing
39(1)
2.2.8.1 Toxicity Tests for Sparingly Soluble Compounds
39(1)
2.2.8.2 Sediment and Soil Toxicity Tests
39(2)
2.2.8.3 Standard vs `Realistic' Toxicity Tests
41(1)
2.2.8.4 Surrogate Species for Routine Testing
41(1)
2.3 Statistics for Toxicity Tests
42(53)
2.3.1 Regression Analyses for Computing Toxicity
42(1)
2.3.1.1 Data Types and Transformations
43(1)
2.3.1.2 Control Data
44(1)
2.3.2 Hypothesis Testing: Multiple Regression Analyses
44(1)
2.3.3 Predictive Toxicology: Single Compounds
45(1)
2.3.3.1 Acute to Chronic Ratios (ACRs)
46(1)
2.3.3.2 Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSDs)
47(1)
2.3.3.3 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs)
47(1)
2.3.4 Predictive Toxicology: Mixtures
48(1)
2.3.4.1 Toxic Unit (TU) Model
48(1)
2.3.4.2 Toxic Equivalent Factor (TEF) Model
49(1)
2.3.4.3 Target Lipid Model
49(1)
2.3.4.4 Metal Mixtures
50(1)
2.3.4.5 Dissecting Complex Mixtures
51(1)
2.3.5 Moving Away from Traditional Toxicity Tests
52(2)
Summary
54(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
54(1)
Abbreviations
55(1)
References
56(39)
3 Appendix 3.1: Kinetics of a Saturable Transmembrane Carrier System Transporting a Chemical Substrate
95(456)
Appendix 3.2 Uptake/Loss Kinetics in a Single-compartment System
95(4)
4 Methods in Ecotoxicology
99
Peter V. Hodson
David W. Wright
Learning Objectives
99(1)
4.1 Moving Beyond Environmental Toxicology
99(1)
4.2 Laboratory Versus Field Studies of Ecotoxicology: Strengths and Weaknesses
100(2)
4.3 Surveys, Monitoring and Assessment
102(15)
4.3.1 Relating Cause and Effect by Surveys and Monitoring
102(2)
Case Study 4.1 Upstream-Downstream Studies toAssess Whether Pulp-mill Effluents Affect the Sexual Maturation of Fish
104(1)
4.3.2 Ecoepidemiology: Assessing the Strength of Proposed Cause-Effect Relationships
105(2)
Case Study 4.2 The Ecoepidemiological Case for Cancer in Fish Caused by Sediment Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs)
107(1)
4.3.3 Markers and Indicators of Chemical Exposure and Effects
107(1)
4.3.3.1 Chemical Markers
108(1)
4.3.3.2 Biomarkers
108(1)
4.3.3.3 Bioindicators
109(2)
4.3.3.4 The Sediment Quality Triad
111(1)
4.3.3.5 Summary: Markers and Indicators
112(1)
4.3.4 Palaeo-ecotoxicology: Retrospective Assessment of Contamination and Toxicity
112(2)
Case Study 4.3 Evidence from Palaeo-ecotoxicology for a Chemical Cause of Reproductive Failure of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario
114(1)
4.3.5 Monitoring the Human Food Supply
115(2)
4.4 Field Experiments
117(5)
4.4.1 In Situ Toxicity Tests
117(1)
4.4.2 Experimental Plots
118(1)
Case Study 4.4 The Effectiveness of Fertilizers in Promoting Degradation of Crude Oil Spilled on a Vegetated Wetland
118(1)
4.4.3 Experimental Ecosystems
119(3)
Case Study 4.5 Whole-lake Experiment with an Endocrine Disruptor
122(1)
4.5 Modelling Environmental Fate, Behaviour, Distribution and Effects of Chemicals
122
4.5.1 Chemical Fate Modelling
123(3)
4.5.2 Bioaccumulation and Effects Modelling
126(2)
Case Study 4.6 PCB Contamination of the Southern Resident Killer Whale
128(1)
4.5.3 Integrated Effects Modelling
129(1)
Summary
130
3 Contaminant Uptake and Bioaccumulation: Mechanisms, Kinetics and Modelling
61(78)
Peter G. C. Campbell
Peter V. Hodson
Pamela M. Welbourn
David A. Wright
Learning Objectives
61(1)
3.1 General Considerations
61(12)
3.1.1 Composition and Structure of Biological Membranes
62(2)
3.1.2 Transport of Solutes Across Cell Membranes
64(1)
3.1.2.1 Diffusion Through the Lipid Bilayer
65(1)
3.1.2.2 Diffusion Through Membrane Pores and Channels
65(4)
3.1.2.3 Carrier-mediated Transport
69(2)
3.1.3 Endocytosis
71(1)
3.1.4 Transcellular Transport (e.g., Gill; Intestine; Lung)
71(1)
3.1.5 Ecotoxicological Perspective on Transmembrane Transport Processes
72(1)
3.2 Uptake Routes
73(6)
3.2.1 Skin
73(1)
3.2.2 Lungs
73(1)
3.2.3 Gills
74(1)
3.2.4 Digestive System
75(1)
3.2.5 Olfactory System
76(1)
3.2.6 Plant Foliage and Roots
76(2)
3.2.7 Boundary Layers
78(1)
3.2.8 Uptake by Endocytosis
78(1)
3.2.9 How Different Exposure Routes Affect the Rates of Toxicant Uptake
79(1)
3.3 Elimination Routes
79(1)
3.4 Bioaccumulation and Uptake-Elimination Kinetics
79(6)
3.4.1 Toxicant Uptake: Differences Between Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Molecules
81(2)
3.4.2 Toxicokinetics
83(1)
3.4.2.1 One-compartment Model
83(1)
3.4.2.2 Two-compartment Model
84(1)
3.5 Biotransformations
85(2)
3.5.1 Metals
85(1)
3.5.2 Organic Xenobiotics
86(1)
3.6 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
87(52)
3.6.1 Metals
87(1)
3.6.2 Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Contaminants
88(1)
3.6.2.1 Lipophilic Contaminants
88(2)
3.6.2.2 Interplay Between Bioenergetics and Bioaccumulation of Lipophilic Contaminants
90(1)
3.6.2.3 Proteinophilic Contaminants
91(1)
Summary
91(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
92(1)
Abbreviations
93(1)
References
93(38)
Review Questions and Exercises
131(1)
Abbreviations
131(1)
References
132(7)
5 Ecotoxicogenomics
139(30)
Valerie S. Langlois
Christopher J. Martyniuk
Learning Objectives
139(1)
5.1 Environmental `Omics': A Role in Ecotoxicology Research
139(2)
5.2 Ecotoxicology and Transcriptomics
141(3)
5.2.1 Application of Ecotoxicogenomics
142(2)
5.3 Ecotoxicology and Proteomics
144(2)
5.4 Ecotoxicology and Metabolomics/Lipidomics
146(1)
5.5 Ecotoxicology and Epigenetics
147(2)
5.6 Environmental DNA (eDNA)
149(1)
5.7 Ecotoxicology and the Microbiome (Metagenomics)
149(1)
5.8 Ecotoxicology and Bioinformatics
150(2)
5.9 Omics and Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs)
152(1)
5.10 Omics in Regulatory Toxicology
153(2)
5.10.1 Computational Toxicology in Regulatory Toxicology
154(1)
Case Study 5.1 Omics to Reveal Mechanisms Underlying Glyphosate Toxicity in Invertebrates and Vertebrates
155(4)
5.10.2 Environmental Omics in Regulatory Toxicology
157(1)
5.10.3 Challenges and Considerations
157(2)
5.11 Emerging Applications for Omics in Ecotoxicology
159(2)
5.11.1 Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Ecotoxicology
160(1)
5.11.2 Multi-omics, Exposome and Exposomics in Ecotoxicology
161(1)
Summary
161(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
162(1)
Abbreviations
162(1)
References
163(6)
PART II TOXICOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES
169(240)
6 Metals and Metalloids
171(104)
Peter G. C. Campbell
Pamela M. Welbourn
Christopher D. Metcalfe
Learning Objectives
171(1)
6.1 Introduction
171(3)
6.2 Biogeochemistry of Metals and Metalloids
174(5)
6.2.1 General Properties: Metal Speciation
174(4)
6.2.2 Mobilization, Binding, Transport and Chemical Forms of Metals in the Environment
178(1)
6.3 Biological Availability of Metals in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems
179(8)
6.3.1 General Considerations
180(1)
6.3.2 Aquatic Environments: Dissolved Metals
180(4)
6.3.3 Aquatic Environments: Particulate Metals
184(1)
6.3.4 Terrestrial Environments
185(1)
6.3.5 Diet-borne Metals
186(1)
6.4 Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity
187(8)
6.4.1 Alteration of Enzyme Conformation
188(1)
6.4.2 Displacement of Essential Cations
188(1)
6.4.3 Oxidative Stress
189(1)
6.4.4 Changes to Cellular Differentiation
190(1)
6.4.5 Behavioural Effects
190(1)
Capsule 6.1 Metal Effects on Fish Olfaction
191(4)
Gregory G. Pyle
6.5 Metal Detoxification and Tolerance
195(11)
6.5.1 Metal Speciation Within Cells
195(1)
6.5.2 Determination of Subcellular Metal Partitioning
196(1)
6.5.3 Links Among Changes in Metal Exposure, Changes in Metal Subcellular Distribution and the Onset of Deleterious Effects
197(1)
6.5.3.1 Laboratory Observations
198(1)
6.5.3.2 Field Observations
199(1)
Case Study 6.1 Response of Native Freshwater Animals to Metals Derived from Base-metal Smelter Emissions
199(3)
6.5.4 Metal Tolerance
202(1)
6.5.4.1 Occurrence and Origin
202(1)
6.5.4.2 Approaches
202(1)
6.5.4.3 Taxonomic Distribution of Tolerance
203(1)
6.5.4.4 Tolerance Mechanisms
203(2)
6.5.4.5 Ecotoxicological Implications and Practical Applications
205(1)
6.6 Organometals (Hg, Pb, Sn, As, Sb, Se)
206(1)
6.7 Abiotic Factors Affecting Metal Toxicity
206(3)
6.7.1 Temperature
206(1)
6.7.2 pH
207(1)
6.7.3 Hardness
208(1)
6.7.4 Salinity
208(1)
6.7.5 Dissolved Organic Matter
209(1)
6.8 Metal-specific Sections
209(66)
6.8.1 Mercury
210(1)
6.8.1.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
210(2)
6.8.1.2 Biogeochemistry
212(2)
6.8.1.3 Mercury Methylation
214(1)
6.8.1.4 Biogeochemical Cycle
215(2)
6.8.1.5 Mercury Biomagnification
217(2)
6.8.1.6 Environmental Factors Affecting Mercury Bioaccumulation
219(2)
6.8.1.7 Mercury Bioaccumulation and Monitoring
221(1)
6.8.1.8 Ecotoxicity
221(3)
6.8.1.9 Detoxification and Tolerance
224(1)
6.8.1.10 Mercury Highlights
225(1)
6.8.2 Cadmium
225(1)
6.8.2.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
226(1)
6.8.2.2 Biogeochemistry
226(1)
6.8.2.3 Biochemistry
226(1)
6.8.2.4 Ecotoxicity
227(1)
6.8.2.5 Cadmium Highlights
228(1)
6.8.3 Lead
228(1)
6.8.3.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
228(2)
6.8.3.2 Biogeochemistry
230(1)
6.8.3.3 Biochemistry
231(1)
6.8.3.4 Ecotoxicity
232(2)
6.8.3.5 Lead Highlights
234(1)
6.8.4 Copper
234(1)
6.8.4.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
234(1)
6.8.4.2 Biogeochemistry
235(1)
6.8.4.3 Biochemistry
236(1)
6.8.4.4 Ecotoxicity
237(2)
6.8.4.5 Copper Highlights
239(1)
6.8.5 Nickel
239(1)
6.8.5.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
239(1)
6.8.5.2 Biogeochemistry
240(1)
6.8.5.3 Biochemistry
240(1)
6.8.5.4 Ecotoxicity
241(2)
6.8.5.5 Nickel Highlights
243(1)
6.8.6 Zinc
243(1)
6.8.6.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
243(1)
6.8.6.2 Biogeochemistry
244(1)
6.8.6.3 Biochemistry
245(1)
6.8.6.4 Ecotoxicity
246(2)
6.8.6.5 Zinc Highlights
248(1)
6.8.7 Arsenic
248(1)
6.8.7.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
248(1)
6.8.7.2 Biogeochemistry
249(2)
6.8.7.3 Biochemistry
251(1)
6.8.7.4 Ecotoxicity
252(2)
6.8.7.5 Arsenic Highlights
254(1)
6.8.8 Selenium
255(1)
6.8.8.1 Occurrence, Sources and Uses
255(1)
6.8.8.2 Biogeochemistry
255(1)
6.8.8.3 Biochemistry
256(1)
6.8.8.4 Ecotoxicity
257(2)
6.8.8.5 Selenium Highlights
259(1)
Summary
259(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
260(1)
Element-specific Questions
261(1)
Abbreviations
262(1)
References
262(13)
7 Organic Compounds
275(52)
Christopher D. Metcalfe
David A. Wright
Peter V. Hodson
Learning Objectives
275(1)
7.1 Classes of Organic Compounds
275(2)
7.2 Fate in the Environment
277(3)
7.3 Uptake into Organisms and Bioaccumulation
280(1)
7.4 Cellular Receptors
281(1)
7.5 Metabolism
282(7)
7.5.1 Phase I Reactions
283(4)
7.5.2 Phase II Reactions
287(1)
7.5.3 Phase III Reactions
288(1)
7.5.4 Induction of Metabolism
288(1)
7.6 Compounds of Particular Concern
289(5)
7.6.1 Hydrocarbons: Sources, Applications and Concerns
290(1)
7.6.1.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
290(2)
7.6.1.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbons
292(2)
7.7 Legacy Contaminants
294(3)
7.7.1 Organochlorine Insecticides
294(2)
7.7.2 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans
296(1)
7.7.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
296(1)
7.8 Current Use Pesticides
297(8)
7.8.1 Organophosphate Insecticides
298(1)
Case Study 7.1 Toxicity of Insecticide, Monocrotophos, to Swainson's Hawks
299(1)
7.8.2 Carbamate Insecticides
299(2)
7.8.3 Phenylpyrazole Insecticides
301(1)
7.8.4 Pyrethroid Insecticides
301(1)
7.8.5 Neonicotinoid Insecticides
302(1)
7.8.6 Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
302(1)
7.8.7 Bipyridilium Herbicides
303(1)
7.8.8 Glyphosate Herbicide
303(1)
7.8.9 Triazine Herbicides
304(1)
7.8.10 Fungicides
304(1)
7.9 Flame Retardants
305(2)
7.10 Perfluoroalkyl Compounds
307(6)
Capsule 7.1 Mobility, Bioavailability and Remediation of PFAS Compounds in Soils
309(4)
Michael J. McLaughlin
7.11 Plasticizers
313(2)
7.12 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds
315(3)
Case Study 7.2 Decline of Populations of Gyps Vultures in South Asia
317(1)
7.13 Toxicovigilance
318(9)
Summary
319(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
319(1)
Abbreviations
320(1)
References
321(6)
8 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
327(28)
Christopher D. Metcalfe
Christopher J. Martyniuk
Valerie S. Langlois
David A. Wright
Learning Objectives
327(1)
8.1 Endocrine Disruption
327(1)
8.2 The Endocrine System and Its Disruption
328(8)
8.2.1 Neuroendocrine Control
330(1)
8.2.1.1 The Hypothalamic--Pituitary Axis
330(1)
8.2.1.2 Neuroendocrine Disruption
331(1)
8.2.2 Gonadotropins
332(1)
8.2.3 Steroid Hormones
333(1)
8.2.4 Thyroid Hormones
333(3)
8.3 Hormone Receptors
336(1)
8.4 Modes of Action of EDCs
337(1)
8.4.1 Agonists and Antagonists
337(1)
8.4.2 Altered Biosynthesis of Hormones
337(1)
8.4.3 Binding to Hormone Transport Proteins
338(1)
8.4.4 Altered Hormone Receptor Levels and Gene Expression
338(1)
8.5 Examples of EDCs
338(8)
8.5.1 Xenobiotics in Wastewater as Sex Steroid Mimics
341(1)
Case Study 8.1 Gonadal Intersex in Fish
341(1)
8.5.2 Phthalates as EDCs
342(1)
8.5.3 Atrazine as an EDC
343(1)
8.5.4 Flame Retardants as EDCs
343(1)
8.5.5 Legacy Contaminants as EDCs
344(1)
8.5.6 Organotins as EDCs
345(1)
8.6 EDCs as a Human Health Concern
346(1)
8.7 Conclusions
346(9)
Summary
347(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
347(1)
Abbreviations
348(1)
References
349(6)
9 Natural Toxins
355(24)
David A. Wright
Pamela M. Welbourn
Learning Objectives
355(1)
9.1 What Is a Toxin?
355(1)
9.2 Evolutionary Perspective and Role of Natural Toxins
356(1)
9.3 Toxins and Their Mode of Action
356(10)
9.3.1 Toxins Produced by Harmful Algal Blooms
357(1)
9.3.1.1 DomoicAcid
357(1)
9.3.1.2 Saxitoxin
358(1)
9.3.1.3 Brevotoxin
359(1)
9.3.1.4 Okadaic Acid
360(1)
9.3.1.5 Karlotoxin
360(1)
9.3.1.6 Tetrodotoxin
361(1)
9.3.1.7 Microcysuns
361(1)
9.3.1.8 Anatoxins
361(1)
9.3.2 Toxins Produced by Vascular Plants
361(1)
9.3.2.1 Naphthoquinones
362(1)
9.3.2.2 Lectins
363(1)
9.3.3 Toxins Produced by Microorganisms: Fungi and Bacteria
363(1)
9.3.3.1 Anthrax Toxin
363(1)
9.3.3.2 Microbial Methylation of Mercury
364(1)
9.3.3.3 Fungal Toxins
364(1)
9.3.4 Toxins Produced by Animals
365(1)
9.3.4.1 Venoms
365(1)
9.4 Defining the Ecological Advantage of Toxin Production
366(2)
9.5 Applications of Natural Toxins
368(2)
9.5.1 Pest-control Products
368(1)
9.5.1.1 Bt insecticide
369(1)
9.5.1.2 Quinones
370(1)
9.5.2 Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism
370(1)
9.6 Conclusions
370(9)
Summary
371(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
372(1)
Abbreviations
372(1)
References
373(2)
Appendix 9.1 Summary of Some Toxins, Their Sources and Effects
375(4)
10 Ionizing Radiation
379(30)
Louise Winn
Learning Objectives
379(1)
10.1 Non-ionizing Versus Ionizing Radiation
379(1)
10.2 Definitions
380(3)
10.2.1 What Is Ionizing Radiation?
380(2)
10.2.2 Units of Measurement
382(1)
10.3 Sources of Ionizing Radiation
383(6)
10.3.1 Background Ionizing Radiation
383(2)
10.3.2 Manufactured Ionizing Radiation for Medical Use
385(1)
10.3.3 Nuclear Weapons
385(1)
10.3.4 Nuclear Power
386(1)
10.3.4.1 Mining and Extraction
386(1)
10.3.4.2 Enrichment, Conversion and Fuel Fabrication
386(1)
10.3.4.3 In-core Fuel Management
386(1)
10.3.4.4 Fuel Reprocessing
387(1)
10.3.5 Nuclear Waste Management
387(1)
10.3.5.1 Short-lived Intermediate and Low-level Waste
388(1)
10.3.5.2 Long-lived Intermediate and High-level Waste
388(1)
10.4 Case Studies
389(2)
Case Study 10.1 The Chernobyl Accident
389(1)
Case Study 10.2 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
390(1)
10.5 Effects of Ionizing Radiation at the Molecular and Cellular Levels
391(4)
10.5.1 Cell Death
393(1)
10.5.2 DNA Damage
393(1)
10.5.3 Protein Damage
394(1)
10.5.4 Lipid Damage
394(1)
10.5.5 Epigenetic Effects
394(1)
10.5.6 Effects on the Immune System
395(1)
10.6 Risk Assessment of Ionizing Radiation
395(3)
10.7 Ecological Effects of Radiation
398(5)
Capsule 10.1 Radiological Protection of the Environment
399(4)
Nicholas A. Beresford
David Copplestone
10.8 Conclusions
403(6)
Summary
404(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
404(1)
Abbreviations
404(1)
References
405(4)
PART III COMPLEX ISSUES
409(46)
11 Complex Issues, Multiple Stressors and Lessons Learned
411(44)
Pamela M. Welbourn
Peter G. C. Campbell
Peter V. Hodson
Christopher D. Metcalfe
Learning Objectives
411(1)
11.1 Acidification of Freshwater, Terrestrial and Marine Systems
411(8)
11.1.1 Freshwater Acidification
412(1)
11.1.1.1 Chemical Effects
412(1)
11.1.1.2 Physical Changes
413(1)
11.1.1.3 Biological Effects and Risks for Sensitive Aquatic Systems
413(1)
11.1.2 The Effects of Acidification on Terrestrial Systems
414(1)
11.1.3 Regulation of Acidic Emissions and Recovery of Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems
415(1)
11.1.3.1 Abatement
416(1)
11.1.3.2 Treatment
417(1)
11.1.4 Acidification of Marine Systems: `The Other CO2 Problem'
417(1)
11.1.5 Lessons Learned
418(1)
11.2 Metal Mining and Smelting
419(12)
11.2.1 The Issue
419(1)
Capsule 11.1 Mercury and Silver: A History of Unexpected Environmental Consequences
420(4)
Saul Guerrero
11.2.2 Processes Involved in the Extraction and Purification of Metals
424(2)
11.2.3 Substances of Concern
426(1)
11.2.4 Ecotoxicological Impacts of Metal Mining and Smelting
427(1)
11.2.4.1 Rivers
428(2)
11.2.4.2 Lakes
430(1)
11.2.4.3 Coastal Marine Environments
430(1)
11.2.5 Lessons Learned
431(1)
11.3 Engineered Nanomaterials
431(8)
11.3.1 Routes of Exposure and Environmental Fate
433(1)
11.3.2 How Do Engineered Nanomaterials Enter Living Organisms?
434(1)
11.3.3 In Search of Nanotoxicity
435(2)
11.3.4 Lessons Learned
437(1)
Case Study 11.1 Whole-lake Addition of Nanosilver
438(1)
11.4 Pulp and Paper Production
439(16)
11.4.1 Evolution of Pulp and Paper Environmental Issues
440(1)
11.4.1.1 Making Paper from Wood
440(2)
11.4.1.2 Power Dams: Pulp Mills Need Water
442(1)
11.4.1.3 Oxygen Consuming and Toxic Wastes from Wood Pulping
442(2)
11.4.1.4 Toxic Chemicals from Pulp Bleaching
444(1)
11.4.2 Lessons Learned
445(1)
Summary
446(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
447(1)
Abbreviations
448(1)
References
448(7)
PART IV MANAGEMENT
455(96)
12 Regulatory Toxicology and Ecological Risk Assessment
457(30)
Peter V. Hodson
Pamela M. Welbourn
Peter G. C. Campbell
Learning Objectives
457(1)
12.1 The Need for Chemical Management and Regulation
457(1)
12.2 Legislation for Chemical Management
458(4)
12.2.1 The Process of Regulation
459(1)
12.2.1.1 Policy
459(1)
12.2.1.2 Legislation
459(1)
12.2.1.3 Regulations
459(1)
12.2.1.4 Departmental Responsibilities and Options for Chemical Management
460(1)
12.2.2 International Law and Multilateral Agreements
460(1)
12.2.3 Regulatory Challenges and Disparities
461(1)
12.2.3.1 Factors That Affect the Development and Implementation of Chemical Regulations
461(1)
12.3 Applying Ecotoxicology to Support Chemical Management
462(15)
12.3.1 Numerical Limits: Criteria, Objectives, Standards, Guidelines (contributed by Douglas I. Spry)
463(1)
12.3.1.1 How Numerical Limits Are Developed
463(1)
12.3.1.2 Numerical Limits for Soils, Sediments and Biological Tissue
464(1)
12.3.1.3 Future of Numerical Limits
465(1)
12.3.2 Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA)
465(1)
12.3.2.1 The Methodology of Ecological Risk Assessment
465(1)
12.3.2.2 Problem Formulation
466(1)
12.3.2.3 Analysis
467(1)
12.3.2.4 Risk Characterization
467(1)
12.3.2.5 Applications of ERA: Specific Chemicals
467(1)
12.3.2.6 Handling Uncertainty: An Integral Part of ERA
468(1)
12.3.3 Regulations for Individual Chemicals and Complex Mixtures in Environmental Media
469(1)
12.3.4 Enforcement of Environmental Regulations
470(1)
Capsule 12.1 The Sudbury Soils Study: An Area-wide Ecological Risk Assessment
471(5)
Christopher D. Wren
Glen Watson
Marc Butler
12.3.5 Environmental Surveillance and Monitoring
476(1)
Case Study 12.1 Monitoring Rivers to Assess the Adequacy of Pesticide Regulations
477(1)
12.4 The Future of Environmental Regulation
477(10)
Capsule 12.2 Legislation for Chemical Management -- Traditional Environmental Knowledge in the Regulation of Chemical Contaminants?
478(4)
F. Henry Lickers
Summary
482(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
482(1)
Abbreviations
483(1)
References
484(3)
13 Recovery of Contaminated Sites
487(28)
Pamela M. Welbourn
Peter V. Hodson
Learning Objectives
487(1)
13.1 Background
487(1)
13.2 Component Disciplines and Goals
488(2)
13.3 Definitions and Concepts
490(1)
13.4 Triggers for Action Towards Recovery
490(1)
13.5 Methods and Approaches for Recovery
491(1)
13.6 Engineering
492(2)
13.6.1 Removal and Off-site Disposal of Contaminated Material
492(1)
13.6.2 On-site Remediation
493(1)
Case Study 13.1 Entombment
493(1)
13.7 Monitored Natural Recovery (MNR)
494(9)
13.7.1 Passive Recovery for Surface Water
494(1)
13.7.2 Passive Recovery and Natural Attenuation for Sediments and Soils
495(1)
Capsule 13.1 The Enduring Legacy of Point-source Mercury Pollution
496(4)
John W. M. Rudd
Carol A. Kelly
Case Study 13.2 Recovery of Saglek Bay, Labrador
500(3)
13.8 Bioremediation
503(4)
Capsule 13.2 Bioremediation of Oil Spills
504(3)
Charles W. Greer
13.9 Recolonization and Phytoremediation
507(3)
13.9.1 Recolonization by Plants
507(1)
13.9.2 Recolonization by Fish and Other Animals
508(1)
13.9.3 Phytoremediation
509(1)
13.10 Conclusions
510(5)
Summary
511(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
511(1)
Abbreviations
512(1)
References
512(3)
14 Emerging Concerns and Future Visions
515(36)
David A. Wright
Peter G. C. Campbell
Learning Objectives
515(1)
14.1 Climate Change and Its Role in Ecotoxicology
515(7)
14.1.1 Interactions Between Climate Change and Ecotoxicology
517(1)
14.1.1.1 Ecotoxicological Effects of Climate Change on Individual Species
518(2)
14.1.1.2 Interspecific Effects of Climate Change on Ecotoxicology
520(1)
14.1.2 Regional Considerations
521(1)
14.1.3 Future Considerations
522(1)
14.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics
522(6)
14.2.1 Toxicology of Microplastics
524(1)
14.2.1.1 Adverse Physical Effects Through Tissue Damage and Inhibition of Movement
524(1)
14.2.1.2 Cellular Invasion by Small Particles (Nanospecific Effect)
525(1)
14.2.1.3 Toxicity of Chemical Constituents of Microplastics
525(1)
14.2.1.4 Toxicity of Adsorbed Chemicals
525(1)
14.2.2 Future Considerations
526(1)
14.2.2.1 Establishing Cause and Effect
526(1)
14.2.2.2 Mitigation
526(2)
14.3 Emerging Inorganic Contaminants
528(11)
14.3.1 Trends in Mining Activities
528(1)
14.3.2 Trends in Metal Use
529(2)
Capsule 14.1 Lithium -- A Critical Mineral Element: Sources, Extraction and Ecotoxicology
531(3)
Heather Jamieson
14.3.3 Future Considerations
534(1)
Case Study 14.1 Deep-sea Mining
534(5)
14.4 Emerging Concerns about Organic Contaminants
539(12)
14.4.1 Monitoring
539(1)
14.4.2 Non-targeted Screening
540(1)
14.4.3 Toxicity Evaluation
541(1)
14.4.4 Predictive Toxicology
542(1)
14.4.5 Applications of Predictive Toxicology in Ecological Risk Assessment
543(1)
14.4.6 Future Considerations
544(1)
Summary
544(1)
Review Questions and Exercises
545(1)
Abbreviations
546(1)
References
547(4)
Epilogue: A Final Perspective 551(1)
Updating Ecotoxicology 551(1)
Ecological Risk Assessments; Environmental Decision-making and Indigenous Rights 551(1)
Reliance on Environmental Modelling in Evaluating New Chemicals 552(1)
Interactions Between Ecotoxicology and 546 Human-induced Environmental Changes 552(1)
Looking to the Future 553(2)
Index 555
Peter G. C. Campbell is Emeritus Professor at the INRS Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre in Québec City, Canada, which he joined in 1968 after completing his PhD. Over the course of his career he has researched elements of analytical chemistry, geochemistry and ecotoxicology, with an emphasis on metal speciation and bioavailability. He co-directed the Metals in the Environment Research Network from 19982009 and held a Canada Research Chair in Metal Ecotoxicology from 2002 until his retirement in 2015. He was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Royal Society of Canada in 2002 and received the SETAC Founders' Award in 2019. Peter V. Hodson is Professor Emeritus at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. His recent research includes the toxicity of crude oil and oil dispersants to fish embryos and the role of chemicals in the decline of the American eel in Lake Ontario. He has authored numerous peer-reviewed papers, books and technical reports related to the toxicity of chemicals to fish and contamination of the Great Lakes and rivers of Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta. He was President of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) (19941995) and a member of its Board of Directors and the Board of the SETAC World Council (from 2004 to 2007), serving as the Chair of the World Council Science Committee. He was Program Chair of SETAC's 10th Annual Meeting in Toronto in 1989. Pamela M. Welbourn is currently an Adjunct Professor in the School of Environmental Studies at Queen's University, Canada. She was on the faculty at the University of Toronto from 1970 to 1990, where she was Director of the Department of the Institute for Environmental Studies from 1984 to 1989. Welbourn has published numerous peer-reviewed papers and technical reports, and has co-authored the textbook Environmental Toxicology (Cambridge, 2002). She has consulted for the private and public sector and also for non-governmental organisations. She holds two teaching awards and currently gives guest lectures and public lectures on ecotoxicology. David A. Wright is Emeritus Professor of Environmental Toxicology at the University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, USA. While advisor to fifteen MS and PhD students, he has conducted numerous studies on the effect of inorganic and organic contaminants on aquatic organisms. He has published numerous articles, books and technical reports on a variety of toxicological and maritime issues such as invasive species, and has co-authored the textbook Environmental Toxicology (Cambridge, 2002). He is a Fellow of the Institute for Engineering Science & Technology (IMarEST) and was Chief Scientist at the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon spill.