Contributors |
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xiv | |
Preface |
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xix | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxii | |
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Part I Transport of Radioactive Materials in the Environment |
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1 | (212) |
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1 Introduction: Basic Concepts Regarding the Fukushima Accident and Radiation and Radioactivity |
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5 | (45) |
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1.1 Overview of the Fukushima Accident |
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5 | (5) |
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1.2 Radioactive Elements, Radioactive Nuclides and Radioactive Substances |
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10 | (2) |
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1.3 Measurement of Radiation |
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12 | (3) |
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1.4 Example of y-Ray Spectrometry to Determine Accurate Radioactivity Values |
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15 | (5) |
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1.5 Radioactivity and Radiation Dose |
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20 | (2) |
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1.6 Effects of Radioactive Substances on Humans |
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22 | (3) |
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1.7 Environmental Transfer of Radioactive Substances |
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25 | (3) |
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1.8 Temporal Trends of Radioactive Substances after and before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: Quantitative Comparison |
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28 | (5) |
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1.9 Characteristics of Anthropogenic Radionuclides in the Atmosphere after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident |
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33 | (5) |
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1.10 Time-Dependent Change of Radiation Levels in the 80km Zone for Five Years after the Fukushima Accident |
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38 | (12) |
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44 | (6) |
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2 Estimation of Environmental Releases of Radioactive Materials |
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50 | (12) |
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2.1 Release of Radioactive Materials into the Atmosphere |
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50 | (1) |
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2.2 Reverse Estimation Method for the Source Term |
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51 | (1) |
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2.3 Release Rates of Radionuclides from the FDNPS |
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52 | (1) |
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2.4 Evaluation of the Release Rates |
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53 | (2) |
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2.5 Estimation of the Direct Release into the Ocean |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (3) |
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3 Diffusion in the Atmosphere |
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62 | (50) |
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3.1 The Atmospheric Transport Process for Radioactive Substances and the Effects of Meteorological Conditions |
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62 | (1) |
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3.2 Atmospheric Transportation and Deposition of the Radioactive Materials |
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63 | (10) |
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3.3 Atmospheric Dispersion of Releases |
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73 | (7) |
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3.4 What Would Have Happened if This Accident Had Occurred in a Different Season or at a Different Power Plant? |
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80 | (2) |
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3.5 Factors Contributing to Uncertainty in Atmospheric Diffusion Models |
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82 | (2) |
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3.6 Behaviour of Radioactive Substances Based on Atmospheric Monitoring at Fukushima University |
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84 | (7) |
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3.7 Atmospheric Radionuclides Concentrations Just After the Fukushima Accident |
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91 | (7) |
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3.8 Monitoring the Radioactivity of Atmospheric Aerosols and the Influence of Resuspension from the Ground |
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98 | (5) |
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3.9 Characteristics of Radioactive Materials in Aerosols |
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103 | (2) |
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3.10 Sizes and Distributions of Metallic Particles Caused by Burning or Explosion |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (6) |
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4 Global Transport of Radioactive Materials |
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112 | (16) |
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4.1 Global Observation of Radioactive Material |
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112 | (4) |
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4.2 Simulations of the Long-Range Transport of Radioactive Materials after the Accident |
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116 | (1) |
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4.3 Estimation of the Transport Pathway and Simulation of Radioactive Materials Using Global-Scale Models |
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117 | (3) |
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4.4 Inverse Estimation of Emission Fluxes Based on Global Observations and Numerical Simulations |
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120 | (3) |
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4.5 Future Issues in the Global Simulation of Radioactive Materials |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (3) |
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5 Ocean Transport of Radioactive Materials |
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128 | (39) |
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128 | (1) |
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5.2 Measurement of Radioactive Materials Over the Marine Atmosphere |
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129 | (2) |
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5.3 Behaviour of Radiocaesium from Rivers to the Coastal Marine Environment |
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131 | (3) |
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5.4 Transport of Radiocaesium in the North Pacific Ocean |
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134 | (4) |
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5.5 Dispersion Simulation and Estimation of the Total Amount of 137Cs Directly Discharged into the Ocean |
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138 | (3) |
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5.6 Investigation of Radioactive Contamination of Marine Biota: A Chronicle |
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141 | (3) |
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5.7 Pollution in Coastal Environments: Seawater and Sediment |
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144 | (4) |
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5.8 Pollution of Marine Fish and Shellfish |
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148 | (6) |
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5.9 Transfer Mechanisms of Radionuclides in the Marine Ecosystem |
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154 | (3) |
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5.10 Radioactive Caesium from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in Migratory Marine Animals |
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157 | (5) |
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162 | (5) |
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6 Diffusion and Deposition of Radioactive Materials in the Terrestrial Environment |
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167 | (46) |
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6.1 Overview of the Large-Scale Measurement of Radioactive Materials Deposited on Ground Surfaces |
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167 | (9) |
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6.2 Radionuclide Transfer from Forest Environments |
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176 | (6) |
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6.3 Sediment and Radionuclide Transfer from the Land to the Ocean: International Research Perspectives |
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182 | (4) |
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6.4 Distribution and Migration of Radioiodine in Terrestrial Environment |
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186 | (5) |
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6.5 Understanding the Migration Behaviour of Radiocaesium at the Molecular Scale |
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191 | (6) |
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6.6 Effects on Agricultural Products and Wild Plants |
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197 | (9) |
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206 | (7) |
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Part II Development and Future Issues for the Infrastructure of Disaster Prevention |
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213 | (44) |
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215 | (4) |
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219 | (11) |
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219 | (1) |
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7.2 Radiation Monitoring Facilities |
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220 | (4) |
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7.3 Information Necessary for Off-Site Countermeasures |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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8 Dispersion Modelling of Radioactive Materials |
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230 | (13) |
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230 | (3) |
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8.2 Role of SPEEDI in the Emergency Response Framework |
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233 | (2) |
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8.3 Response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident |
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235 | (1) |
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8.4 How Should We Have Utilised SPEEDI? |
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236 | (2) |
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8.5 Lessons and Tasks for SPEEDI from the Accident |
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238 | (1) |
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8.6 Recent Status of Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (2) |
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9 Off-Site Decontamination |
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243 | (14) |
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9.1 Concept of Decontamination and Its Application |
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243 | (2) |
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9.2 Decontamination Techniques Used at Contaminated Sites |
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245 | (1) |
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9.3 Timeline of the Decontamination-Related Events Following the Disaster |
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246 | (3) |
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9.4 Demonstration Tests and Demonstration Model Projects for Decontamination Technologies |
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249 | (2) |
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9.5 Contamination Levels Required to Trigger Intensive Survey for the Necessity of Decontamination Work and of the Goals of Decontamination |
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251 | (2) |
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9.6 Temporary and Interim Storage, Processing and the Final Disposal of Soil and Waste Generated by Decontamination |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Part III Lessons and Future Issues from the Fukushima Accident |
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257 | (77) |
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10 Urgent Actions by Scientists |
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261 | (23) |
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10.1 The Gathering and Distribution of Information Required for Applying Countermeasures at the Disaster Site |
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261 | (1) |
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10.2 The Need for Interdisciplinary Research |
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262 | (6) |
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10.3 Explanation of Scientific Phenomena and Uncertainties: The Importance of Validation -Lessons from the IPCC |
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268 | (3) |
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10.4 Proposal for Group Voice: Going beyond the Limits of One Voice and Making Information Provided by Scientists Available to the Public in Emergency Situations |
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271 | (6) |
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10.5 The Autonomous Dissemination of Information from Scientists |
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277 | (7) |
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11 Emergency Actions and Messages Related to the Fukushima Accident |
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284 | (44) |
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11.1 Reports from Fukushima University |
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284 | (7) |
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11.2 Efforts of the Science Council of Japan and Scientific Societies and Unions |
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291 | (3) |
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11.3 Urgent Atmospheric Measurements Under Collaboration between Geoscientists and Radiological Chemists |
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294 | (3) |
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11.4 Urgent Survey for the Disaster at Sea |
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297 | (8) |
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11.5 Participation of Nuclear Physicists in the Screening Survey |
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305 | (4) |
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11.6 Large-Scale Investigation of Deposited Radioactive Materials |
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309 | (14) |
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11.7 Scientists' Contribution to the Study of Forests |
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323 | (2) |
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11.8 Specific Characteristics of the Fukushima Accident |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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12 Recommendations for the Fukushima Project from Foreign Scientists |
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328 | (6) |
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12.1 Emergency Response Improvements Following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident |
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328 | (3) |
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12.2 Suggestions for Future Steps to be Taken by Japan |
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331 | (2) |
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12.3 Recommendations to Japanese Researchers |
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333 | (1) |
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References |
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334 | (1) |
Glossary |
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335 | (16) |
Names of Locations |
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351 | (2) |
Index |
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353 | |