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E-raamat: Feeding of Nations: Redefining Food Security for the 21st Century

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  • ISBN-13: 9781040057711
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Feeding of Nations: Redefining Food Security for the 21st CenturySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040057711
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In the last decade, the world has grown richer and produced more food than ever before. Yet in that same period, hunger has increased and 925 million remain underfed and malnourished. Exploring this troubling paradox, The Feeding of Nations: Re-Defining Food Security for the 21st Century offers a glimpse into how the simple aspiration of global food security has evolved and unfolded—with sometimes contradictory and counterproductive policies, agendas, and ideologies.

Providing a holistic analysis of the issues surrounding food security, this volume engages in a cross-disciplinary approach that makes the subject accessible to readers and academically rigorous in delivery. Topics discussed include:

  • A brief overview of our current understanding of the prevalence of hunger and malnutrition
  • Historical perspectives on the feeding of nations, to understand how we arrived at this point
  • Contemporary motivations that led to the creation of the modern concept of food security
  • The many different sectors related to food security, including agriculture, environment, and policy
  • The goals that society has set regarding food security, the means by which these are to be achieved, and current thoughts on solutions

The book contains a broad set of appendices that enable focused study on critical topics presented in the text. Uniquely amalgamating all the disparate elements of food security into one volume, it sets the record straight about the origins and evolution of the phenomenon while dispelling myths along the way.

Arvustused

"Undoubtedly, the consolidation of so much information on the topic in a single volume will be much appreciated by those grappling with this timely issue."D. M Gilbert, Maine Maritime Academy, in Choice

"I would wholeheartedly recommend this book as a reference source to anyone involved with, or interested in, food security. It is both succinct and well referenced."Chemistry World, September 2012 "Undoubtedly, the consolidation of so much information on the topic in a single volume will be much appreciated by those grappling with this timely issue."D. M Gilbert, Maine Maritime Academy, in Choice"I would wholeheartedly recommend this book as a reference source to anyone involved with, or interested in, food security. It is both succinct and well referenced."Chemistry World, September 2012

List of Figures
xxiii
List of Tables
xxvii
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgements xxxv
Introduction xxxvii
Author xxxix
List of Abbreviations
xli
Part I Food Security: What Is It, How and Who Does It Affect?
1 Food Security: What Is It?
5(22)
1.1 By Whose Standards?
6(1)
1.2 Popular Definitions
6(2)
1.2.1 FAO Definition
7(1)
1.2.2 US Definitions
7(1)
1.2.2.1 USDA Definition
7(1)
1.2.2.2 USAID Definition
7(1)
1.2.2.3 PL 480: Food for Peace
8(1)
1.3 Understanding Food Security
8(7)
1.3.1 The Four-Pillars Model
8(2)
1.3.2 Different Levels
10(1)
1.3.3 Chronic, Temporal, Temporary or Cyclical
11(1)
1.3.3.1 Chronic (Continuous)
11(1)
1.3.3.2 Temporal (Temporary or Transitory)
11(1)
1.3.3.3 Cyclic (Seasonal)
11(1)
1.3.4 Different Things to Different People
11(1)
1.3.4.1 Sustainable Livelihoods and Asset-Based Models
12(1)
1.3.4.2 SLA, Endowment Sets and Entitlement Mapping
13(1)
1.3.4.3 Advantages and Limitations
14(1)
1.3.4.4 Household and Community Food Security
14(1)
1.3.4.5 Vulnerability
14(1)
1.4 Confusion, Consternation and Contradiction
15(1)
1.5 Measuring and Monitoring the Food Insecure
16(3)
1.5.1 No Single Measure
16(1)
1.5.2 Suite of Indicators
17(2)
1.6 Identifying the Vulnerable
19(8)
1.6.1 Women
20(1)
1.6.2 Infants and Children
21(1)
1.6.3 Poor
21(1)
References
21(6)
2 Good Nutrition: A Basic Introduction
27(22)
2.1 Nutrients
27(6)
2.1.1 Macronutrients and Micronutrients
29(1)
2.1.1.1 Macronutrients
29(3)
2.1.1.2 Micronutrients
32(1)
2.2 Dietary Guidelines
33(16)
2.2.1 UN (WHO/FAO): Dietary Recommendations/Nutritional Requirements
34(1)
2.2.1.1 Macronutrients (Energy)
34(1)
2.2.1.2 Micronutrients
34(1)
2.2.2 The United States: Dietary Reference Intakes
34(1)
2.2.2.1 Macronutrients (Energy)
35(1)
2.2.2.2 Micronutrients
35(1)
2.2.3 EU Dietary Reference Values
35(1)
2.2.3.1 Macronutrients (Energy)
35(1)
2.2.3.2 Micronutrients
35(1)
2.2.4 Energy Requirement Guidelines
36(1)
2.2.4.1 Calculating Total Energy Expenditure
37(2)
2.2.4.2 Average and Minimum Guidelines
39(5)
2.2.4.3 Balanced Energy Portfolio
44(1)
2.2.5 Macronutrient and Micronutrient Tables
44(1)
References
44(5)
3 Bad `Mal'-nutrition: The Physiology of Hunger
49(26)
3.1 Malnutrition and Nutritional Disorders
49(16)
3.1.1 Nomenclature
49(1)
3.1.1.1 Hunger
50(1)
3.1.1.2 Malnutrition
50(1)
3.1.1.3 Undernourishment/Undernutrition
51(1)
3.1.1.4 Overnutrition
51(1)
3.1.2 Dying of Hunger
51(2)
3.1.3 Macronutrient Malnutrition
53(1)
3.1.3.1 Diet and Non-Communicable Diseases
53(1)
3.1.3.2 Protein Energy Undernutrition
54(3)
3.1.3.3 Secondary Causes of PEU
57(1)
3.1.4 Micronutrient Malnutrition
57(3)
3.1.4.1 Vitamin Deficiencies
60(2)
3.1.4.2 Mineral Deficiencies
62(1)
3.1.4.3 Treatment and Rehabilitation
63(2)
3.2 Malnutrition, Disease and Child Mortality
65(1)
3.3 Measurement and Assessment
66(9)
3.3.1 Direct
67(1)
3.3.2 Indirect
68(1)
References
69(6)
4 Food Security: The Global Picture
75(34)
4.1 Boundaries, Classifications and Geo-Spatial Demarcation
75(4)
4.2 Data Relevance
79(1)
4.3 Food Security Outlook
79(18)
4.3.1 Availability
80(1)
4.3.1.1 Dietary Energy Supply
80(1)
4.3.1.2 Depth of Hunger Stats 2004-06
81(1)
4.3.1.3 USDA/Economic Research Service
81(1)
4.3.1.4 Cereals, Roots and Tubers as Percentage of DES
82(1)
4.3.2 Access
83(1)
4.3.2.1 People Living on Less Than $1 per Day
83(1)
4.3.3 Utilisation
84(2)
4.3.4 Stability
86(1)
4.3.4.1 Number of Countries Facing Food Emergencies
86(1)
4.3.4.2 Conflict, War and the Displaced
86(1)
4.3.5 Health and Development
87(1)
4.3.5.1 Life Expectancy at Birth
87(1)
4.3.5.2 Under-5 Mortality Rate
87(3)
4.3.6 Nutritional Status
90(1)
4.3.6.1 Undernourished and Underweight
90(6)
4.3.6.2 Micronutrient Deficiency
96(1)
4.4 Sufficient Food
97(2)
4.5 Different Methodologies, Different Pictures
99(10)
References
100(3)
Summary of Part I
103(6)
Part II History: A Fledgling Construct
5 Sociocultural Evolution
109(14)
5.1 The Beginnings and Growth of Agricultural Civilisation
109(2)
5.1.1 The Rise of Modern Agriculture: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
110(1)
5.1.2 1492: The Columbian Exchange
110(1)
5.1.3 Agricultural Colonialism
110(1)
5.2 The Revolutions: 1650 Onwards
111(3)
5.2.1 Agricultural Evolution
111(1)
5.2.2 Industrial Revolution
111(3)
5.2.3 The Productivity Curve
114(1)
5.3 Population Pressures: Growth, Capacity and Sustainability
114(9)
5.3.1 Growth
114(1)
5.3.2 Trends
115(1)
5.3.3 The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus: The Malthusian Debate
115(2)
5.3.3.1 Lasting Legacy
117(1)
5.3.4 Optimum Population and Sustainable Carrying Capacity
118(1)
References
118(5)
6 Governance, Philosophy, Politics and Economics
123(12)
6.1 Intellectual Origins of Political Internationalist Discourse: Governance and Responsibility
123(2)
6.1.1 Perpetual Peace: Utilitarianism
123(2)
6.1.2 Social and Political Interdependence
125(1)
6.1.3 The Concert of Europe
125(1)
6.2 Western Economic Development
125(3)
6.2.1 Feudalism and Mercantilism
126(1)
6.2.2 Colonialism: Western Wealth Creation
127(1)
6.2.3 Free Trade versus Protectionism
127(1)
6.3 Social Awakenings: Philanthropy and Humanitarianism
128(7)
6.3.1 Famine: The Black Horseman of the Apocalypse
128(2)
6.3.2 Humanitarianism: Local and International Intervention
130(1)
6.3.3 International Peace
131(1)
6.3.3.1 The Red Cross
131(1)
6.3.3.2 Geneva Conventions and the Permanent Court of Arbitration
131(1)
6.3.3.3 The 1899 International Peace Conference, Hague
131(1)
References
132(3)
7 Science, Technology and Philosophy
135(24)
7.1 Origins of Life: Creationism, Evolution, Holism or Reductionism?
135(4)
7.1.1 Spontaneous Generation and Vitalism
135(1)
7.1.2 Vitalism versus Biological Mechanism
136(2)
7.1.3 Darwinism, Complexity and the Pre-Biotic Soup
138(1)
7.2 Biotechnology and the Bio-Sciences
139(5)
7.2.1 Zymotechnology
139(1)
7.2.2 Micro-Organisms and Food Microbiology
140(1)
7.2.2.1 Germ Theory
140(1)
7.2.3 Early Genetic Engineering: Hybridisation and Cross-Breeding
141(1)
7.2.3.1 Plants
141(3)
7.3 Health and Nutrition
144(15)
7.3.1 Humoralism: The Balance of Diet and Health
145(1)
7.3.2 Linking Diet and Health
146(1)
7.3.2.1 Lavoisier, Boussingault, Liebig and Others
146(1)
7.3.2.2 Voit
147(1)
7.3.3 The First Dietary Studies
147(1)
7.3.3.1 Frankland
147(1)
7.3.3.2 Voit
147(1)
7.3.3.3 Rubner
148(1)
7.3.3.4 Atwater
148(1)
7.3.3.5 Basal Metabolism
148(2)
References
150(5)
Summary of Part II
155(4)
Part III History: Twentieth Century
8 Twentieth Century: The Feeding of Nations---A New Global Enthusiasm
159(12)
8.1 Background
159(1)
8.2 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
159(3)
8.2.1 Rationing and Food Control Measures
160(1)
8.2.2 Bio-Dynamics and Organic Farming
161(1)
8.3 Science and Technology
162(1)
8.3.1 Biotechnology
162(1)
8.4 Health and Nutrition
162(5)
8.4.1 International Standards of Dietary Nutrition
163(4)
8.5 Period Summary
167(1)
8.6 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
167(4)
References
168(3)
9 The Inter-War Years: 1919-1939
171(22)
9.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
171(5)
9.1.1 The League of Nations 1919
171(1)
9.1.2 Surpluses and Depression
171(1)
9.1.3 The Rise of American Economic Power
172(1)
9.1.4 Declaration of the Rights of the Child
173(1)
9.1.5 The First World Population Conference, 1927
173(1)
9.1.6 The Great Depression
174(1)
9.1.7 Surpluses and Aid in the United States
175(1)
9.2 Health and Nutrition
176(7)
9.2.1 Health and Nutrition Policy
176(1)
9.2.2 Health Organization of the League of Nations
176(1)
9.2.3 Dietary Energy Requirements
177(1)
9.2.3.1 Britain
177(1)
9.2.3.2 Joint Memorandum of the BMA and MoH
177(1)
9.2.3.3 America
178(1)
9.2.4 League of Nations Mixed Committee's Report
178(1)
9.2.4.1 Burnet and Aykroyd Report
179(1)
9.2.4.2 Mixed Commission of the League of Nations
180(3)
9.2.5 Growing Multilateralism
183(1)
9.2.6 Poverty, Not Supply
183(1)
9.3 Science and Technology
183(2)
9.3.1 Green Shoots of Revolution: Industrial Fertilisers
183(1)
9.3.2 Plant Hybridisation
184(1)
9.3.3 Biotechnology
185(1)
9.4 Period Commentary
185(1)
9.5 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
186(7)
References
188(5)
10 World War Two: 1939-1945
193(16)
10.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
193(6)
10.1.1 The End of the League
193(1)
10.1.2 Food Provisioning, Rationing and Production
194(1)
10.1.2.1 Britain
194(1)
10.1.2.2 Europe
194(1)
10.1.2.3 Africa and Asia
194(1)
10.1.2.4 The Americas
195(1)
10.1.3 The United Nations
195(1)
10.1.3.1 UN Conference on Food and Agriculture: Creation of the Food and Agriculture Organization
196(2)
10.1.3.2 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
198(1)
10.1.3.3 Bretton Woods Agreement
198(1)
10.1.4 Organic Farming and Environmentalism
199(1)
10.2 Health and Nutrition
199(2)
10.2.1 1941 Inter-Allied Committee on Post-War Requirements
200(1)
10.2.2 Recommended Dietary Allowances
200(1)
10.3 Science and Technology
201(1)
10.4 Period Commentary
201(2)
10.5 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
203(6)
References
204(5)
11 The Post-War Years
209(26)
11.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
209(5)
11.1.1 The New Gold Standard
209(1)
11.1.2 United Nations Human Rights Commission (1948)
209(1)
11.1.3 Aid and Trade
210(1)
11.1.3.1 The Marshall Plan
210(1)
11.1.3.2 Public Law 480 (1954) and Food-for-Peace (1961)
211(1)
11.1.3.3 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
212(1)
11.1.3.4 The European Economic Community
213(1)
11.1.4 The Great Leap Forward Famine (1958-1961)
213(1)
11.1.5 Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959)
213(1)
11.2 Health and Nutrition
214(7)
11.2.1 Post-War Nutritional Reconstruction
214(1)
11.2.1.1 Food and Agriculture Organization
215(1)
11.2.1.2 The World Health Organization
215(1)
11.2.1.3 The UN International Children's Emergency Fund
215(2)
11.2.1.4 FAO First World Food Survey (1946)
217(1)
11.2.1.5 International Nutritional Requirements (1949)
217(1)
11.2.1.6 Food Balance Sheets
218(1)
11.2.2 Protein Energy Requirements
218(1)
11.2.2.1 Kwashiorkor and PEM
218(1)
11.2.3 FAO Second World Food Survey (1952)
219(1)
11.2.4 Work Rates
220(1)
11.2.5 Under-5s
220(1)
11.2.6 Education and Applied Nutrition Projects
220(1)
11.2.7 Relationship between Malnutrition and Infection
221(1)
11.3 Science and Technology
221(1)
11.4 Period Commentary
222(2)
11.5 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
224(11)
References
227(8)
12 The Development Decade: 1960s
235(16)
12.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
235(4)
12.1.1 The Freedom from Hunger Campaign
235(1)
12.1.2 World Food Programme
236(1)
12.1.3 EU Common Agricultural Policy
236(1)
12.1.4 The Bellagio Conference
236(1)
12.1.5 USDA Joins the Club
237(1)
12.1.6 International Bill of Human Rights
237(1)
12.1.7 Urbanisation
238(1)
12.1.8 Environmentalism
238(1)
12.2 Health and Nutrition
239(2)
12.2.1 Nutrition Programmes
239(1)
12.2.2 Protein and the Growing Kwashiorkor-Marasmus Debate
239(1)
12.2.3 The Third World Food Survey
240(1)
12.2.4 Malnutrition, Infection and Mental Development
240(1)
12.2.5 White House
241(1)
12.3 Science and Technology
241(2)
12.3.1 Green Revolution
242(1)
12.3.2 Single Cell Proteins
242(1)
12.4 Period Commentary
243(3)
12.5 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
246(5)
References
247(4)
13 Famine, Oil and the Food Crisis: 1970s
251(16)
13.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
251(4)
13.1.1 Economic Uncertainty
251(1)
13.1.1.1 Sustainable Development
251(1)
13.1.1.2 World Food Crisis
252(1)
13.1.1.3 Third-World Debt
252(1)
13.1.1.4 Debt and Economic Reforms
252(1)
13.1.2 World Food Conference
253(1)
13.1.3 Food Security Is Born?
254(1)
13.1.4 The World Bank
254(1)
13.1.5 The UN: A System in Change
255(1)
13.2 Health and Nutrition
255(3)
13.2.1 Nutrition
255(1)
13.2.2 Nutrition, Infection and Primary Health Care
256(1)
13.2.2.1 Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care
257(1)
13.3 Science and Technology
258(1)
13.3.1 Recombinant DNA: The Arrival of Genetic Engineering
258(1)
13.4 Period Commentary
258(2)
13.5 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
260(7)
References
263(4)
14 The Lost Development Decade: 1980s
267(14)
14.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
267(5)
14.1.1 Debt Crisis/Relief and Structural Adjustment Policies
268(1)
14.1.2 The 1984-1985 Famines in Africa
268(1)
14.1.3 Food Mountains
268(1)
14.1.4 The Changing Concept of Food Security
269(1)
14.1.4.1 Entitlement Theory
269(1)
14.1.4.2 Chronic and Temporal
270(1)
14.1.4.3 Livelihoods Approach to Food Security
270(1)
14.1.4.4 Food Security: An Expanding Notion
271(1)
14.1.4.5 Women in Agriculture
271(1)
14.2 Health and Nutrition
272(1)
14.2.1 Hidden Hunger
272(1)
14.3 Science and Technology
273(1)
14.3.1 Single Cell Protein's Partial Success
273(1)
14.3.2 Genetic Engineering
273(1)
14.4 Period Commentary
274(2)
14.5 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
276(5)
References
277(4)
15 The Era of the Conference: 1990s
281(16)
15.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
281(6)
15.1.1 Growing Social Responsibilities
281(1)
15.1.1.1 Human Development
281(1)
15.1.1.2 Earth Summit: Environmentalism
282(1)
15.1.1.3 Means of Implementation
283(1)
15.1.2 Optimum Capacity Resurfaces
283(1)
15.1.3 The World Food Summit
284(1)
15.1.3.1 The Rome Declaration
284(1)
15.1.3.2 Plan of Action
284(1)
15.1.4 Environmental Accounting
285(1)
15.1.4.1 Footprints and Ecological Accounting
285(1)
15.1.4.2 Greening the National Accounts
286(1)
15.1.4.3 Life Cycle Analysis/Assessment
286(1)
15.1.5 Food Security Definitions
286(1)
15.2 Science and Technology
287(2)
15.2.1 Genetic Engineering Comes of Age
287(2)
15.3 Health and Nutrition
289(1)
15.3.1 Conferences, Conferences, Conferences
289(1)
15.4 Period Commentary
290(2)
15.5 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
292(5)
References
293(4)
16 The Twenty-First Century: Ideological Convergence?
297(18)
16.1 Governance, Politics and Socioeconomics
297(6)
16.1.1 Millennium Summit
297(1)
16.1.2 World Food Summit: Five Years Later and Its Parallel Conference---The Forum for Food Sovereignty
298(1)
16.1.3 The Earth to Support Nearly 8 Billion
299(1)
16.1.4 2005 World Summit
299(1)
16.1.5 The GMO Backlash
300(1)
16.1.6 Food Crisis and Financial Chaos
300(1)
16.1.6.1 Global Food Price Rises and the Food Riots
300(1)
16.1.6.2 Financial Crisis
301(1)
16.1.7 High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy
301(1)
16.1.8 The Third World Summit on Food Security
302(1)
16.1.9 2010 UN Summit on MDGs
302(1)
16.2 Health and Nutrition
303(2)
16.2.1 The World Bank
304(1)
16.3 Period Commentary
305(2)
16.4 Key Dates, People, Acts, Reports and Surveys
307(8)
References
308(3)
Summary of Part III
311(4)
Part IV A Sectoral Analysis: Food Security and...
17 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
315(14)
17.1 Global Structure
315(2)
17.1.1 Global Track
315(1)
17.1.2 Local Track
316(1)
17.2 Production
317(3)
17.2.1 Modern Agricultural Practices
317(1)
17.2.1.1 Slash and Burn
318(1)
17.2.1.2 Annual, Monocultivation and Polycultivation
318(1)
17.2.1.3 Pastoralism or Pastoral Farming (Animal Husbandry)
318(1)
17.2.2 Agroforestry
319(1)
17.2.3 Fisheries and Aquaculture
319(1)
17.2.4 Intensification, Extensification, Concentration and Specialisation
319(1)
17.3 Sustainable Agriculture
320(2)
17.3.1 Crop Losses and Food Wastage
321(1)
17.3.2 Permaculture
321(1)
17.4 Land Grabbing
322(1)
17.5 Food Systems
323(1)
17.6 Agricultural Development Paradigms
324(1)
17.7 Discussion
324(5)
References
326(3)
18 Science and Technology
329(12)
18.1 The Green Revolution
329(2)
18.1.1 Criticisms of the Green Revolution
330(1)
18.1.2 Evergreen Revolution
331(1)
18.2 Biotechnology
331(6)
18.2.1 Genetic Engineering
332(1)
18.2.1.1 Extent of GMOs in Production
332(1)
18.2.1.2 Benefits
333(2)
18.2.1.3 Concerns
335(2)
18.3 Discussion
337(4)
References
338(3)
19 Socio-Cultural
341(32)
19.1 Population Growth and the Earth's Carrying Capacity
341(3)
19.1.1 Urbanisation: The Rural-Urban Dynamic
343(1)
19.2 Poverty
344(1)
19.3 Rights and Human Capital Development
345(2)
19.3.1 Human Development
345(1)
19.3.2 Right to Food
346(1)
19.4 Women and Children
347(3)
19.4.1 Women in Agriculture
348(1)
19.4.2 Women: Roles and Gender Parity
349(1)
19.5 Education and Employment
350(2)
19.6 Emergencies and Crises
352(9)
19.6.1 Disasters
352(2)
19.6.2 War/Conflict and Social Displacement
354(1)
19.6.2.1 Refugees and Displaced Populations
355(1)
19.6.3 Famine
356(1)
19.6.4 Coping Strategies and Priorities
357(3)
19.6.5 Emergency Aid
360(1)
19.7 Changing Diets
361(4)
19.7.1 Up the Trophies: From Wheat to Meat
362(3)
19.8 Discussion
365(8)
References
367(6)
20 Health and Nutrition
373(16)
20.1 Nutritional Knowledge and Policy: Through Golden Ages
373(2)
20.2 Nutritional Science
375(1)
20.3 Nutrition, Mortality and Disease
376(7)
20.3.1 HIV/AIDS
381(1)
20.3.2 The Cost of Malnutrition
382(1)
20.4 Care and Feeding Practices
383(3)
20.4.1 Breastfeeding
383(1)
20.4.2 Safe Water and Sanitation
384(1)
20.4.2.1 Water
384(1)
20.4.2.2 Sanitation
385(1)
20.5 Discussion
386(3)
References
387(2)
21 Environment and Natural Resources
389(34)
21.1 Biomes and Classifications
389(4)
21.2 Lithosphere: Land Resources
393(7)
21.2.1 Land Cover Land Use Changes
395(1)
21.2.2 Pollution and Degradation
395(3)
21.2.2.1 Soil Erosion
398(1)
21.2.2.2 Overgrazing
398(1)
21.2.2.3 Irrigation
398(1)
21.2.2.4 Salinisation and Waterlogging
399(1)
21.2.2.5 Fertiliser and Pesticide Degradation
399(1)
21.2.3 Deforestation
400(1)
21.3 Hydrosphere: Global Water Resource
400(4)
21.3.1 Water Resources and Usage
400(3)
21.3.2 Sustainable Use
403(1)
21.3.3 Water Footprint
404(1)
21.4 Atmosphere
404(3)
21.4.1 Consequences
405(2)
21.5 Biosphere
407(1)
21.5.1 Biodiversity
407(1)
21.6 Energy
408(4)
21.6.1 Energy in Agriculture
410(1)
21.6.1.1 Biofuels
411(1)
21.7 Environmentalism and Sustainability
412(3)
21.7.1 Environmentalism
412(2)
21.7.2 Environmental/Ecological Accounting
414(1)
21.7.2.1 Ecological Footprint
414(1)
21.8 Discussion
415(8)
References
417(6)
22 Governance, Politics and Economics
423(58)
22.1 Governance
423(8)
22.1.1 Trends in Global Governance
423(1)
22.1.2 Food Security, Freedom and Democracy
424(2)
22.1.3 Globalisation: Hegemony, Multilateral Cooperation or People Power
426(1)
22.1.4 Free Trade versus Protectionism
427(2)
22.1.5 Policies and Political Will
429(1)
22.1.6 Safety Nets and Food Reserves
429(1)
22.1.7 Land Rights
430(1)
22.1.8 Reform: Traffic Lights or Roundabouts?
431(1)
22.2 International Humanitarian Aid
431(13)
22.2.1 The Architecture of the International Humanitarian Food Aid System
432(1)
22.2.2 The Rise of the NGO
432(1)
22.2.3 Emergency Response
433(2)
22.2.3.1 Emergency Response Procedures
435(1)
22.2.4 Humanitarian Aid in Action: Modern Food Aid
436(1)
22.2.4.1 Types and Sources of Food Aid
437(2)
22.2.4.2 Daily Rations
439(2)
22.2.5 Problems of Aid
441(2)
22.2.6 The Right to Protect
443(1)
22.3 Measuring, Classifying and Monitoring Food Security
444(6)
22.3.1 Classification Systems
445(1)
22.3.2 Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
446(1)
22.3.2.1 FAO's Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS)
447(1)
22.3.2.2 Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems (FIVIMS)
447(1)
22.3.2.3 Food Insecurity Information and Early Warning Systems (FSIEWS)
447(1)
22.3.2.4 The Key Indicator Data System (KIDS)
448(1)
22.3.2.5 The World Food Programme (WFP) Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping (VAM)
448(2)
22.4 Development Paradigms
450(3)
22.4.1 The Beginnings of Modern Development Theory
450(1)
22.4.2 Agriculture as Development
451(1)
22.4.3 Questioning Agricultural Free Trade
452(1)
22.4.3.1 Food Sovereignty
452(1)
22.5 Economics
453(12)
22.5.1 Macro- and Microeconomic Principles
454(1)
22.5.2 Macroeconomics
454(1)
22.5.2.1 Balance of Payments
454(1)
22.5.2.2 Current Account
454(1)
22.5.2.3 Capital Account
455(1)
22.5.2.4 Reserve Account
455(1)
22.5.3 Exchange Rates
455(1)
22.5.4 Debt and Structural Adjustment
456(2)
22.5.5 Microeconomics
458(1)
22.5.5.1 Markets
458(1)
22.5.5.2 Elasticity
459(1)
22.5.5.3 Terms of Trade
459(1)
22.5.5.4 Parity Pricing
459(1)
22.5.5.5 Market Distortions
460(1)
22.5.6 Investment
460(1)
22.5.7 Commodity/Food Prices
461(1)
22.5.7.1 Financial Speculation
462(1)
22.5.8 Corporate Control: Transnational Corporations
463(2)
22.6 Discussion
465(16)
References
471(10)
Part V The Final Analysis---Food Security
23 Origins: Aetiology and Etymology---Dispelling the Myths
481(16)
23.1 Etymology of Food Security
481(3)
23.2 Aetiology and Evolution of Food Security
484(8)
23.2.1 1850-1914
485(1)
23.2.2 1914-1945
486(1)
23.2.3 1945-1974
487(2)
23.2.4 1974 to Present
489(3)
23.3 Food Security Today
492(5)
References
494(3)
24 Causality and Future Research
497(10)
24.1 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
497(2)
24.1.1 Land
498(1)
24.1.2 Water
498(1)
24.2 Science and Technology
499(1)
24.3 Socio-Cultural
499(2)
24.3.1 Poverty
500(1)
24.3.2 Population
500(1)
24.3.3 Education and Information Dissemination
500(1)
24.3.4 Waste Management
500(1)
24.3.5 Human Development
500(1)
24.3.6 Diet
501(1)
24.4 Health and Nutrition
501(1)
24.4.1 Health
501(1)
24.4.2 Nutrition
501(1)
24.5 Environment and Natural Resources
502(1)
24.5.1 Energy
502(1)
24.6 Governance
502(5)
24.6.1 International Humanitarianism
503(1)
24.6.2 Monitoring
504(1)
24.6.3 Development
504(1)
24.6.4 Economics
504(1)
24.6.5 Research
505(2)
25 Redefining Food Security
507(4)
References
510(1)
26 Food for Thought: Discussion and Considerations
511(4)
26.1 Where Did It Come From?
511(1)
26.2 So What of Food Security's Principles?
511(1)
26.3 What Are Some of the Challenges and Difficulties?
512(3)
27 Closing Remarks
515(4)
Appendices
Appendix A Country Classifications
519(4)
References
521(2)
Appendix B Mortality Categories
523(4)
Appendix C The Gibson Framework of Food Security
527(4)
Reference
529(2)
Appendix D Metabolism
531(4)
D.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism
531(2)
D.2 Lipid (Fat) Metabolism
533(1)
D.3 Protein Metabolism
533(1)
D.4 Energy Preferences
533(1)
References
534(1)
Appendix E Micronutrients
535(10)
E.1 Vitamins
535(1)
E.1.1 Vitamin A
535(1)
E.1.2 Vitamin B Complex
535(2)
E.1.3 Vitamin C
537(1)
E.1.4 Vitamin D
538(1)
E.1.5 Vitamin E
538(1)
E.1.6 Vitamin K
538(1)
E.2 Minerals
539(2)
E.3 Trace Elements
541(1)
References
542(3)
Appendix F Malnutrition---Its Assessment and Measurement
545(22)
F.1 Direct
546(1)
F.1.1 Clinical
546(1)
F.1.2 Laboratory/Biochemical
547(1)
F.1.3 Anthropometry
548(1)
F.1.3.1 Anthropometric Classification
549(6)
F.2 Indirect
555(1)
F.2.1 Survey's
556(1)
F.2.1.1 Household Income and Expenditure or Budget Surveys (HBS) (HIES)
556(1)
F.2.1.2 24-hour Dietary Recall
556(1)
F.2.1.3 Food Frequency Questionnaire
556(1)
F.2.1.4 Food Diaries
556(1)
F.2.2 Statistical Assessment
557(1)
F.3 Calculating the Prevalence of Undernourishment
557(1)
F.3.1 FAO Prevalence of Undernourishment
557(2)
F.3.2 WHO Method
559(1)
F.3.3 US Method
560(1)
F.4 International Food Policy Research Institute's (IFPRI) Global Hunger Index (GHI)
561(1)
References
562(5)
Appendix G Biological Systematics
567(6)
G.1 Taxonomy
567(1)
G.1.1 Linnaean Taxonomy
568(1)
G.1.2 Phenetic Taxonomy
569(1)
G.1.3 Phylogeny
570(1)
G.1.3.1 Phylogenic Classification
570(1)
G.2 Biodiversity
571(1)
References
571(2)
Appendix H Millennium Development Goals
573(4)
Reference
575(2)
Appendix I Global Warming---The Basics
577(10)
I.1 Climate
577(1)
I.2 Global Warming: Is it Happening?
578(3)
I.3 Global Warming Potential
581(1)
I.4 Historic Greenhouse Records
582(1)
I.5 Aerosols
582(1)
I.6 The Kyoto Protocol
582(1)
I.6.1 The Agreement
582(1)
I.6.2 How Does It Work?
583(1)
I.6.3 Pros and Cons
583(1)
References
583(4)
Appendix J Energy Sources
587(6)
J.1 Fossil Fuels
587(1)
J.1.1 Coal
587(1)
J.1.2 Oil and Natural Gas
587(1)
J.1.3 Future Fossil Energy Supplies
588(1)
J.2 Nuclear Energy
588(1)
J.3 Renewables
588(2)
J.4 Biofuels
590(1)
J.4.1 What Are Biofuels
590(1)
J.4.2 Bio-Ethanol
590(1)
J.4.3 Biodiesel
591(1)
J.4.4 Second-Generation Biofuels
591(1)
References
591(2)
Appendix K Stakeholders
593(6)
Appendix L Conversion Rates
599(2)
L.1 Energy
599(1)
L.2 Volumetric
599(1)
L.3 Bushels
600(1)
L.4 Oil
600(1)
Appendix M Glossary
601(20)
Index 621
Mark Gibson has always taken an interest in the way food has been approached, not just locally but also in the global context. There has been an elemental desire to understand more of the social, political and economic tectonics of food culture, particularly in relation to issues of food security. After training in the culinary arts, Mark remained in the industry for two decades before finally stepping into the academic world. He now lectures on many aspects related to food culture from governance to sustainability issues as well as keeping his hand in the kitchen. After completing his PhD on food security, Mark undertook to share his knowledge in the present book.
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