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Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine - Volume 21: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [Kõva köide]

Editor-in-chief (Rmit Univ, Australia), (Guangdong Provincial Hospital Of Chinese Medicine, China), (Rmit Univ, Australia), Editor-in-chief (Guangdong Provincial Hospital Of Chinese Medicine, China)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is A Chronic Progressive Disease Characterised By Hyperglycaemia. It Affects Many People Around The World And Creates Burden For The Individual As Well As The Economy. Chinese Medicine Can Be Used To Support The Management Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms. Chapter 1 Of The Book Summarises The Conventional Understanding Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Including Aetiology, Diagnosis And Current Available Treatments. This Book Uses The 'Whole Evidence' Approach To Give An Overview Of The Available Evidence For Chinese Medicine Treatment For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, From Classical Literature To Clinical Evidence. Evidence From Clinical Studies Are Evaluated Using High-Quality And Rigorous Scientific Methodology. Clinical Trial Literature Of Chinese Medicine Treatments For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Are Described, With Treatment Modalities Including Chinese Herbal Medicine, Acupuncture And Other Chinese Medicine Therapies. The Findings Are Analysed And Potential Implications For Clinical Practice And Research Are Explored. Experimental Studies That Describe The Potential Mechanisms Of Action Of Key Herbs Are Summarised. Current Evidence Of Chinese Medicine For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Is Synthesised In The Final Chapter, And Suggestions For Contemporary Clinical Practice And Future Research Are Also Offered. Targeted At Clinicians And Students Of Chinese And Integrative Medicine, This Book Is A Convenient Reference That Provides Comprehensive Synthesis Of Both Classical And Contemporary Knowledge, Which Can Support And Be Incorporated Into Their Clinical Practice.

Disclaimer v
Foreword vii
Purpose of the Monograph xi
Authors and Contributors xv
Member of Advisory Committee and Panel xvii
Distinguished Professor Charlie Changli Xue, Ph.D. xix
Professor Chuanjian Lu, M.D. xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Figures
xxxix
List of Tables
xli
1 Introduction to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1(28)
Definition of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1(1)
Clinical Presentation
2(1)
Epidemiology
2(1)
Burden
3(1)
Risk Factors
4(1)
Pathological Processes
5(1)
Beta Cell Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance
6(2)
Genes
8(1)
Diet and Obesity
9(1)
Importance of Intestine
10(1)
Systemic Inflammation
10(1)
Screening
11(1)
Diagnosis
12(2)
Management
14(1)
Prevention
14(1)
Pharmacological Treatment
15(5)
Non-pharmacological Treatment
20(2)
Prognosis
22(1)
References
23(6)
2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Medicine
29(26)
Introduction
29(2)
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
31(1)
Aetiology
31(1)
Pathogenesis
32(2)
Syndrome Differentiation and Treatments
34(1)
Oral Chinese Medicine Herbal Medicine Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation
35(1)
Dryness-Heat Damaging the jin
35(1)
Spleen Qi Deficiency and Damp Retention
36(1)
Liver Qi Stagnation
36(1)
Retention of Dampness
37(1)
Deficiency of Qi and Blood
38(1)
Blood Stasis
39(1)
Deficiency of Kidney Yang
40(1)
Deficiency of Kidney Yin
41(1)
Damp-Heat in the Liver and Gallbladder MBMM
42(1)
Damp-Heat in the Lower-jiao
43(2)
Other Herbal Formula
45(1)
Acupuncture and Related Treatments
46(1)
Body Acupuncture
46(1)
Auricular Needling
46(1)
Moxibustion
47(1)
Tuina Massage
47(3)
Other Management Strategies
50(1)
Prevention
50(1)
Rehabilitation
50(1)
Lifestyle
50(1)
Dietary
50(2)
Mental Health Care
52(1)
References
52(3)
3 Classical Chinese Medicine Literature
55(26)
Introduction
55(1)
Search Terms
56(1)
Procedures for Search, Data Coding, Data Analysis
57(3)
Search Results
60(1)
Citations Related to Diabetes
61(1)
Definitions of the Condition and Aetiology
62(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine
64(1)
Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty
64(1)
Treatment with Chinese Herbal Medicine
65(1)
Most Frequent Formulae in Possible Diabetes Citations
65(4)
Most Frequent Herbs in Possible Diabetes Citations
69(2)
Most Frequent Formulae in Most Likely Diabetes Citations
71(2)
Most Frequent Herbs in Most Likely Diabetes Citations
73(1)
Discussion of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Diabetes
74(1)
Acupuncture and Related Therapies
75(1)
Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty
75(1)
Treatment with Acupuncture and Related Therapies
76(1)
Most Frequent Acupuncture Points in Acupuncture Citations
76(1)
Discussion of Acupuncture for Diabetes
77(1)
Classical Literature in Perspective
78(1)
References
79(2)
4 Methods for Evaluating Clinical Evidence
81(18)
Introduction
81(1)
Search Strategy
82(1)
Inclusion Criteria
83(2)
Exclusion Criteria
85(1)
Outcomes
85(2)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
87(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
87(1)
Glycated Haemoglobin
87(1)
Body Mass Index
88(1)
Diabetes-Specific Quality of Life Scale
88(1)
Fasting Insulin
89(1)
Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance
89(1)
Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Sensitivity
89(1)
Fasting Oh C-peptide
90(1)
Plasma Lipids (Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein, High-Density Lipoprotein)
90(1)
Adverse Events
91(1)
Risk of Bias Assessment
91(1)
Statistical Analyses
92(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
93(2)
References
95(4)
5 Clinical Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine
99(116)
Introduction
99(1)
Previous Systematic Reviews
100(2)
Identification of Clinical Studies
102(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatments
103(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
104(3)
Risk of Bias
107(1)
Outcomes
107(1)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
108(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
108(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
109(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
109(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Pharmacotherapy vs. Pharmacotherapy
111(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
112(4)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
116(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
116(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
116(3)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
119(4)
Glycated Haemoglobin
123(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
123(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
123(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
123(3)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
126(4)
Quality of Life Scale for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
130(1)
Body Mass Index
130(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
130(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
130(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
131(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
132(3)
Triglyceride
135(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
135(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
135(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
135(3)
CHM Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
138(1)
Total Cholesterol
138(3)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
141(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
141(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
142(2)
CHM Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
144(4)
Low-Density Lipoprotein
148(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
148(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
148(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
148(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
150(4)
High-Density Lipoprotein
154(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
154(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
154(1)
CHM vs. Pharmacotherapy
154(2)
CHM Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
156(3)
Fasting Insulin
159(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
160(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
160(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
160(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
162(3)
Insulin Resistance Index
165(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
165(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
165(1)
CHM Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
166(3)
Insulin Sensitivity Index
169(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
169(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
171(2)
C-peptide
173(1)
CHM Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
173(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
174(1)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
174(2)
Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Pharmacotherapy vs. Pharmacotherapy
176(1)
Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence for Individual Oral Formulae
177(1)
Liu wei di huang wan
178(1)
Shen qi jiang tang ke li
178(1)
Jin li da ke li
179(1)
Xiao ke fang
179(1)
Yu quan wan
179(1)
Tian mai xiao ke plan
180(1)
Zhi bo di huang tang
180(1)
Ku gua jiao nang
180(1)
Frequently Reported Orally Used Herbs in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect
180(4)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Randomised Controlled Trials
184(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Placebo
186(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Lifestyle Intervention
186(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
186(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
187(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
187(2)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
189(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
189(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
189(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
189(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
189(1)
CHM Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
189(1)
Glycoslated Haemoglobin A1C
190(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
190(1)
CHM Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
190(1)
Body Mass Index
190(1)
Triglycerides
190(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
190(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
191(1)
Total Cholesterol
191(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
191(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
191(1)
Low-density Lipoprotein
191(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
191(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine and Hypoglycaemic Agents vs. Hypoglycaemic Agents
192(1)
High-density Lipoprotein
192(1)
Fasting Insulin
192(1)
Insulin Resistance Index
192(1)
Safety of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine in Controlled Clinical Trials
192(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine
193(1)
Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Non-controlled Studies
194(1)
Clinical Evidence for Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatments
194(1)
Ce gen qin Han tang
195(1)
Shen ling bai zhu
195(1)
Summary of Chinese Herbal Medicine Clinical Evidence
195(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine
196(1)
Integrative Medicine
197(1)
References
198(1)
Study References Included in Chinese Herbal Medicine Clinical Studies
198(17)
6 Pharmacological Actions of Frequently Used Herbs
215(22)
Introduction
215(1)
Methods
216(1)
Experimental Studies on huang qi
217(1)
Experimental Studies on sheng di huang
218(1)
Experimental Studies on ge gen
219(1)
Experimental Studies on huang Han
220(2)
Experimental Studies on dan shen
222(1)
Experimental Studies on mai men dong
223(2)
Experimental Studies on shan yao
225(1)
Experimental Studies on fu
226(1)
Experimental Studies on tian hua fen
226(1)
Experimental Studies on zhi mu
227(1)
Summary of Pharmacological Actions
228(1)
References
229(8)
7 Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Related Therapies
237(12)
Introduction
237(1)
Previous Systematic Reviews
238(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
238(1)
Acupuncture
239(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Acupuncture
240(1)
Risk of Bias
240(1)
Acupuncture as Integrative Medicine vs. Pharmacotherapy
241(1)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
241(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
241(1)
Glycated Haemoglobin
241(1)
Body Mass Index
241(1)
Triglyceride
242(1)
Low-density Lipoprotein
242(1)
High-density Lipoprotein
242(1)
Fasting Insulin
242(1)
Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance
243(1)
Acupuncture Plus Lifestyle Therapy vs. Lifestyle Therapy
243(1)
Frequently Reported Acupuncture Points in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect
243(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Acupuncture
243(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Acupuncture
243(1)
Safety of Acupuncture
244(1)
Moxibustion
244(1)
Summary of Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Related Therapies
245(1)
References
246(1)
References for Included Acupuncture Therapies Clinical Studies
246(3)
8 Clinical Evidence for Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
249(20)
Introduction
249(1)
Previous Systematic Reviews
250(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
251(1)
Chinese Medicine Diet Therapy
252(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Chinese Medicine Diet Therapy
252(1)
Risk of Bias
253(1)
Outcomes
253(1)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
253(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
253(1)
Glycated Haemoglobin
254(1)
Body Mass Index
254(1)
Triglyceride
254(1)
Total Cholesterol
254(1)
Low-density Lipoprotein
254(1)
High-density Lipoprotein
254(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Chinese Medicine Diet Therapy
255(1)
Non-controlled Studies of Chinese Medicine Diet Therapy
255(1)
Safety of Chinese Medicine Diet Therapy
255(1)
Baduanjin
255(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Baduanjin
255(1)
Risk of Bias
256(1)
Outcomes
256(1)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
257(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
257(1)
Glycated Haemoglobin
257(1)
Body Mass Index
258(1)
Triglyceride
258(1)
Total Cholesterol
258(1)
Low-density Lipoprotein
259(1)
High-density Lipoprotein
259(1)
Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
259(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Baduanjin
260(1)
Non-Controlled Studies of Baduanjin
261(1)
Safety of Baduanjin
261(1)
Taichi
261(1)
Risk of Bias
261(1)
Outcomes
262(1)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
262(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
262(1)
Glycated Haemoglobin
262(1)
Body Mass Index
263(1)
Triglyceride
263(1)
Total Cholesterol
263(1)
Low-density Lipoprotein
263(1)
High-density Lipoprotein
263(1)
Assessment using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
264(1)
Safety of Taichi
264(1)
Tuina
264(1)
Risk of Bias
264(2)
Outcomes
266(1)
Fasting Plasma Glucose
266(1)
Postprandial Blood Glucose
266(1)
Safety of Tuina
266(1)
Summary of Other Chinese Medicine Clinical Evidence
266(1)
References
267(1)
References for Included Other Chinese Medicine Therapies Clinical Studies
268(1)
9 Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies
269(10)
Introduction
269(1)
Identification of Clinical Studies
269(1)
Randomised Controlled Trials of Combination Therapies
270(1)
Risk of Bias
271(1)
Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies from Randomised Controlled Trials
271(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Acupuncture
271(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Acupuncture Plus Metformin
272(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Tuina Plus Pioglitazone
272(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Baduanjin Plus Metformin
272(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Moxibustion Plus Sulfonylureas and α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
274(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Acupuncture, Massage, Chinese Medicine Diet Therapy and Metformin
274(1)
Controlled Clinical Trials of Combination Therapies
275(1)
Non-Controlled Studies of Combination Therapies
275(1)
Summary of Clinical Evidence for CombinationTherapies
276(1)
References for Included Combination Therapies Clinical Studies
277(2)
10 Summary and Conclusions
279(20)
Introduction
279(1)
Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation
280(1)
Chinese Herbal Medicine
281(2)
Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulae in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies
283(5)
Acupuncture and Related Therapies
288(3)
Other Chinese Medicine Therapies
291(1)
Limitations of Evidence
292(2)
Implications for Practice
294(1)
Implications for Research
295(1)
Clinical Trial Design
296(1)
References
297(2)
Glossary 299(10)
Index 309