Preface |
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xv | |
1 Organic Solar Cells |
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1 | (54) |
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Yadavalli Venkata Durga Nageswar |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Classification of Solar Cells |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Photovoltaic Parameters or Terminology Used in BHJOSCs |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.1 Open-Circuit Voltage Voc |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Short-Circuit Current Jsc |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Incident-Photon-to-Current Efficiency (IPCE) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Power Conversion Efficiency ηp (PCE) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.5 Some Basic Design Principles/Thumb Rules Associated With Organic Materials Required for BHJOSCs |
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6 | (1) |
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1.6 Recent Research Advances in Small-Molecule Acceptor and Polymer Donor Types |
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7 | (23) |
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1.7 Recent Research Advances in All Small-Molecule Acceptor and Donor Types |
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30 | (17) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (7) |
2 Plasmonic Solar Cells |
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55 | (28) |
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56 | (4) |
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2.1.1 Plasmonic Nanostructure |
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58 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Classification of Plasmonic Nanostructures |
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59 | (1) |
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2.2 Principles and Working Mechanism of Plasmonic Solar Cells |
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60 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Mechanism of Plasmonic Solar Cells |
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61 | (1) |
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2.3 Important Optical Properties |
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62 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Scattering and Absorption of Sunlight |
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63 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Multiple Energy Levels |
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63 | (1) |
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2.4 Advancements in Plasmonic Solar Cells |
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64 | (8) |
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2.4.1 Direct Plasmonic Solar Cells |
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65 | (4) |
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2.4.2 Plasmonic-Enhanced Solar Cell |
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69 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Plasmonic Thin Film Solar Cells |
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69 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Plasmonic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (PDSSCs) |
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70 | (1) |
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2.4.5 Plasmonic Photoelectrochemical Cells |
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71 | (1) |
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2.4.6 Plasmonic Quantum Dot (QD) Solar Cells |
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71 | (1) |
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2.4.7 Plasmonic Perovskite Solar Cells |
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72 | (1) |
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2.4.8 Plasmonic Hybrid Solar Cells |
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72 | (1) |
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2.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (10) |
3 Tandem Solar Cell |
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83 | (20) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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3.2 Review of Organic Tandem Solar Cell |
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86 | (3) |
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3.3 Review of Inorganic Tandem Solar Cell |
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89 | (6) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (7) |
4 Thin-Film Solar Cells |
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103 | (14) |
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104 | (1) |
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4.2 Why Thin-Film Solar Cells? |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (3) |
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4.5 Copper Indium Diselenide Solar Cells |
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111 | (1) |
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4.6 Comparison Between Flexible a-Si:H, CdTe, and CIGS Cells and Applications |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
5 Biohybrid Solar Cells |
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117 | (20) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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5.4 Biohybrid Solar Cells |
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121 | (1) |
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5.5 Role of Photosynthesis |
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122 | (1) |
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5.6 Plant-Based Biohybrid Devices |
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122 | (4) |
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5.6.1 PS I-Based Biohybrid Devices |
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123 | (2) |
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5.6.2 PS II-Based Biohybrid Devices |
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125 | (1) |
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5.7 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells |
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126 | (1) |
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5.8 Polymer and Semiconductors-Based Biohybrid Solar Cells |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (8) |
6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells |
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137 | (32) |
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138 | (1) |
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6.2 Cell Architecture and Working Mechanism |
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139 | (3) |
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6.3 Fabrication of Simple DSSC in Lab Scale |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (5) |
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6.7.1 Liquid-Based Electrolytes |
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148 | (1) |
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6.7.1.1 Electrical Additives |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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6.7.1.4 Iodide/Triiodide- Free Mediator and Redox Couples |
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149 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes |
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149 | (1) |
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6.7.2.1 Thermoplastic-Based Polymer Electrolytes |
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150 | (1) |
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6.7.2.2 Thermosetting Polymer Electrolytes |
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150 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Solid-State Transport Materials |
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150 | (2) |
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6.7.3.1 Inorganic Hole Transport Materials |
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151 | (1) |
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6.7.3.2 Organic Hole Transport Materials |
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151 | (1) |
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6.7.3.3 Solid-State Ionic Conductors |
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151 | (1) |
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6.8 Commonly Used Natural Dyes in DSSC |
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152 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (10) |
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6.9.1 Power Conversion Efficiency |
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154 | (9) |
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163 | (1) |
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6.9.3 Open-Circuit Voltage |
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163 | (1) |
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6.9.4 Short Circuit Current |
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163 | (1) |
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6.9.5 Determination of Energy Gap of Electrode Material Adsorbed With Natural Dye |
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163 | (1) |
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6.9.6 Absorption Coefficient |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
7 Characterization and Theoretical Modeling of Solar Cells |
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169 | (48) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (3) |
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7.2.1 Inorganic Solar Cells |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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7.3 Working Principle of DSSC |
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175 | (1) |
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7.4 Operation Principle of DSSC |
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176 | (1) |
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7.5 Photovoltaic Parameters |
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177 | (4) |
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7.6 Theoretical and Computational Methods |
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181 | (17) |
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7.6.1 Density Functional Theory (DFT) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Molecular Descriptors |
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184 | (4) |
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7.6.5 Force Field Parameterization for MD Simulations |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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7.6.7 UV-Vis Spectroscopy |
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190 | (2) |
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7.6.8 Charge Transfer and Carrier Transport |
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192 | (1) |
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7.6.9 Coarse-Grained (CG) Simulations |
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193 | (1) |
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7.6.10 Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Modeling |
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193 | (2) |
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7.6.11 Car-Parrinello Method |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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7.6.13 Global Reactivity Descriptors |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (18) |
8 Efficient Performance Parameters for Solar Cells |
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217 | (30) |
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218 | (7) |
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8.1.1 Potential, Production, and Climate of Ankara |
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225 | (1) |
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8.2 Solar Radiation Intensity Calculation |
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225 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Horizontal Superficies |
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225 | (3) |
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8.2.1.1 On a Daily Basis Total Sun Irradiation |
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225 | (2) |
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8.2.1.2 Daily Diffuse Sun Irradiation |
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227 | (1) |
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8.2.1.3 Momentary Total Sun Irradiation |
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227 | (1) |
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8.2.1.4 Direct and Diffuse Sun Radiation |
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228 | (1) |
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8.2.2 On Inclined Superficies, Computing Sun Irradiation Intensity |
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228 | (1) |
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8.2.2.1 Direct Momentary Sun Radiation |
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228 | (1) |
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8.2.2.2 Diffuse Sun Radiation |
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228 | (1) |
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8.2.2.3 Momentary Reflecting Radiation |
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229 | (1) |
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8.2.2.4 Total Sun Radiation |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (9) |
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8.3.1 The Solar Radiation Assessments by Correlation Models With MATLAB Simulation Software |
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229 | (4) |
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8.3.2 MATLAB Simulation Results and Findings |
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233 | (1) |
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8.3.3 For Ankara Province, the Determinants of the Most Efficiency Solar Cell With AHP Methodology |
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233 | (5) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (7) |
9 Practices to Enhance Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cell |
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247 | (24) |
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247 | (2) |
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9.2 Basics on Conversion Efficiency |
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249 | (4) |
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9.3 Approaches for Improving Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cells |
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253 | (11) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (6) |
10 Solar Cell Efficiency Energy Materials |
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271 | (46) |
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272 | (2) |
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10.2 Solar Cell Efficiency |
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274 | (1) |
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10.3 Historical Development of Solar Cell Materials |
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275 | (2) |
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10.4 Solar Cell Materials and Efficiencies |
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277 | (25) |
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10.4.1 Crystalline Silicon |
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278 | (4) |
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10.4.2 Silicon Thin-Film Alloys |
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282 | (2) |
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10.4.3 III-V Semiconductors |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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10.4.4.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (4) |
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10.4.6 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials |
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293 | (7) |
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10.4.6.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Materials |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (4) |
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300 | (2) |
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10.5 Conclusion and Prospects |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (14) |
11 Analytical Tools for Solar Cell |
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317 | (28) |
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318 | (1) |
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11.2 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy |
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319 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Application of Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Solar Cells |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (4) |
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11.3.1 Application of Electron Tomography (ET) in Solar Cells |
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324 | (3) |
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11.4 Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) |
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327 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Application of C-AFM in Solar Cells |
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329 | (1) |
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11.5 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy |
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330 | (5) |
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11.5.1 Application of Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy for Solar Cells |
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334 | (1) |
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11.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy |
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335 | (5) |
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11.6.1 Application of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy in Solar Cell |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (5) |
12 Applications of Solar Cells |
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345 | (26) |
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345 | (3) |
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12.2 An Overview on Photovoltaic Cell |
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348 | (6) |
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348 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Working Principle of Solar Cell |
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348 | (3) |
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12.2.3 First-Generation Photovoltaic Cells: Crystalline Silicon Form |
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351 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cells: Thin-Film Solar Cells |
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352 | (1) |
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12.2.5 Third-Generation Photovoltaic Cells |
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353 | (1) |
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12.3 Applications of Solar Cells |
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354 | (8) |
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12.3.1 Perovskite Solar Cell |
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354 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell |
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355 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Nanostructured Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells (NSIOHSCs) |
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356 | (1) |
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12.3.4 Polymer Solar Cells |
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357 | (1) |
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12.3.5 Quantum Dot Solar Cell (QDCs) |
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358 | (2) |
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12.3.6 Organic Solar Cells |
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360 | (2) |
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12.4 Conclusion and Summary |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (9) |
13 Challenges of Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells |
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371 | (22) |
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371 | (2) |
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13.2 Degradation Phenomena and Stability Measures in Perovskite |
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373 | (6) |
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373 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Structural and Chemical Stability |
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375 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Oxygen and Moisture |
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376 | (2) |
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13.2.4 Visible and UV Light Exposure |
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378 | (1) |
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13.3 Stability-Interface Interplay |
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379 | (3) |
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13.3.1 Chemical Reaction at the Interface |
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379 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Degradation on the Top Electrode |
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380 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Hysteresis Phenomenon in PSC Devices |
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381 | (1) |
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13.4 Effect of Selective Contacts on Stability |
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382 | (5) |
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13.4.1 Electron-Transport Layers |
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382 | (2) |
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13.4.2 Hole Transport Layers |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (6) |
14 State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Solar Cells |
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393 | (68) |
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393 | (3) |
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396 | (1) |
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14.2 State-of-the-Art of Solar Cells |
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396 | (47) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (63) |
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14.2.3.1 Si Solar Cell Arrays |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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14.2.3.4 C/Si Heterojunctions |
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404 | (6) |
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14.2.3.5 a-C/Si Heterojunctions |
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410 | (1) |
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14.2.3.6 Non-Fullerene Acceptor Bulk Heterojunctions |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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14.2.3.9 Metal-Halide-Based Perovskites |
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413 | (2) |
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14.2.3.10 Sn-Based Perovskites |
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415 | (1) |
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14.2.3.11 Heavily Doped Solar Cells |
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416 | (1) |
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14.2.3.12 PV Building Substrates |
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416 | (6) |
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14.2.3.13 Solar Tracking System |
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422 | (3) |
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14.2.3.14 Solar Concentrators |
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425 | (1) |
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14.2.3.15 Solar Power Satellite |
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426 | (1) |
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14.2.3.16 Roof-Top Solar PV System |
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427 | (1) |
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14.2.3.17 Short-Wavelength Solar-Blind Detectors |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (2) |
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14.2.3.19 Microwave Heating in Si Solar Cell Fabrication |
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431 | (1) |
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14.2.3.20 Refrigeration PV System |
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432 | (1) |
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14.2.3.21 Solar Collectors and Receivers |
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433 | (2) |
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14.2.3.22 Solar Drying System |
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435 | (1) |
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14.2.3.23 Water Networks With Solar PV Energy |
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436 | (1) |
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14.2.3.24 Wind and Solar Integrated to Smart Grid |
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437 | (3) |
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14.2.3.25 Green Data Centers |
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440 | (3) |
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14.3 Prospective of Solar Cells |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (2) |
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447 | (14) |
15 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells |
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461 | (44) |
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462 | (2) |
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15.2 Device Architectures |
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464 | (2) |
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15.2.1 Conventional n-i-p Device Structure |
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465 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Inverted p-i-n Device Structure |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (8) |
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15.3.1 Average Visible Transmittance |
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466 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Corresponding Color Temperature |
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467 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Color Rendering Index |
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468 | (1) |
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15.3.4 Transparency Color Perception |
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468 | (3) |
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471 | (3) |
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474 | (10) |
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474 | (5) |
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15.4.2 Charge Transport Layers (ETL and HTL) |
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479 | (2) |
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15.4.3 Transparent Electrode |
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481 | (3) |
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484 | (8) |
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15.5.1 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics |
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484 | (2) |
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486 | (6) |
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492 | (1) |
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492 | (13) |
16 Flexible Solar Cells |
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505 | (32) |
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505 | (5) |
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16.1.1 Need for Solar Energy Harnessing |
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505 | (1) |
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16.1.2 Brief Overview of Generations of Solar Cells |
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506 | (2) |
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16.1.3 Limitations of Solar Cells |
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508 | (1) |
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16.1.4 What is Flexible Solar Cell (FSC)? |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (4) |
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510 | (2) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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16.3 Thin-Film Deposition |
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514 | (8) |
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515 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Chemical Bath Deposition |
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516 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (2) |
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520 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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16.4 Characterizations for FSCs |
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522 | (9) |
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16.4.1 Material Characterization |
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523 | (6) |
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16.4.2 Device Characterization |
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529 | (2) |
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531 | (1) |
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16.6 Performance Comparison of RSCs and FSCs |
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532 | (1) |
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16.7 Applications of Flexible Solar Cell |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (3) |
Index |
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537 | |