| Acronyms |
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ix | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 | (23) |
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1.1 Historical background |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Gaseous detectors: a personal recollection |
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4 | (16) |
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1.3 Basic processes in gaseous counters |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (1) |
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2 Electromagnetic interactions of charged particles with matter |
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24 | (19) |
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2.1 Generalities on the energy loss process |
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24 | (4) |
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2.2 The Bethe-Bloch energy loss expression |
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28 | (1) |
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2.3 Energy loss statistics |
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29 | (11) |
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40 | (3) |
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3 Interaction of photons and neutrons with matter |
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43 | (33) |
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3.1 Photon absorption and emission in gases |
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43 | (1) |
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3.2 Photon absorption: definitions and units |
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44 | (2) |
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3.3 Photon absorption processes: generalities |
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46 | (3) |
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3.4 Photon absorption in gases: from the visible to the near ultra-violet domain |
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49 | (4) |
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3.5 Photo-ionization: near and vacuum ultra-violet |
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53 | (3) |
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3.6 Photo-ionization in the X-ray region |
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56 | (6) |
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3.7 Compton scattering and pair production |
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62 | (1) |
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3.8 Use of converters for hard photons detection |
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63 | (4) |
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3.9 Transparency of windows |
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67 | (1) |
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3.10 Detection of neutrons |
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68 | (8) |
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4 Drift and diffusion of charges in gases |
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76 | (53) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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4.3 Thermal diffusion of ions |
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80 | (2) |
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4.4 Ion mobility and diffusion in an electric field |
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82 | (5) |
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4.5 Classic theory of electron drift and diffusion |
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87 | (3) |
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4.6 Electron drift in magnetic fields |
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90 | (1) |
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4.7 Electron drift velocity and diffusion: experimental |
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91 | (15) |
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106 | (6) |
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4.9 Electron drift in liquid noble gases |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (15) |
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5 Collisional excitations and charge multiplication in uniform fields |
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129 | (31) |
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5.1 Inelastic electron-molecule collisions |
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129 | (1) |
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5.2 Excitations and photon emission |
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130 | (13) |
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5.3 Ionization and charge multiplication |
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143 | (6) |
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149 | (4) |
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5.5 Streamer formation and breakdown |
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153 | (7) |
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6 Parallel plate counters |
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160 | (22) |
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6.1 Charge induction on conductors |
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160 | (1) |
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6.2 Signals induced by the motion of charges in uniform fields |
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161 | (4) |
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6.3 Analytical calculation of charge induction |
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165 | (7) |
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6.4 Signals induced by the avalanche process |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (2) |
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6.6 Applications of parallel plate avalanche counters (PPACs) |
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177 | (5) |
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182 | (29) |
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182 | (6) |
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7.2 Absolute gain measurement |
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188 | (1) |
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7.3 Time development of the signal |
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188 | (3) |
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7.4 Choice of the gas filling |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (4) |
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7.6 Scintillation proportional counters |
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198 | (3) |
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7.7 Space-charge gain shifts |
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201 | (5) |
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7.8 Geiger and self-quenching streamer operation |
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206 | (1) |
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7.9 Radiation damage and detector ageing |
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207 | (4) |
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8 Multi-wire proportional chambers |
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211 | (53) |
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8.1 Principles of operation |
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211 | (4) |
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8.2 Choice of geometrical parameters |
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215 | (1) |
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8.3 Influence on gain of mechanical tolerances |
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216 | (2) |
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8.4 Electrostatic forces and wire stability |
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218 | (3) |
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8.5 General operational characteristics: proportional and semi-proportional |
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221 | (5) |
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8.6 Saturated amplification region: Charpak's 'magic gas' |
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226 | (4) |
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8.7 Limited streamer and full Geiger operation |
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230 | (1) |
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8.8 Discharges and breakdown: the Raether limit |
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231 | (3) |
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8.9 Cathode induced signals |
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234 | (11) |
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8.10 The multi-step chamber (MSC) |
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245 | (4) |
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8.11 Space charge and rate effects |
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249 | (3) |
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8.12 Mechanical construction of MWPCs |
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252 | (12) |
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264 | (28) |
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9.1 Single wire drift chambers |
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264 | (1) |
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9.2 Multi-cell planar drift chambers |
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265 | (10) |
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9.3 Volume multi-wire drift chambers |
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275 | (5) |
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280 | (2) |
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9.5 Time expansion chamber |
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282 | (2) |
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9.6 Determination of the longitudinal coordinate from current division |
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284 | (3) |
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9.7 Electrodeless drift chambers |
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287 | (3) |
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9.8 General operating considerations |
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290 | (1) |
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9.9 Drift chamber construction |
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290 | (2) |
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10 Time projection chambers |
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292 | (35) |
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10.1 Introduction: the precursors |
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292 | (1) |
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10.2 Principles of operation |
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293 | (4) |
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10.3 TPC-based experiments |
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297 | (4) |
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10.4 Signal induction: the pad response function |
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301 | (11) |
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10.5 Choice of the gas filling |
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312 | (3) |
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10.6 Coordinate in the drift direction and multi-track resolution |
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315 | (3) |
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10.7 Positive ion backflow and gating |
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318 | (5) |
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323 | (1) |
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10.9 Liquid noble gas TPC |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (17) |
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11.1 Limited streamer tubes |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (6) |
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335 | (5) |
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11.4 Mechanical construction and electrostatic stability |
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340 | (4) |
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12 Resistive plate chambers |
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344 | (21) |
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344 | (2) |
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12.2 Resistive plate counters (RPCs) |
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346 | (7) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (5) |
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12.5 Simulations of RPC operation |
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360 | (5) |
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13 Micro-pattern gaseous detectors |
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365 | (34) |
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13.1 The micro-strip gas counter |
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365 | (8) |
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13.2 Novel micro-pattern devices |
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373 | (5) |
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13.3 Micro-mesh gaseous structure (Micromegas) |
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378 | (5) |
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13.4 Gas electron multiplier (GEM) |
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383 | (9) |
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13.5 MPGD readout of time projection chambers |
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392 | (3) |
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13.6 Active pixel readout |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (1) |
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14 Cherenkov ring imaging |
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399 | (31) |
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399 | (4) |
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14.2 Recalls of Cherenkov ring imaging theory |
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403 | (4) |
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14.3 First generation RICH detectors |
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407 | (3) |
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14.4 TMAE and the second generation of RICH detectors |
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410 | (7) |
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14.5 Third generation RICH: solid caesium iodide (CsI) photocathodes |
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417 | (6) |
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14.6 CsI-based RICH particle identifiers |
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423 | (1) |
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14.7 Micro-pattern based RICH detectors |
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424 | (6) |
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15 Miscellaneous detectors and applications |
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430 | (11) |
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15.1 Optical imaging chambers |
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430 | (4) |
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15.2 Cryogenic and dual-phase detectors |
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434 | (7) |
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16 Time degeneracy and ageing |
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441 | (19) |
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441 | (2) |
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16.2 Phenomenology of the radiation damages |
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443 | (6) |
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16.3 Quantitative assessment of the ageing rates |
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449 | (2) |
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16.4 Methods of preventing or slowing down the ageing process |
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451 | (4) |
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16.5 Ageing of resistive plate chambers |
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455 | (2) |
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16.6 Micro-pattern detectors |
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457 | (3) |
| Further reading on radiation detectors |
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460 | (1) |
| References |
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461 | (33) |
| Index |
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494 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta