| Contributors |
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ix | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
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1 The Discovery of Fasciola hepatica and its Life Cycle |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The Discovery of the Life Cycle |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (10) |
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15 | (8) |
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2 Fasciola hepatica Larval Development Within the Intermediate Host |
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23 | (42) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.2 Snail Hosts of Fasciola hepatica |
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23 | (2) |
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2.3 Dynamics of Larval Forms Within the Snail |
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25 | (7) |
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2.4 Cercarial Shedding of Fasciola hepatica |
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32 | (4) |
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2.5 Snail Infection by the Parasite |
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36 | (12) |
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48 | (2) |
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2.7 Consequences of Parasitism on the Snail |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (13) |
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3 Development of Fasciola hepatica in the Mammalian Host |
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65 | (47) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (14) |
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79 | (4) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (4) |
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88 | (3) |
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91 | (4) |
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95 | (4) |
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3.9 In vitro Models of Fluke Infection |
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99 | (2) |
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3.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (10) |
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4 The Reproductive System of Fasciola hepatica |
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112 | (33) |
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112 | (1) |
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4.2 Arrangement of Gonads, Accessory Organs and Ducts |
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113 | (1) |
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4.3 Development of the Reproductive System |
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114 | (1) |
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4.4 Male Reproductive System |
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115 | (8) |
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4.5 Female Reproductive System |
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123 | (10) |
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133 | (7) |
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4.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (4) |
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5 Pathology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects |
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145 | (35) |
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145 | (9) |
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154 | (2) |
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5.3 Pathophysiology and Metabolic Aspects |
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156 | (4) |
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160 | (5) |
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5.5 Fasciola and its Host |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (11) |
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6 Epidemiology and Control |
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180 | (31) |
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Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer |
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180 | (1) |
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6.2 Parasite, Host and Intermediate Host Species |
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180 | (2) |
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6.3 The Effects of Climate and Environment on Fasciola spp. |
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182 | (4) |
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6.4 Effects of Climate Change |
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186 | (1) |
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6.5 Management Factors Affecting Transmission |
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186 | (1) |
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6.6 Other Effects on Transmission |
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187 | (1) |
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6.7 Resistance to Fasciolosis in Livestock |
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188 | (1) |
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6.8 Economic Effects of Fasciolosis in Livestock |
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189 | (1) |
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6.9 Control Options for Fasciolosis |
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190 | (5) |
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6.10 Risk Maps, Models and Forecasting Systems |
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195 | (6) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (10) |
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7 Flukicidal Drugs: Pharmaco-therapeutics and Drug Resistance |
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211 | (45) |
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211 | (1) |
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7.2 Pharmaco-therapeutics |
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211 | (9) |
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7.3 Flukicide Pharmacokinetics |
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220 | (4) |
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7.4 Mechanisms of Drug Entry into Adult Liver Flukes |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (12) |
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7.6 Mechanism(s) of Resistance |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (13) |
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256 | (22) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (13) |
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8.4 Biosynthetic Capacities |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (5) |
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9 Immunological Interaction Between Fasciola and its Host |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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9.2 Infection in the Natural Host |
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279 | (5) |
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9.3 Infection in Experimental Hosts |
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284 | (4) |
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9.4 Bystander Effects of Fasciola hepatica Infection |
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288 | (1) |
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9.5 Therapeutic Potential of Fasciola hepatica-derived Molecules |
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289 | (6) |
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9.6 Conclusions and Future Directions |
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295 | (4) |
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299 | (9) |
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10 Diagnostics for Animal and Human Fasciolosis |
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308 | (30) |
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Victoria Martinez-Sernandez |
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308 | (1) |
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10.2 Methods for Diagnosis of Fasciolosis at the Early Stage of Infection |
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309 | (7) |
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10.3 Diagnosis During the Early Biliary and Chronic Phases of Infection |
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316 | (6) |
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10.4 Detection of Ova in Stools by Microscopy |
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322 | (2) |
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10.5 Diagnosis by Molecular Techniques |
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324 | (1) |
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10.6 Adaptations and Complementary Diagnostic Methods |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (10) |
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11 Applying `Omics' Technologies to Understand Fasciola spp. Biology |
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338 | (1) |
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Carolina De Marco Verissimo |
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338 | (2) |
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11.2 The Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes |
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340 | (4) |
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11.3 Transcriptomics and Stage-specific Gene Expression |
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344 | (5) |
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349 | (4) |
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11.5 Proteomics Identify Proteins in Parasite-Host Interactions |
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353 | (4) |
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11.6 Extracellular Vesicles |
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357 | (3) |
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11.7 Glycomics Identify Sugars in Parasite-Host Interactions |
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360 | (4) |
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11.8 Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Host Responses to F. hepatica |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (12) |
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12 Vaccines for Fasciola: New Thinking for an Old Problem |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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12.2 Recent Vaccine Studies in Livestock (2014-2020) |
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380 | (5) |
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12.3 A Potential Way Forward |
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385 | (1) |
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12.4 Identifying New Protein Vaccine Candidates on the Surface Tegument of Juvenile Flukes |
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386 | (1) |
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12.5 Potential Mechanisms of Immunity Against Fasciola hepatica |
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387 | (3) |
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12.6 Glycans and Glycoconjugates as Vaccine Targets |
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390 | (2) |
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12.7 Whole Exosomes, Exosome Extracts and Exosome Antigens as Vaccines |
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392 | (3) |
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12.8 New Adj uvants to Enhance Liver Fluke Vaccine Efficacy |
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395 | (5) |
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12.9 Assessing Liver Fluke Vaccine Efficacy in Cattle Based on Reduction in Intensity of Fluke Burden |
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400 | (7) |
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12.10 Commercial Considerations in Liver Fluke Vaccine Development |
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407 | (3) |
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410 | (13) |
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13 Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola Hybrids in Southeast Asia |
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423 | (38) |
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Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani |
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423 | (1) |
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13.2 Fasciola gigantica Life Cycle |
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424 | (10) |
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13.3 Production and Economic Impacts of Fasciolosis in Southeast Asia |
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434 | (4) |
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13.4 Control of Fasciola gigantica |
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438 | (1) |
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13.5 Diagnosis in the Developing World |
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439 | (3) |
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13.6 Genetic Characterization of F. gigantica and Fasciola Hybrids |
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442 | (2) |
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444 | (2) |
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13.8 Future Directions for E gigantica Research |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (14) |
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14 Global Impact of Human Fasciolosis |
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461 | (32) |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (3) |
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14.3 Pathology in the Human Host |
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464 | (8) |
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14.4 Treatment of Human Fasciolosis |
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472 | (9) |
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481 | (2) |
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483 | (10) |
| Index |
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