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E-raamat: Handbook of Paper and Board 2e: 2 Volume Set 2nd, Revised and Enlarged Edition [Wiley Online]

Edited by (Ravensburg, Germany)
  • Formaat: 992 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527652493
  • ISBN-13: 9783527652495
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  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 385,91 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Handbook of Paper and Board 2e: 2 Volume Set 2nd, Revised and Enlarged EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 992 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527652493
  • ISBN-13: 9783527652495
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527652495
Mostly German scholars and scientists describe the art and technology of papermaking, and the use of paper and board in converting and printing. They provide a comprehensive account of the technical, economic, ecological, and social background needed to evaluate optimum choices for the efficient production of paper and board. Among the topics are fibrous materials for paper and board manufacture, the integrated recycled paper mill, fabrics for paper and board production, surface sizing and coating, control systems for paper machines, and book and paper preservation. The two volumes are paged and indexed together. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This first comprehensive handbook on the subject describes the manufacturing processes of various types of papers, recovered paper treatment, as well as the quality and economical aspects. More than 20 authors contribute a variety of viewpoints, one of the many features of this book. They give a concise description of the fascinating art and technology of papermaking, providing lay readers, students, politicians and others with the latest information on current technologies.
From the contents:
* Introduction
* Raw materials
* Stock preparation
* Water and reject handling
* Paper and board manufacturing
* Coating
* Paper dyeing
* Paper and board grades and their properties
* Testing of paper and board
* Paper and book preservation.
Of great interest to all engineers and chemists in the paper industry and related areas.
Preface xxxvii
List of Contributors to the Second Edition
xxxix
1 Introduction
1(32)
1.1 Paper and Board Today
1(2)
Herbert Holik
1.2 Paper and Board Manufacturing - an Overview
3(6)
1.3 Economic Aspects
9(4)
Thomas Moldenhauer
Gert-Heinz Rentrop
1.4 Historical Background and General Aspects
13(13)
Peter F. Tschudin
1.4.1 Introduction
13(1)
1.4.2 Precursors of Paper
14(1)
1.4.2.1 Tapa (Bark cloth)
14(1)
1.4.2.2 Felt
14(1)
1.4.2.3 Papyrus
15(1)
1.4.3 Paper
16(1)
1.4.3.1 Invention of Paper
16(1)
1.4.3.2 Chinese Paper
16(1)
1.4.3.3 The Eastern Spread of Papermaking
17(1)
1.4.3.4 The Spread of Papermaking into Central and Southern Asia
17(1)
1.4.3.5 Arab Paper
18(1)
1.4.3.6 Medieval European Paper
18(1)
1.4.3.7 Mechanization and Industrialization
19(2)
1.4.3.8 Paper Machines
21(1)
1.4.3.9 Pulping and Sizing
21(2)
1.4.3.10 From Industrialization to Automation and Globalization: Technical and Economic Trends of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
23(1)
1.4.4 Historical Watermarking and Security
24(2)
1.5 A Philosophy of Papermaking: Life Lessons on the Formation of Paper and People
26(7)
Wilhelm Kufferath von Kendenich
1.5.1 Fibers as Individuals
26(1)
1.5.2 Paper as a Social Construct
27(1)
1.5.3 Fiber Preformation and Human Training
27(1)
1.5.4 Into the World of Turbulence
27(1)
1.5.5 Flocs and Vicissitudes
28(1)
1.5.6 Fibers Ready for the World, Part 1
28(1)
1.5.7 Sheet Formation as the Basis of the Fiber's Society
29(1)
1.5.8 Fibers Ready for the World, Part 2
29(1)
1.5.9 In Summary - Toward the End
30(1)
References
30(1)
Further Reading for Section 1.3
31(1)
Further Reading for Section 1.5
31(2)
2 Fibrous Materials for Paper and Board Manufacture
33(76)
2.1 Overview
33(1)
Jurgen Blechschmidt
Sabine Heinemann
2.2 Chemical Pulp
34(13)
Sabine Heinemann
Jurgen Blechschmidt
2.2.1 Introduction
34(2)
2.2.2 Wood Preparation for Pulping Processes
36(2)
2.2.3 Sulfate Process
38(1)
2.2.3.1 Cooking
39(2)
2.2.3.2 Regeneration of Spent Cooking Liquor
41(1)
2.2.4 Sulfite Pulp
42(2)
2.2.5 Bleaching of Chemical Pulp
44(1)
2.2.6 Semimechanical Pulp
44(1)
2.2.7 Properties of Chemical Pulps
45(1)
2.2.8 Properties of SemiMechanical Pulps
46(1)
2.3 Mechanical Pulp
47(12)
2.3.1 Introduction
47(1)
2.3.2 The Grinding Process
48(2)
2.3.3 The Refiner Process
50(1)
2.3.3.1 Refining Principles
50(1)
2.3.3.2 Mechanical, Thermal, and Chemical Impacts in the Refiner Process
51(2)
2.3.3.3 Machines and Aggregates for the Refiner Process
53(1)
2.3.4 Mechanical Pulp Processing
53(1)
2.3.5 Mechanical Pulp Bleaching
54(2)
2.3.6 Properties of Mechanical Pulp
56(3)
2.4 Recovered Paper, Recycled Fibers
59(26)
Hans-Joachim Putz
2.4.1 Role of Recovered Paper in the Paper and Board Industry
59(2)
2.4.2 Main Definitions for Statistics
61(2)
2.4.3 Utilization Rates for Different Paper Grades
63(2)
2.4.4 Resources of Recovered Paper
65(1)
2.4.5 Lists for Recovered Paper Grades
66(2)
2.4.6 Use of Recovered Paper Grades
68(1)
2.4.7 Requirements of Paper Products with Respect to Recyclability
69(3)
2.4.7.1 Deinkability
72(4)
2.4.7.2 Removability of Adhesives Applications from Graphic Paper Products
76(4)
2.4.7.3 Removability of Adhesives Applications from Packaging Products
80(1)
2.4.8 Multiple Paper Recycling
81(4)
2.5 Wood Pulp Fiber Suspensions
85(24)
Geoffrey G. Duffy
2.5.1 Introduction
85(1)
2.5.2 Flocculation
86(1)
2.5.3 The Flow of Wood Pulp Fiber Suspensions
87(1)
2.5.4 The Mechanisms of Flow
88(2)
2.5.4.1 Sub-Regime Zero-A
90(1)
2.5.4.2 Sub-Regime A-B
90(1)
2.5.4.3 Sub-Regime B-C
91(1)
2.5.4.4 Sub-Regime D-F
92(1)
2.5.4.5 Sub-Regime F-G
92(1)
2.5.4.6 Sub-Regime H-I
93(1)
2.5.4.7 Sub-Regime I-J and out to K
93(1)
2.5.4.8 Some Differences with Mechanical Pulps
94(1)
2.5.4.9 Flow of Fiber Suspensions in Small Diameter Pipes, Holes, Slots, and Gaps
94(2)
2.5.4.10 The Effect of Increasing Liquid Viscosity on Fiber Suspension Flow
96(1)
2.5.4.11 Nonsteady State Fiber Suspension Flow (Viscoelastic Suspension Behavior)
96(2)
2.5.5 The Significance of Fiber Reflocculation after Dispersion
98(1)
2.5.6 Medium Consistency MC Flow
98(2)
2.5.7 Pulp Flow in Open Channels
100(1)
2.5.8 Practical Design Methods for Determining the Pipe Friction Loss of Industrial Piping Systems
100(1)
2.5.8.1 The Stepwise Approximation Method
101(2)
2.5.8.2 Dimensional Analysis Single-Curve Method
103(1)
2.5.9 Mechanistic-Based Models
103(1)
References
104(5)
3 Mineral Fillers in Papermaking
109(36)
Maximilian Laufmann
3.1 History of the Use of Mineral Fillers in Papermaking
109(1)
3.2 Global Mineral Consumption in the Paper and Board Industry
110(1)
3.3 Why Use Mineral Fillers in Paper and Board?
111(4)
3.4 Filler Loading Increase via Surface Application
115(1)
3.5 Choice of Fillers
116(1)
3.6 Characterization of Fillers
117(7)
3.6.1 Brightness
117(1)
3.6.2 Refractive Index
118(2)
3.6.3 Particle Morphology
120(1)
3.6.4 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution
120(2)
3.6.5 Specific Surface Area
122(1)
3.6.6 Particle Charge
123(1)
3.6.7 Abrasiveness
123(1)
3.7 Main Mineral Fillers
124(12)
3.7.1 Kaolin (Hydrous)
124(3)
3.7.2 Natural Ground Calcium Carbonate (GCC)
127(3)
3.7.3 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC)
130(3)
3.7.4 Talc
133(2)
3.7.5 Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate)
135(1)
3.8 Specialty Filler Pigments
136(4)
3.8.1 Calcined Clay
136(1)
3.8.2 Titanium Dioxide
137(1)
3.8.3 Amorphous Silicates and Silica
138(1)
3.8.4 Aluminum Trihydrate ATH (Hydrated Alumina)
138(1)
3.8.5 Modified Natural Ground Calcium Carbonate MCC
138(1)
3.8.6 Amorphous Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
139(1)
3.8.7 Other Fillers or Specialty Pigments
139(1)
3.9 Preservation of Pigment Slurries
140(1)
Silvia Hubschmid
3.10 Outlook
141(4)
Maximilian Laufmann
Acknowledgment
142(1)
References
142(3)
4 Functional Chemicals
145(90)
4.1 Overview
145(1)
Roland Pelzer
4.2 Starches in Papermaking
146(14)
Johan Schrijver
4.2.1 General Remarks
146(2)
4.2.2 Sources of Starch
148(1)
4.2.3 Structural Unit and Starch Processing
149(4)
4.2.4 Chemical Composition of Starches
153(1)
4.2.5 Chemistry, Modification, and Conversion Technology
153(2)
4.2.6 Applications
155(1)
4.2.6.1 Wet End
155(2)
4.2.7 Spraying Starch
157(1)
4.2.8 Surface Sizing
157(2)
4.2.9 Coating
159(1)
4.3 Colorants
160(18)
Klaus-Peter Kreutzer
4.3.1 General
160(1)
4.3.2 Origin of Color
161(1)
4.3.3 Colorant Classes
162(1)
4.3.4 Dyeing Mechanism
162(2)
4.3.4.1 Substantivity and Affinity
164(1)
4.3.5 Direct Dyes
164(1)
4.3.5.1 Anionic Direct Dyes
165(3)
4.3.5.2 Cationic Direct Dyes
168(1)
4.3.6 Basic Dyes
168(1)
4.3.7 Sulfur Dyes
169(2)
4.3.8 Acid Dyes
171(1)
4.3.9 Pigments
171(1)
4.3.9.1 Inorganic Pigments
171(1)
4.3.9.2 Organic Pigments
172(1)
4.3.10 Dosing of Dyes and Pigments
173(1)
4.3.10.1 Stock Dyeing
174(2)
4.3.10.2 Surface Coloration
176(1)
4.3.10.3 Coating Coloration
176(1)
4.3.11 Technical Properties of Coloration
176(1)
4.3.11.1 Colorimetry
176(1)
4.3.11.2 Light Fastness
177(1)
4.3.11.3 Bleed Fastness
177(1)
4.3.11.4 Other Properties
178(1)
4.3.12 Ecology/Toxicology
178(1)
4.4 Optical Brightening Agents (OBA), Fluorescent Whitening Agents (FWAs)
178(14)
Bernhard Hunke
Gunter Klug
4.4.1 Introduction
178(1)
4.4.2 Basics about Whiteness
179(1)
4.4.3 The CIE Whiteness
180(1)
4.4.4 Fluorescent Whitening Agents
181(1)
4.4.4.1 Structural Formula
182(1)
4.4.4.2 Types of Fluorescent Whitening Agents
183(1)
4.4.4.3 Hue of Fluorescence
184(1)
4.4.5 Factors Influencing the Performance of FWAs
184(1)
4.4.5.1 Mill Water
184(1)
4.4.5.2 Fiber Materials
185(1)
4.4.5.3 Fillers (White Pigments)
186(1)
4.4.5.4 Acid and Alum
187(1)
4.4.5.5 Sizing
187(1)
4.4.5.6 Cationic Additives
187(1)
4.4.5.7 Greening/Graying Limit
188(2)
4.4.5.8 Light Fastness
190(1)
4.4.6 Application of FWAs
190(1)
4.4.6.1 Addition of FWAs to the Stock
190(1)
4.4.6.2 Addition of FWAs via Size Press
191(1)
4.4.6.3 Addition of FWAs to Pigment Coating Mixtures
191(1)
4.4.7 New Developments
191(1)
4.5 Sizing Agents
192(15)
Jochen Hoffmann
4.5.1 Fundamental Aspects of Sizing of Paper
192(2)
4.5.2 General Features of Sizing Agents
194(1)
4.5.3 Rosin Sizes
195(1)
4.5.3.1 Raw Materials and Chemical Modifications
195(1)
4.5.3.2 Delivery and Application Forms
196(1)
4.5.3.3 Rosin Sizing and Aluminum
196(1)
4.5.3.4 Features of Rosin Sizing
197(1)
4.5.3.5 Application of Rosin Sizes
197(1)
4.5.4 Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD)
198(1)
4.5.4.1 AKD Wax
198(1)
4.5.4.2 AKD Dispersions
198(1)
4.5.4.3 AKD Reactions/Features of AKD Sizing
199(1)
4.5.4.4 Application of AKD Sizes
200(1)
4.5.5 Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA)
201(1)
4.5.5.1 Preparation and Chemical Properties of ASA
201(2)
4.5.5.2 Preparation of ASA Size Emulsions
203(1)
4.5.5.3 Features of ASA Sizing
203(1)
4.5.5.4 Application of ASA Sizes
204(1)
4.5.6 Comparison of Internal Sizing Systems - Rosin, AKD, and ASA
204(1)
4.5.7 Polymeric Sizing Agents
204(1)
4.5.7.1 Styrene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymers (SMAs)
204(2)
4.5.7.2 Styrene-Acrylic Ester Copolymers (SAEs)
206(1)
4.6 Wet-Strength Resins (WSR) and Dry Strength Resins (DSR)
207(19)
Gunnar Kramer
Dominik Stumm
4.6.1 Introduction
207(1)
4.6.2 Theory of Paper Strength
208(1)
4.6.2.1 Models to Explain Strength Increase
208(1)
4.6.2.2 How Dry Strength Additives Can Improve Paper Strength
209(1)
4.6.2.3 How Wet-Strength Additives Can Retain Paper Strength
210(1)
4.6.3 Dry Strength Additives (DSAs)
211(1)
4.6.3.1 Cellulose Derivatives
211(1)
4.6.3.2 Synthetic Dry Strength Additives
212(1)
4.6.3.3 Application
213(1)
4.6.4 Wet-Strength Resins (WSA)
214(1)
4.6.4.1 Overview
214(2)
4.6.4.2 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
216(1)
4.6.4.3 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
217(1)
4.6.5 Epoxidized Polyamide Resins
218(5)
4.6.5.1 Glyoxalated Polyacrylamide Resins
223(1)
4.6.6 Other Wet-Strength Resins
224(2)
4.7 Properties of Specialty Papers and Related Chemical Additives
226(9)
Roland Pelzer
4.7.1 Tissue
226(1)
4.7.2 Parchment and Barrier Papers
227(2)
4.7.3 NCR-Paper (Noncarbon Required)
229(1)
4.7.4 Thermographic Paper
230(1)
4.7.5 Flame-Retardant Paper
231(1)
4.7.6 More Specialty Papers at a Glance
231(2)
References
233(1)
Further Reading for Section 4.2
233(1)
Further Reading for Section 4.5
234(1)
Further Reading for Section 4.6
234(1)
5 Coating Colors - Components, Make Down, and Properties
235(56)
Reinhard Sangl
Werner J. Auhorn
Thoralf Gliese
Werner Kogler
5.1 Overview
235(3)
5.1.1 General Aspects
235(2)
5.1.2 Market Situation and Future Trends
237(1)
5.2 Coating Color Components
238(34)
5.2.1 Coating Pigments
238(1)
5.2.1.1 Pigment Characteristics: Aspect Ratio, Particle Size, and Particle Size Distribution
239(3)
5.2.1.2 Main Coating Pigments
242(3)
5.2.1.3 Special Pigments
245(2)
5.2.2 Dispersants
247(3)
5.2.3 Binders
250(2)
5.2.3.1 Derivatives of Natural Polymer Binders
252(1)
5.2.3.2 Synthetic Latex Binders
253(1)
5.2.4 Additives Influencing the Properties and Processing of the Coating Color
254(1)
5.2.4.1 Cobinders
255(3)
5.2.4.2 Thickeners
258(2)
5.2.4.3 Associative Thickeners
260(3)
5.2.4.4 Lubricants
263(2)
5.2.4.5 Defoamers/Deaerators
265(1)
5.2.5 Additives Influencing the Quality and Printability of the Paper Surface
266(1)
5.2.5.1 Cobinders and Thickeners
266(1)
5.2.5.2 Insolubilizers
266(2)
5.2.5.3 Tinting (Shading)
268(1)
5.2.5.4 Optical Brightening Agents (OBA)
268(2)
5.2.5.5 OBA Carrier
270(1)
5.2.5.6 Influencing Opacity
270(1)
5.2.5.7 Influencing Smoothness and Gloss
270(1)
5.2.5.8 Influencing Porosity, Print Gloss, and Glueability
270(1)
5.2.5.9 Influencing Printability
271(1)
5.3 Properties of Coating Colors
272(6)
5.3.1 Coating Color Formulations
272(2)
5.3.2 Important Coating Color Properties
274(1)
5.3.2.1 Viscosity
274(1)
5.3.2.2 Viscoelasticity
275(1)
5.3.2.3 Water Retention
276(1)
5.3.2.4 Solids Content
277(1)
5.3.2.5 pH
277(1)
5.3.2.6 Screening Residue
277(1)
5.3.2.7 Bacteria Level
277(1)
5.4 Coating Color Preparation
278(13)
5.4.1 General Aspects of Coating Kitchen Set Up
278(1)
5.4.2 Dispersing of Pigments
279(2)
5.4.3 Processing of Binders
281(1)
5.4.3.1 Latexes
281(1)
5.4.3.2 Starch
281(2)
5.4.3.3 Other Binders
283(1)
5.4.3.4 Additives
284(1)
5.4.4 Tanks
284(1)
5.4.5 Screens and Filters
285(1)
5.4.6 Degassing of Coating Colors
285(2)
5.4.6.1 Vacuum Degassing for Curtain Coating
287(1)
5.4.7 Batch Preparation of Coating Colors
287(1)
5.4.8 Continuous Coating Color Preparation
287(1)
5.4.9 Coating Color Supply Systems for Coaters
288(2)
Further Reading
290(1)
6 Process Chemicals
291(60)
6.1 Overview
291(1)
Roland Pelzer
6.2 Aluminum Compounds
291(4)
Hubert Dorrer
6.3 Retention Aids and Drainage Accelerators
295(5)
Jan-Luiken Hemmes
6.3.1 Functionality
295(1)
6.3.2 Chemistry
296(2)
6.3.3 Application
298(1)
6.3.4 Trends
299(1)
Abbreviations
300(1)
6.4 Fixatives and Charge Control
300(9)
Antonius Moormann-Schmitz
6.4.1 Overview
300(1)
6.4.2 Treatment Strategies for Interfering Substances
300(2)
6.4.3 Chemistry of Fixing Agents
302(1)
6.4.4 Fixation of Dissolved Substances
303(1)
6.4.5 Treatment of Particular Substances
303(2)
6.4.6 Test Methods for Fixing Agents
305(1)
6.4.6.1 Tests with an Optical Laser Pitch Counter
305(1)
6.4.6.2 Results
306(1)
6.4.7 Charge Control with Cationic Polymers
307(2)
6.5 Deposit Control and Biocides
309(7)
Ute Hootmann
6.5.1 Introduction
309(1)
6.5.2 Some Basics of Microbiology in PaperMaking
309(1)
6.5.3 Impairments Caused by Microorganisms
310(2)
6.5.4 Prevention: What Can Be Done in the Run-Up?
312(1)
6.5.5 Dispersants, Biocides, Cleaners: The Deposit Control Concept
312(2)
6.5.6 Survey of Deposit Control Applications
314(1)
6.5.7 Regulatory Affairs
315(1)
6.5.8 Coordinated Approach: A Deposit Control Project
315(1)
6.6 Defoamers and Deaerators
316(6)
Christoph Blickenstorfer
6.6.1 Appearance of Air along the Process and Sources of Surface-Active Substances to Stabilize Foam
316(3)
6.6.2 Disturbances Caused by High Foam and Air Content
319(1)
6.6.3 Defoaming and Deaeration Chemicals
319(2)
6.6.4 Application of Defoamer and Deaerator and Measurement of Air/Gas
321(1)
6.7 Chelating Agents
322(3)
Gunnar Kramer
6.8 Additives for Repulping
325(2)
6.9 Deinking Additives
327(3)
6.10 Cleaning Agents and Fabric Conditioning
330(6)
Kathrin Otto
Christoph Blickenstorfer
6.10.1 Contaminations and Factors for a Successful Cleaning Result
330(1)
6.10.2 Cleaning Agents
331(2)
6.10.3 Conditioning Agents
333(1)
6.10.4 Cleaning of Machinery and Water Circuit
334(1)
6.10.5 Cleaning and Conditioning of Paper Machine Clothing
334(2)
6.11 Internal Water and Effluent Treatment
336(8)
Arne Horsken
Andreas Opalka
Stefan Nierhoff
6.11.1 Water Systems in Paper and Board Mills
336(1)
6.11.2 Water: Chemical and Physical Parameters
337(1)
6.11.3 Flocculation
338(3)
6.11.4 Potential Problems by Use of Acidic Aluminum Salts in Water Systems
341(1)
6.11.4.1 Use of Aluminum Sulfate
341(1)
6.11.4.2 Use of Aluminum (Hydroxide) Chloride
341(1)
6.11.4.3 Use of Aluminum Nitrate
342(1)
6.11.5 Freshwater Treatment
342(1)
6.11.6 Internal Water Treatment
343(1)
6.11.7 Wastewater Treatment in Paper and Board Manufacturing
343(1)
6.12 Interactions of Chemical Additives
344(7)
Roland Pelzer
References
348(1)
Further Reading for Section 6.5
349(2)
7 Unit Operations
351(122)
7.1 Overview
351(8)
Herbert Holik
Harald Heß
7.1.1 Objectives and General Solutions
351(1)
7.1.1.1 Systems
351(1)
7.1.1.2 Unit Processes
352(1)
7.1.2 Separation Processes
353(1)
7.1.3 Unit Processes in Stock Preparation Systems
354(1)
7.1.4 Definitions in Separation Processes
355(4)
7.2 Fiber Materials Feeding
359(3)
Harald Heß
Herbert Holik
7.2.1 Overview
359(1)
7.2.2 Virgin Pulp
359(1)
7.2.3 Recovered Paper
359(3)
7.3 Disintegration
362(15)
Harald Heß
Herbert Holik
Wolfgang Muller
7.3.1 Overview and Theoretical Aspects
362(1)
7.3.1.1 Objectives and General Solutions
362(1)
7.3.1.2 Some Basics
362(1)
7.3.1.3 Steps in Disintegration
363(1)
7.3.2 Machines for Primary Disintegration
364(1)
7.3.2.1 Pulpers
364(7)
7.3.3 Machines for Secondary Disintegration
371(1)
7.3.3.1 Deflaker
372(1)
7.3.3.2 Disk Screen
372(1)
7.3.4 Operational Principles and Technological Results
373(1)
7.3.4.1 Continuous and Discontinuous Disintegration
373(1)
7.3.4.2 Flake Content in Primary Disintegration
374(2)
7.3.4.3 Flake Reduction in Primary and Secondary Disintegration
376(1)
7.3.4.4 Disintegration of a Stock Containing Plastic Foils
376(1)
7.4 Screening
377(20)
Harald Heß
Herbert Holik
7.4.1 Overview and Principle Aspects
377(1)
7.4.1.1 Objective
377(1)
7.4.1.2 Principle Solution
378(1)
7.4.1.3 Application
379(1)
7.4.2 Screening Theory - Some Remarks
379(1)
7.4.2.1 Probability of Separation
379(1)
7.4.2.2 Flow Approaching the Screen Openings
380(2)
7.4.2.3 Flow through the Screen Openings
382(1)
7.4.2.4 Flow in the Accept Area
382(2)
7.4.3 Screening Equipment and Systems
384(1)
7.4.3.1 Machine and Operational Parameters Influencing Screening Effect
384(1)
7.4.3.2 Coarse Screening
385(3)
7.4.3.3 Fine Screening
388(4)
7.4.4 Operational Aspects and Technological Results
392(1)
7.4.4.1 Deflaking Effect
392(1)
7.4.4.2 Screening Gap
392(2)
7.4.4.3 Thickening Factor
394(1)
7.4.4.4 Screening Efficiency
394(3)
7.5 Centrifugal Cleaning
397(14)
7.5.1 Overview
397(1)
7.5.1.1 Objectives
397(1)
7.5.1.2 Principle Solution
398(1)
7.5.1.3 Applications
398(1)
7.5.2 Theoretical Aspects
399(1)
7.5.2.1 Basics of Hydrocyclones
399(2)
7.5.3 Cleaner Types and Systems
401(1)
7.5.3.1 General Remarks
401(2)
7.5.3.2 High Consistency (HC) Cleaners and Systems
403(1)
7.5.3.3 Low Consistency (LC) Cleaners and Systems
403(4)
7.5.3.4 Cleaner with Rotating Housing
407(1)
7.5.4 Operational and Technological Results
408(1)
7.5.4.1 Overview on Design and Operational Conditions
408(1)
7.5.4.2 Typical Technological Results
408(3)
7.6 Selective Flotation
411(15)
7.6.1 Overview and Theoretical Aspects
411(1)
7.6.1.1 Objectives
411(1)
7.6.1.2 Principle Solutions
412(1)
7.6.1.3 Main Prerequisites for Good Flotation Results
412(1)
7.6.1.4 Two-Phase Flow in Flotation
412(2)
7.6.2 Chemistry in Flotation
414(1)
7.6.2.1 Fatty Acid Soap
414(2)
7.6.2.2 Synthetic Surfactants
416(1)
7.6.2.3 Silicone Derivatives
416(1)
7.6.3 Equipment and Systems
417(1)
7.6.3.1 Flotation Cells
417(3)
7.6.3.2 Flotation Systems and Flotation Selectivity
420(1)
7.6.3.3 Foam Handling
421(1)
7.6.4 Operating Conditions and Technological Results
422(1)
7.6.4.1 Operating Conditions
422(1)
7.6.4.2 General Technological Results
423(3)
7.7 Nonselective Flotation (Dissolved Air Flotation DAF)
426(4)
7.7.1 Overview and Theoretical Aspects
426(1)
7.7.1.1 Objectives
426(1)
7.7.1.2 Principle Solution
426(1)
7.7.1.3 Solubility of Air in Water
427(1)
7.7.2 Equipment
427(2)
7.7.3 Technological Aspects
429(1)
7.7.3.1 Cleanliness
429(1)
7.7.3.2 Sludge Handling
430(1)
7.8 Fractionation
430(4)
7.8.1 Objectives and Principle Solutions
430(1)
7.8.2 Basics
430(2)
7.8.3 Machinery
432(1)
7.8.4 Operational and Technological Remarks
433(1)
7.9 Dewatering
434(8)
7.9.1 Overview and Theoretical Aspects
434(1)
7.9.1.1 Objectives
434(1)
7.9.1.2 Basics and Principle Solutions
435(1)
7.9.2 Machinery
436(1)
7.9.2.1 Drum Thickeners
436(1)
7.9.2.2 Belt Filters, Twin-Wire Presses
437(1)
7.9.2.3 Disk Thickener
437(1)
7.9.2.4 Disk Filters
438(3)
7.9.2.5 Screw Presses
441(1)
7.10 Washing
442(4)
7.10.1 Overview and Theoretical Background
442(1)
7.10.2 Machinery
443(1)
7.10.3 Technological Aspects
444(2)
7.11 Mixing and Storing
446(5)
7.11.1 Overview
446(1)
7.11.2 Mixing
447(1)
7.11.3 Storing
448(1)
7.11.3.1 Storing at Low Consistencies
448(1)
7.11.3.2 Storing at Medium and High Consistencies
449(2)
7.12 Bleaching of Secondary Fibers
451(3)
7.12.1 Objectives and Principles
451(1)
7.12.2 Peroxide Bleaching
452(1)
7.12.3 Reductive Bleaching
453(1)
7.13 Refining
454(8)
Herbert Holik
Oliver Ludtke
7.13.1 Overview
454(1)
7.13.1.1 Objectives
454(1)
7.13.1.2 Principle Solution
455(1)
7.13.2 Basics
455(1)
7.13.3 Historical Review
456(2)
7.13.4 State-of-the-Art Refining Machines
458(1)
7.13.4.1 Low Consistency (LC) Refining
458(1)
7.13.4.2 High consistency (HC) Refining
459(1)
7.13.5 Operational and Technological Aspects
459(3)
7.14 Dispersion
462(11)
Harald Heß
Herbert Holik
7.14.1 Overview and General Aspects
462(1)
7.14.1.1 Objectives
462(1)
7.14.1.2 General Aspects
463(1)
7.14.2 Equipment and Operational Aspects
463(1)
7.14.2.1 System
464(1)
7.14.2.2 Disk Disperser
465(3)
7.14.2.3 Kneading Disperger
468(1)
7.14.3 Technological Aspects
469(1)
References
470(2)
Further Reading for Section 7.6
472(1)
Further Reading for Section 7.13
472(1)
8 Systems for Fiber Stock Preparation
473(18)
Oliver Ludtke
Andrea Stetter
8.1 Objectives
473(1)
8.2 Historical Review of Stock Preparation Systems
473(3)
8.3 Systems for Primary Fiber Preparation
476(2)
8.4 Systems for Secondary Fiber Preparation
478(9)
8.4.1 Systems for Graphic Paper Grades
478(1)
8.4.1.1 System for Wood-Containing Graphic Papers
478(3)
8.4.1.2 System for Woodfree Graphic Paper Grades and Market DIP
481(2)
8.4.2 Systems for Packaging Paper and Board Grades
483(4)
8.5 Systems for Broke Treatment
487(1)
8.6 Peripheral Systems in Secondary Fiber Preparation
488(1)
8.7 Process Engineering and Automation
488(3)
References
489(1)
Further Reading
489(2)
9 The Integrated Recycled Paper Mill (IRPM)
491(60)
9.1 Environmental Aspects and Profitability
491(2)
Lucas Menke
9.2 Subsystems and Peripheral Systems of the Integrated Recycled Paper Mill
493(6)
9.2.1 Overview
493(1)
9.2.2 Technical and Operational Aspects of the Integrated Recycled Paper Mill
494(2)
9.2.3 Boundaries and Ownership Alternatives
496(2)
9.2.4 The Urban Mill Model
498(1)
9.3 Subsystems for Water, Reject, and Sludge (WSR)
499(2)
9.3.1 Water Subsystems
500(1)
9.3.2 Sludge Subsystems
500(1)
9.3.3 Reject Subsystems
501(1)
9.4 Water Circuits
501(9)
Lucas Menke
Andrea Stetter
9.4.1 Introduction
501(1)
9.4.2 Freshwater
502(1)
9.4.3 Process Water
502(1)
9.4.3.1 Detrimental Substances
502(1)
9.4.4 Typical Paper Mill Water loops
503(1)
9.4.4.1 White Water Circuit System
504(1)
9.4.4.2 Water Circuit Systems in Stock Preparation
505(1)
9.4.4.3 Examples of Millwide Water Circuit Systems
506(2)
9.4.4.4 Current Limits on Circuit Closure
508(1)
9.4.4.5 Zero-Effluent Systems
509(1)
9.5 Reject Systems
510(18)
Lucas Menke
9.5.1 Definitions
510(1)
9.5.1.1 Waste
511(1)
9.5.1.2 Residuals
511(1)
9.5.1.3 Trash
511(1)
9.5.1.4 Reject Systems
511(1)
9.5.2 Types of Rejects from Different Process Stages in Stock Preparation
512(1)
9.5.2.1 Coarse Rejects
513(3)
9.5.2.2 Fine Rejects
516(2)
9.5.3 Technology of Reject Handling Systems
518(2)
9.5.3.1 Coarse Reject Handling
520(3)
9.5.3.2 Fine Reject Handling and Combined Systems
523(2)
9.5.4 Reject Conveying and Storage Equipment
525(1)
9.5.4.1 Reject Shredding
525(1)
9.5.4.2 Reject Dewatering - Reject Pressing
525(1)
9.5.4.3 Metal Detection and Magnetic Separation
526(1)
9.5.4.4 Reject Conveying Systems
526(2)
9.5.4.5 Reject Storage Systems
528(1)
9.6 Sludge Dewatering Systems
528(4)
9.6.1 Sludge from Different Process Stages and Their Characteristics
529(1)
9.6.1.1 Sludges from LC Cleaners and Slotted Screens
529(1)
9.6.1.2 Deinking Sludges
529(1)
9.6.1.3 Sludge from Microflotation or Circuit Cleaning
529(1)
9.6.1.4 Sludges from Washing Process Stages
529(1)
9.6.2 Integration of Peripheral Sludge Systems with Primary and Biosludge
529(1)
9.6.2.1 Sludge Predewatering
530(1)
9.6.3 Sludge Pressing
531(1)
9.7 Wastewater
532(7)
Lucas Menke
Udo Hamm
9.7.1 Introduction
532(1)
9.7.2 Characterization of Wastewater
533(1)
9.7.2.1 Overview
533(1)
9.7.2.2 COD as a Parameter for Characterization of Wastewater
533(1)
9.7.3 Wastewater Treatment
534(1)
9.7.3.1 Removal of Suspended Solids
534(1)
9.7.3.2 Biological Treatment
535(3)
9.7.4 Biological Sludge
538(1)
9.7.5 Closed Water Circuit
538(1)
9.8 Reject and Residual Disposal, Waste to Energy, Replacement Fuels for Incineration
539(12)
9.8.1 Solid Waste Composition and Characteristics
539(1)
9.8.1.1 General View
539(1)
9.8.1.2 Typical Quantities and Values of Rejects and Residues
539(1)
9.8.1.3 Sludges from Wastewater Treatment
540(1)
9.8.2 Regulations for Waste
540(1)
9.8.3 Economical Aspects and Conditions for Waste Handling
541(1)
9.8.4 Reject and Residual Drying - the Gateway to Economical Disposal
542(1)
9.8.5 Waste to Energy, Incineration of Rejects and Residuals
542(1)
9.8.5.1 Characteristics of Replacement Fuels
543(1)
9.8.5.2 Conditioning and Pretreatment of Waste and Replacement Fuel
544(1)
9.8.5.3 Waste and Replacement Fuel Storage
544(1)
9.8.5.4 Waste-to-Energy Solutions Using External Waste and Multiple Recyclable Furnish (MRF)
544(1)
9.8.5.5 Typical Incineration Technologies
544(4)
9.8.5.6 Use in Other Industries
548(1)
References
549(2)
10 Paper and Board Machines and Their Components
551(40)
10.1 Overview
551(9)
Herbert Holik
Johann Moser
10.1.1 General Remarks
551(1)
10.1.2 Progress
552(3)
10.1.3 Operation
555(1)
10.1.4 Paper Machine Components
556(4)
10.2 Rolls in Paper and Board Machines
560(15)
10.2.1 General Aspects
560(1)
10.2.2 Rolls to Guide Fabrics and Paper or Board Webs
560(1)
10.2.2.1 Guide Rolls
560(1)
10.2.2.2 Spreader Rolls
561(1)
10.2.2.3 Center-Supported Guide Rolls
562(1)
10.2.3 Rolls to Affect the Paper and Board Web
562(1)
10.2.3.1 Perforated (Open) Rolls
562(5)
10.2.3.2 Press Rolls
567(5)
10.2.4 Deflection Control Rolls
572(1)
10.2.4.1 Controlled Nip Line Load Distribution
572(1)
10.2.4.2 One-Zone Rolls
573(1)
10.2.4.3 Multizone Rolls
573(2)
10.3 Roll Covers and Coatings
575(16)
Yang Shieh
Johan Einarsson
Franz Grohmann
Norbert Gamsjager
10.3.1 Objectives and Basic Design Criteria
575(2)
10.3.2 Application and Function
577(1)
10.3.2.1 Corrosion and Wear Protection
577(1)
10.3.2.2 Nip Design in the Press Section
577(1)
10.3.2.3 Release Properties
578(1)
10.3.2.4 Nip Design in Coating and Sizing
578(1)
10.3.2.5 Nip Design in Calenders
579(1)
10.3.2.6 Other Applications
579(1)
10.3.2.7 Application Overview
579(3)
10.3.3 Materials
582(1)
10.3.3.1 Rubber Roll Covers
582(1)
10.3.3.2 Polyurethane Roll Covers
583(2)
10.3.3.3 Composite Roll Covers
585(2)
10.3.3.4 Thermal Coatings
587(1)
10.3.3.5 Chromium Coatings
588(1)
10.3.3.6 Thermoplastic Covers, Sleeves, and Coatings
588(1)
10.3.3.7 Granite Rolls and Calender Paper Shafts
589(2)
Contents to Volume 2
List of Contributors to the Second Edition
11 Fabrics for Paper and Board Production
591(28)
Matthias W. Schmitt
11.1 Forming Fabrics
592(6)
Matthias Hohsl
Arved Westerkamp
11.1.1 Requirements
592(1)
11.1.2 Designs and History
592(3)
11.1.3 Fabric Design Parameters
595(1)
11.1.4 Manufacturing Technology
596(2)
11.2 Press Felts
598(5)
Matthias W. Schmitt
11.2.1 Requirements
598(2)
11.2.2 Press Felt Design and History
600(1)
11.2.3 Manufacturing
601(1)
11.2.4 Transfer Belts
602(1)
11.3 Dryer Fabrics
603(3)
Juergen Abraham
Antony Morton
11.3.1 Requirements
603(1)
11.3.2 Fabric Design and History
604(1)
11.3.3 Dryer Fabric Manufacture
605(1)
11.4 Fabrics in Operation
606(9)
Matthias W. Schmitt
11.4.1 Stretching and Guiding of Fabrics and Belts
606(1)
11.4.1.1 Functional Principle of the Guiding Unit
607(1)
11.4.1.2 Functional Principle of the Palm Unit
607(2)
11.4.2 Cleaning and Conditioning of Fabrics
609(2)
11.4.2.1 Cleaning of Forming Fabrics
611(1)
11.4.2.2 Cleaning of Press Felts and Transfer Belts
612(2)
11.4.2.3 Cleaning of Dryer Fabrics
614(1)
11.5 Changing of Fabrics
615(4)
Herbert Holik
Johann Moser
References
617(1)
Further Reading for Section 11.4
617(2)
12 Approach Flow System
619(16)
Christian Bangert
Herbert Holik
Andrea Stetter
12.1 Definition and Tasks of the Approach Flow System
619(1)
12.2 Metering and Mixing of the Stock Components and Feed to the Headbox
620(2)
12.2.1 Metering and Mixing of the Stock Components
620(1)
12.2.1.1 Dosing
620(1)
12.2.1.2 Mixing of Stock Components
620(1)
12.2.2 Metering and Mixing of Thick Stock and White Water
621(1)
12.3 Final Cleaning and Screening
622(1)
12.3.1 Final Cleaning
622(1)
12.3.2 Final Screening
622(1)
12.4 Air in the Papermaking Process and Its Removal
623(5)
12.4.1 General Overview
623(1)
12.4.2 Avoiding Air Intake
623(1)
12.4.3 Deaeration
624(1)
12.4.3.1 Deaeration by Gravity
625(1)
12.4.3.2 Deaeration by Vacuum
625(1)
12.4.3.3 Deaeration by Centrifugal Forces
626(2)
12.5 Further Aspects
628(2)
12.5.1 Energy Recovery from Backflows
628(1)
12.5.2 Engineering
629(1)
12.5.3 Automation
629(1)
12.6 Approach Flow Design
630(5)
12.6.1 Approach Flow System for Graphic Paper Machines
630(1)
12.6.2 Approach Flow System for Packaging Paper and Board Machines
631(1)
12.6.3 Approach Flow System for Tissue Grade Machines
632(1)
12.6.4 Approach Flow System for Specialty Paper Machines
632(2)
References
634(1)
13 Headbox
635(24)
Herbert Holik
Johann Moser
Thomas Ruehl
13.1 Overview and Principle Aspects
635(4)
13.1.1 Objectives
635(1)
13.1.2 Tasks and Principle Solutions
635(1)
13.1.3 Some Basics
636(1)
13.1.3.1 Uniform Distribution across Machine Width
636(1)
13.1.3.2 Turbulence
636(1)
13.1.3.3 Jet Velocity
637(1)
13.1.3.4 Volumetric and Stock Mass Flow
638(1)
13.1.3.5 Jet Direction
638(1)
13.1.3.6 Pulsation Damping
638(1)
13.2 Historical Review
639(3)
13.2.1 Distribution
639(1)
13.2.2 Suspension Acceleration, Deflocculation, and Delivery
640(1)
13.2.3 Pulsation Elimination (for MD Basis Weight Control)
641(1)
13.2.4 Cross Machine (CD) Control of Basis Weight and Fiber Orientation
642(1)
13.3 State-of-the-Art Headboxes
642(9)
13.3.1 Rectifier Roll Headboxes
643(1)
13.3.1.1 General Design Features
643(1)
13.3.1.2 Application
643(1)
13.3.1.3 Distribution
644(1)
13.3.1.4 Deflocculation
644(1)
13.3.1.5 Suspension Flow, Acceleration, and Jet Formation
644(1)
13.3.1.6 Pulsation Dampening
644(1)
13.3.2 Hydraulic Headboxes
644(1)
13.3.2.1 Hydraulic Headbox for Fourdrinier Wire Section
644(3)
13.3.2.2 Hydraulic Headbox for Twin-Wire Gap Formers
647(1)
13.3.2.3 Two-Layer Headbox
648(1)
13.3.2.4 Secondary Headbox
649(1)
13.3.3 Headbox with a Central Distributor Tank
650(1)
13.4 Influence of Operational and Design Parameters on Technological Results
651(8)
13.4.1 Changing Operational Parameters
651(1)
13.4.1.1 Change of Consistency at Constant Basis Weight
651(1)
13.4.1.2 Change of Basis Weight
651(1)
13.4.1.3 Change of Jet Velocity and Jet Angle
651(1)
13.4.2 Technological Dependencies
651(1)
13.4.2.1 MD/CD Ratio of Paper Properties
651(1)
13.4.2.2 Formation Quality
652(2)
13.4.2.3 Nonsymmetry in z-Direction
654(1)
13.4.2.4 CD Basis Weight Profile
654(2)
13.4.2.5 CD Main Fiber Orientation Profile
656(1)
References
657(2)
14 Wire Section
659(20)
Herbert Holik
Johann Moser
Thomas Ruehl
14.1 Overview and Theoretical Aspects
659(4)
14.1.1 Objectives
659(1)
14.1.2 Drainage and Retention
659(3)
14.1.3 Jet Quality as a Precondition for Good Formation Results
662(1)
14.1.4 Fiber Deposition and Orientation
662(1)
14.1.5 Control of Flocculation Level and Dispersing in Web Formation
663(1)
14.2 Historical Review
663(3)
14.2.1 Fourdrinier Wire Section
663(2)
14.2.2 Cylinder Formers
665(1)
14.2.3 Twin-Wire Formers
665(1)
14.2.4 Wires, Retention Aids, and Chemical Additives
666(1)
14.3 State-of-the-Art Web Forming Designs
666(4)
14.3.1 The Fourdrinier Wire Section
666(1)
14.3.2 Inclined Wire
667(1)
14.3.3 Hybrid Former
668(1)
14.3.4 Gap Former
668(1)
14.3.5 Cylinder Former
669(1)
14.4 Machine Elements
670(2)
14.5 Wires
672(1)
14.6 Operational and Technological Aspects
672(7)
14.6.1 General Remarks
672(1)
14.6.2 Web-Forming and Dryness Increase Functions
673(2)
14.6.3 Web Formation
675(1)
14.6.4 Web Symmetry in Fines and Filler Distribution
676(1)
14.6.5 Fiber Orientation Anisotropy in the Web
676(2)
References
678(1)
15 Press Section
679(34)
Herbert Holik
Daniel Gronych
Joachim Henssler
15.1 Introduction
679(2)
15.1.1 Overview
679(1)
15.1.2 Operating Principles Governing the Press Section
679(2)
15.2 Theoretical Aspects of Press Dewatering
681(8)
15.2.1 Hydraulic Pressure and Fiber Structure Resistance
681(2)
15.2.2 The Four Phases during Dewatering in the Nip
683(2)
15.2.3 Influence of Furnish Type on Dewatering
685(1)
15.2.4 Rewetting
686(2)
15.2.5 Crushing
688(1)
15.3 State-of-the-Art Press Sections
689(5)
15.3.1 Press Designs with Roll Press Nips
689(1)
15.3.2 Press Designs with Shoe Presses
690(1)
15.3.2.1 The Shoe Press
690(1)
15.3.2.2 Press Designs with Shoe Nips
691(1)
15.3.2.3 Single-Nip Shoe Press
692(2)
15.4 Historical Review
694(1)
15.5 Further Approaches in Pressing
695(3)
15.5.1 High-Intensity Pressing
696(1)
15.5.2 Displacement Dewatering
696(1)
15.5.2.1 Displacement Dewatering by Pressure
697(1)
15.5.2.2 Displacement Dewatering by Vacuum
697(1)
15.6 Operational and Technological Aspects
698(7)
15.6.1 Dryness
698(1)
15.6.2 CD Moisture Profiles
698(1)
15.6.3 Felts
699(2)
15.6.4 Web Transfer and Guiding
701(1)
15.6.4.1 Web Transfer
701(3)
15.6.4.2 Web Guiding
704(1)
15.7 Impact of Wet Pressing on Paper Surface Properties
705(8)
15.7.1 Surface Roughness
705(2)
15.7.2 Surface Densification
707(1)
15.7.2.1 Dewatering and Densification
707(1)
15.7.2.2 Absorption
707(3)
Acknowledgments
710(1)
References
710(3)
16 Dryer Section
713(32)
Herbert Holik
Roland Mayer
16.1 Overview
713(1)
16.2 Drying Principles and Basics
713(12)
16.2.1 Drying Rate and Energy Balance
713(2)
16.2.2 Contact Drying with Steam Heated Cylinders
715(5)
16.2.3 Air Impingement Drying
720(1)
16.2.4 Through Air Drying
721(1)
16.2.5 Infrared Drying
722(1)
16.2.6 Press Drying
723(1)
16.2.7 Impulse Drying
723(1)
16.2.8 Air-Water Mixture in the Mollier Diagram
723(2)
16.3 Basics Related to Paper Drying
725(5)
16.3.1 Drying Curve
725(2)
16.3.2 Paper Shrinkage
727(1)
16.3.3 Change in Wet Strength of a Paper Sheet during Drying
728(1)
16.3.4 Paper Curl
729(1)
16.4 Dryer Sections
730(15)
16.4.1 Multicylinder Dryer Section
730(1)
16.4.1.1 Types of Multicylinder Dryer Section
730(2)
16.4.1.2 Tail Threading and Web Handling
732(3)
16.4.1.3 Steam and Condensate Systems
735(1)
16.4.2 Ventilation Systems
736(1)
16.4.2.1 Pocket Ventilation
736(1)
16.4.2.2 Dryer Hood Ventilation
737(1)
16.4.2.3 Machine Room Ventilation
738(1)
16.4.2.4 Heat Recovery System
738(1)
16.4.3 Tissue Dryer Section
739(1)
16.4.3.1 Tissue Cylinder
739(1)
16.4.3.2 Tissue Dryer Hood
740(1)
16.4.3.3 Through Air Dryer
740(2)
16.4.4 Drying of Coated and Surface-Sized Paper and Board
742(2)
References
744(1)
17 Surface Sizing and Coating
745(40)
Reinhard Sangl
Werner Auhorn
Werner Kogler
Martin Tietz
17.1 Surface Sizing
745(2)
17.1.1 Objectives of Surface Sizing
745(1)
17.1.2 The Sizing Principle
745(2)
17.1.3 Application of the Sizing Solution
747(1)
17.2 Coating
747(36)
17.2.1 Overview
747(2)
17.2.1.1 History of Paper Coating
749(1)
17.2.1.2 Technological Developments
750(2)
17.2.1.3 Why Paper Is Coated
752(3)
17.2.1.4 Requirements for Coated Paper and Board from Consecutive Processes
755(1)
17.2.1.5 Requirements for Coating Colors from Consecutive Processes
755(2)
17.2.2 The Process of Coating
757(1)
17.2.2.1 Penetration and Migration
757(1)
17.2.2.2 Absorbency and Porosity Influence Quality and Runnability
757(2)
17.2.2.3 Means to Adapt the Coating Base
759(1)
17.2.2.4 Properties of Base Paper in Order to Meet the Requirements of the Coating Process
760(4)
17.2.3 Components and Properties of Coating Colors
764(1)
17.2.3.1 Pigments
765(1)
17.2.3.2 Binders
765(2)
17.2.3.3 Requirements Based on Coating Color Components
767(1)
17.2.4 Coating Color Formulations
768(1)
17.2.4.1 Model Composition of a Coating Color
769(3)
17.2.5 Coating Machines
772(1)
17.2.5.1 Overview
772(1)
17.2.5.2 Applicators
773(6)
17.2.5.3 Typical Applications
779(1)
17.2.6 Drying
780(3)
17.3 Coated Paper and Board Grades
783(2)
References
784(1)
Further Reading
784(1)
18 Calendering
785(16)
Rudiger Feldmann
18.1 Objective and General Description of the Calendering Process
785(1)
18.2 History of Calendering
786(3)
18.3 The Different Calender Types
789(6)
18.3.1 Machine Calenders
789(1)
18.3.2 Supercalenders
789(1)
18.3.3 Soft calenders
790(1)
18.3.4 Modern Multinip Calenders
791(1)
18.3.5 Extended Nip Calenders
Jorg Rheims and Rudiger Feldmann
792(1)
18.3.6 Embossing Calenders
Rudiger Feldmann
793(1)
18.3.7 Friction Calenders
794(1)
18.4 The Main Calendering Methods for Various Paper and Board Grades
795(6)
18.4.1 Wood-Containing Paper Grades
795(1)
18.4.1.1 Newsprint
795(1)
18.4.1.2 SC-B/Offset and Rotogravure
795(1)
18.4.1.3 SC-A/Offset and Rotogravure
796(1)
18.4.1.4 Blade-Coated LWC/Offset and Rotogravure
796(1)
18.4.1.5 Film-Coated LWC Offset
797(1)
18.4.2 Woodfree Paper Grades
797(1)
18.4.2.1 Woodfree Uncoated Papers
797(1)
18.4.2.2 Woodfree Coated Paper Grades
798(1)
18.4.3 Specialty Papers
798(1)
18.4.3.1 Silicone Base Paper
798(1)
18.4.3.2 Laminated Base Paper
799(1)
18.4.4 Board
Jorg Rheims and Rudiger Feldmann
799(1)
18.4.4.1 Uncoated Board
799(1)
18.4.4.2 Coated Board
799(1)
References
800(1)
Further Reading
800(1)
19 Reeling
801(12)
Matthias Wohlfahrt
19.1 Objectives and Basics
801(1)
19.2 History
802(2)
19.3 New Generation Reels
804(2)
19.3.1 Center Drive
804(1)
19.3.2 Nip Load System
805(1)
19.3.3 Oscillation
806(1)
19.4 Reel Drum Design
806(2)
19.5 Turnup Systems
808(5)
19.5.1 General
808(1)
19.5.2 Nordic Turnup
809(1)
19.5.3 Web-Wide Cutting Knife
809(1)
19.5.4 Air-Supported Turnup Systems (Gooseneck, Cobra)
809(1)
19.5.5 Tape Turnup System
810(1)
19.5.6 Turnup with High-Pressure Water Jet
810(1)
References
811(2)
20 Paper, Packaging, and Carton Board Machines
813(28)
Herbert Holik
20.1 Graphic Paper Machines
813(7)
Johann Moser
Herbert Holik
20.1.1 Newsprint Paper Machines
814(1)
20.1.2 SC Paper Machines
815(2)
20.1.3 LWC Paper Machines
817(1)
20.1.4 Machines for woodfree uncoated (WFU) Paper Production
817(2)
20.1.5 Machines for WFC Paper Production
819(1)
20.2 Packaging Paper Machines
820(3)
Herbert Holik
Stevan Lomic
20.3 Carton Board Machines
823(4)
20.4 Tissue Machines
827(6)
Herbert Holik
Rogerio Berardi
Thomas Scherb
20.4.1 Overview
827(1)
20.4.2 Unit Processes in Tissue Production
827(1)
20.4.2.1 Web Forming
827(2)
20.4.2.2 Dewatering
829(1)
20.4.2.3 Drying
829(1)
20.4.2.4 Creping
829(1)
20.4.3 Conventional Tissue Machines
830(1)
20.4.3.1 Wet Creped Tissue
830(1)
20.4.4 TAD Tissue Machine
830(2)
20.4.5 Wet Moulding Tissue Machines - ATMOS
832(1)
20.5 Specialty Paper Machines
833(8)
Peter Mirsberger
21 Finishing
841(18)
Rudiger Feldmann
21.1 Reel Slitting
841(8)
21.1.1 Objective and General Description of Reel Slitting
841(3)
21.1.2 The Different Winder Types and Their Suitability for the Various Paper Grades
844(1)
21.1.2.1 Classical Two-Drum Winders
844(1)
21.1.2.2 Modified Two-Drum Winders
845(1)
21.1.2.3 Two-Drum Winders with Air Relief
845(1)
21.1.2.4 Two-Drum Winders with Belt Support
846(1)
21.1.2.5 Two-Drum Winders with Soft Covered Drums
846(1)
21.1.3 Single-Drum Winders
847(1)
21.1.4 Automatic Functions
848(1)
21.1.5 Automation/Operation
849(1)
21.2 Roll Handling
849(10)
21.2.1 Objective and General Description of Roll Handling
849(1)
21.2.2 Roll Wrapping
849(1)
21.2.2.1 Wrapping Material
849(1)
21.2.2.2 The Different Types of Wrapping Machines
850(3)
21.2.2.3 Wrapping Machines Using Stretch Film as Packaging Material
853(1)
21.2.3 Roll Conveying
854(2)
21.2.4 Automation
856(3)
22 Control Systems for Paper Machines
859(20)
Rudolf Munch
22.1 Objective and General Terms of PM Control Systems
859(5)
22.1.1 Objective
859(1)
22.1.2 Explanation of Terms
859(5)
22.2 Quality Control System (QCS)
864(11)
22.2.1 Quality Measurements
864(1)
22.2.1.1 Scanning Measurement
864(1)
22.2.1.2 Fixed Point Measurement
865(1)
22.2.1.3 Basis Weight
865(1)
22.2.1.4 Moisture
866(1)
22.2.1.5 Fillers
866(1)
22.2.1.6 Caliper
867(1)
22.2.1.7 Coat Weight
868(1)
22.2.1.8 Color
868(1)
22.2.1.9 Gloss
868(1)
22.2.1.10 Others
868(1)
22.2.2 Quality Control
869(1)
22.2.2.1 Machine Direction Control
869(3)
22.2.2.2 Cross Direction Control
872(3)
22.3 Information Systems
875(4)
22.3.1 Importance of Information Systems
875(2)
22.3.2 Process Analysis Using Information Systems
877(2)
23 Uniformity of Paper Web Properties
879(32)
Herbert Holik
Johann Moser
23.1 Overview
879(2)
23.1.1 Defining Profile Deviations by Statistical Methods
879(1)
23.1.2 Requirements and Some Interdependencies Regarding MD and CD Profiles
880(1)
23.1.3 Symmetry in z-Direction
880(1)
23.2 MD Profiles
881(6)
23.2.1 MD Basis Weight Profile
881(1)
23.2.1.1 Consistency
881(1)
23.2.1.2 Retention
882(1)
23.2.1.3 Headbox Flow Rate
882(1)
23.2.1.4 Vacuum Variation
883(1)
23.2.2 MD Caliper Profile
884(2)
23.2.3 MD Coat Weight Profile
886(1)
23.2.4 MD Irregularities in Tissue Making
887(1)
23.3 CD Profiles
887(13)
23.3.1 CD Basis Weight Profile
887(3)
23.3.2 CD Main Fiber Orientation (MFO) Profile
890(2)
23.3.3 CD Moisture Profile
892(5)
23.3.4 CD Caliper Profile
897(3)
23.3.5 CD Smoothness and Gloss Profiles
900(1)
23.4 Some Aspects of MD and CD Basis Weight Profile Tests in the Laboratory
900(3)
23.4.1 Test Samples Gained from a Limited Production Time
902(1)
23.4.2 Synchronized and Unsynchronized CD Profiles
902(1)
23.5 Symmetry in z-Direction
903(4)
23.5.1 Surface Characteristics
903(1)
23.5.1.1 Fines and Filler Distribution
903(1)
23.5.1.2 Surface Smoothness
904(1)
23.5.1.3 Surface Densification
904(1)
23.5.2 Curl
904(1)
23.5.2.1 Definition of Curl
904(1)
23.5.2.2 Mechanism of Curl
905(1)
23.5.2.3 Causes and Cure of Curl
905(1)
23.5.3 Cockling
906(1)
23.6 Formation
907(4)
References
909(2)
24 Paper and Board Converting and Printing
911(72)
24.1 Converting Processes for Paper and Board
911(26)
Renke Wilken
24.1.1 Overview
911(2)
24.1.2 Forming
913(1)
24.1.2.1 Introduction
913(1)
24.1.2.2 Folding
914(2)
24.1.2.3 Embossing
916(1)
24.1.2.4 Winding
916(1)
24.1.2.5 Corrugating
917(1)
24.1.3 Separating
918(1)
24.1.3.1 Introduction
918(1)
24.1.3.2 Separating by Splitting
918(8)
24.1.3.3 Ablating
926(1)
24.1.4 Joining
927(1)
24.1.4.1 Introduction
927(1)
24.1.4.2 Gluing
928(2)
24.1.4.3 Sealing
930(1)
24.1.4.4 Frictional Connection and Positive Locking
931(1)
24.1.5 Combining Different Materials
931(1)
24.1.5.1 Introduction
931(2)
24.1.5.2 Impregnation
933(1)
24.1.5.3 Coating
933(1)
24.1.5.4 Laminating
933(1)
24.1.6 Transport in Machines
934(1)
24.1.6.1 Introduction
934(1)
24.1.6.2 Transport Roll-to-Roll
934(2)
24.1.6.3 Transport Sheet-to-Sheet
936(1)
24.2 Testing of Converting Products
937(16)
Irene Pollex
24.2.1 Testing in Paper Converting - General Remarks
937(1)
24.2.2 Converting-Specific Material Tests
938(1)
24.2.2.1 Overview of Test Methods for Paper, Paperboard, and Board
938(9)
24.2.3 Testing of Converting Products
947(1)
24.2.3.1 Corrugated Board
947(1)
24.2.3.2 Packages
948(1)
24.2.3.3 Cores
949(1)
24.2.3.4 Labels
949(1)
24.2.3.5 Tissue Paper and Tissue Products
949(1)
24.2.3.6 Bookbinding Products (Adhesive Binding)
950(1)
24.2.4 Transportation Tests
951(2)
24.3 Printing Technologies
953(13)
Simon Stahl
Edgar Dorsam
24.3.1 Introduction
953(1)
24.3.2 Gravure Printing
954(1)
24.3.2.1 General Description
954(1)
24.3.2.2 Process
955(1)
24.3.2.3 Inks and Process Properties
956(1)
24.3.2.4 Gravure Presses
956(1)
24.3.3 Flexographic Printing
956(1)
24.3.3.1 General Description
956(1)
24.3.3.2 Process
957(1)
24.3.3.3 Inks and Process Properties
958(1)
24.3.3.4 Flexographic Presses
958(1)
24.3.4 Offset Printing
959(1)
24.3.4.1 General Description
959(1)
24.3.4.2 Process
960(1)
24.3.4.3 Inks and Process Properties
961(1)
24.3.4.4 Offset Presses
961(1)
24.3.5 Inkjet Printing
962(1)
24.3.5.1 General Description
962(1)
24.3.5.2 Process
962(2)
24.3.5.3 Inks and Process Parameters
964(1)
24.3.5.4 Inkjet Printers
964(1)
24.3.6 Electrophotography
965(1)
24.3.7 Process and Quality Parameters
966(1)
24.4 Requirements on Paper
966(17)
Rainer Klein
Martina Miletic
24.4.1 What Do the Requirements on Paper for Print Products Come from?
966(3)
24.4.2 Standardization Aspects
969(1)
24.4.2.1 The Paper Industry
969(1)
24.4.2.2 The Printing Industry
969(3)
24.4.3 Requirements on Gravure Paper
972(2)
24.4.4 Requirements on Offset Paper
974(1)
24.4.4.1 Cross-Procedural Issues
974(1)
24.4.4.2 Paper for Coldset Printing
975(1)
24.4.4.3 Paper for Heatset Printing
975(1)
24.4.4.4 Paper for Sheet-Fed Offset Printing
976(1)
24.4.5 Requirements on Paper for Flexographic Printing
976(1)
24.4.6 Requirements on Paper for Digital Printing
977(1)
24.4.6.1 Electrophotographic Printing (Laser Printing)
977(1)
24.4.6.2 Inkjet Printing
978(1)
24.4.6.3 Cross-Technological Requirements on Paper
979(1)
References
979(2)
Further Reading for Section 24.2
981(1)
Further Reading for Section 24.3
981(2)
25 Health and Safety
983(20)
25.1 Occupational Health and Safety
983(12)
Winfried Harren
25.1.1 Introduction
983(1)
25.1.2 Health Protection
984(1)
25.1.2.1 General Remarks
984(1)
25.1.2.2 Hazardous Substances
985(1)
25.1.2.3 Noise
986(1)
25.1.2.4 Hazards Caused by Electricity
987(1)
25.1.2.5 Intoxication
987(1)
25.1.2.6 Hazards Caused by Radiation
988(1)
25.1.2.7 Personal Protection
989(1)
25.1.2.8 Safety and Health Protection Signs
989(1)
25.1.2.9 First Aid
990(1)
25.1.3 Occupational Safety
991(1)
25.1.3.1 Pressure Equipment
991(1)
25.1.3.2 Fire Protection
992(1)
25.1.3.3 Industrial Trucks
993(1)
25.1.3.4 Load-Lifting Equipment in Hoisting Operation
993(1)
25.1.3.5 Falling Hazards on Papermaking Plants
994(1)
25.2 Noise Abatement and Protection
995(8)
Herbert Holik
25.2.1 Overview
995(1)
25.2.2 Some Basics on Acoustics
995(1)
25.2.3 Sound, Noise, and Men
996(1)
25.2.4 Noise, Noise Abatement, and Noise Protection in the Paper Industry
997(1)
25.2.4.1 Primary Measures
997(1)
25.2.4.2 Secondary Measures
998(4)
25.2.4.3 Noise Protection of the Neighborhood of Paper Mills
1002(1)
References
1002(1)
26 Plant Engineering and Energy
1003(18)
26.1 Plant Engineering
1003(10)
Thomas Mack
26.1.1 Scope and Task of Plant Engineering
1003(1)
26.1.2 Principle Methods of Plant Engineering
1004(1)
26.1.3 Basic Engineering
1005(1)
26.1.3.1 Balancing
1006(1)
26.1.3.2 Process and Instrumentation Diagrams
1007(1)
26.1.3.3 Layout and Load Plans
1007(2)
26.1.4 Detail Engineering
1009(1)
26.1.4.1 Foundation Plans
1010(1)
26.1.4.2 Outline or Manufacturing Drawings
1010(1)
26.1.4.3 Piping
1011(1)
26.1.5 Procurement Engineering
1012(1)
26.2 Energy
1013(8)
Hermann-Josef Post
26.2.1 Significance of Energy
1013(1)
26.2.2 Energy Efficiency Assessment
1014(2)
26.2.3 Energy Optimization
1016(1)
26.2.4 Investment in More Energy-Efficient Equipment
1017(1)
26.2.5 Process Modifications to Bring Down the Energy Intake
1017(1)
26.2.6 An Optimal Energy Layout for the Entire Paper Mill
1018(3)
27 Environmentally Friendly Paper and Board Production
1021(14)
Gunter Muller
Ingrid Demel
27.1 Background
1021(1)
27.2 Environmental Relevance along the Value Chain of Paper and Board Production
1021(2)
27.3 Sustainability
1023(1)
27.3.1 Worldwide and European Efforts
1023(1)
27.3.2 Sustainability in Paper and Board Production
1023(1)
27.4 Resource Utilization in Paper and Board Production
1023(3)
27.4.1 Virgin Pulps
1024(1)
27.4.2 Secondary Pulps
1025(1)
27.4.3 Energy
1026(1)
27.4.4 Water
1026(1)
27.5 Evaluation and Communication of Environmental Impacts
1026(5)
27.5.1 Demand for Products with High Environmental Performance
1026(1)
27.5.2 Complexity of Available Tools
1027(2)
27.5.3 Eco-Label - a Possibility for Communicating Product Eco-Friendliness to the Consumer
1029(2)
27.6 Practical Implementation of Environmental Issues
1031(4)
References
1032(3)
28 Paper and Board Grades and Their Properties
1035(24)
Heinz-Joachim Schaffrath
Otmar Tillmann
28.1 The Material Paper: A Survey
1035(5)
28.1.1 Introduction
1035(1)
28.1.2 Material Properties
1036(3)
28.1.3 Summary
1039(1)
28.2 Types of Paper, Board, and Cardboard
1040(19)
28.2.1 Graphic Papers
1041(1)
28.2.1.1 Printing and Press Papers
1041(5)
28.2.1.2 Office and Administration Papers
1046(2)
28.2.2 Packaging Paper and Board Grades
1048(1)
28.2.2.1 Overview
1048(1)
28.2.2.2 Packaging Papers
1049(2)
28.2.2.3 Board and Cardboard
1051(2)
28.2.3 Hygienic Papers
1053(1)
28.2.3.1 Cellulose Wadding
1053(1)
28.2.3.2 Tissue
1053(1)
28.2.3.3 Crepe Paper
1054(1)
28.2.4 Paper and Board for Technical and Specialty Uses
1054(4)
References
1058(1)
Further Reading
1058(1)
29 Testing of Fibers, Suspensions, and Paper and Board Grades
1059(28)
Heinz-Joachim Schaffrath
Otmar Tillmann
29.1 General Aspects
1059(2)
29.2 Testing of Fibrous Material
1061(3)
29.2.1 Composition
1061(1)
29.2.2 Length and Length-Related Properties
1062(1)
29.2.3 Fiber Fractionation
1063(1)
29.3 Testing of Fiber Suspensions
1064(6)
29.3.1 Sampling
1064(1)
29.3.2 Consistency
1065(1)
29.3.3 Shives and Flake Content
1066(1)
29.3.4 Fiber Classification
1066(1)
29.3.5 Beating Degree
1066(1)
29.3.6 Water Retention
1067(1)
29.3.7 Water Properties
1068(1)
29.3.8 Stickies
1068(1)
29.3.9 Dirt
1069(1)
29.3.10 Brightness
1070(1)
29.4 Testing of Paper and Board
1070(17)
29.4.1 Basic Properties
1071(1)
29.4.2 Composition and Chemical Paper Testing
1072(2)
29.4.3 Strength Properties
1074(4)
29.4.4 Load-Deformation Properties
1078(1)
29.4.5 Surface Properties
1079(1)
29.4.6 Optical Properties
1080(1)
29.4.7 Printing Properties
1081(2)
29.4.8 Behavior toward Liquids
1083(1)
29.4.9 Exclusion of Gases and Vapors
1084(1)
29.4.10 Additional Testing
1084(1)
29.4.11 Measurements of Coated Surface
1085(1)
References
1086(1)
Further Reading
1086(1)
30 Book and Paper Preservation
1087(22)
Manfred Anders
30.1 Introduction
1087(1)
30.2 Mechanisms of Paper Deterioration
1088(4)
30.2.1 Paper Deterioration by Aging
1088(2)
30.2.2 Oxidative Deterioration Processes
1090(1)
30.2.3 Alterations due to Paper Aging
1091(1)
30.2.3.1 Yellowing
1091(1)
30.2.3.2 Embrittlement of Paper
1092(1)
30.3 Development of Mass Deacidification Processes
1092(6)
30.3.1 Overview
1092(2)
30.3.2 History of Commercial Mass Deacidification
1094(1)
30.3.2.1 BPA Process and DAE Process
1095(1)
30.3.2.2 The DEZ Process
1096(1)
30.3.2.3 The Wei T'o Process
1096(1)
30.3.2.4 The British Library Process
1097(1)
30.3.2.5 The FMC or Lithco Process
1098(1)
30.4 Current Commercial Processes
1098(5)
30.4.1 Papersave Process®
1098(2)
30.4.1.1 ZFB:2 Procedure
1100(1)
30.4.2 The Bookkeeper Process
1101(1)
30.4.3 Magnesium Oxide Dust
1102(1)
30.4.4 CSC Booksaver
1102(1)
30.4.5 Aqueous Processes
1102(1)
30.4.5.1 Buckeburger Process
1102(1)
30.4.5.2 The Austrian National Library Process
1103(1)
30.5 Strengthening Old and Brittle Paper
1103(2)
30.5.1 Overview
1103(1)
30.5.2 Preservation of Originals by (Mechanical) Paper Splitting (Leipzig Paper Splitting Technique)
1104(1)
30.6 Commercial Prospects
1105(4)
References
1106(3)
31 Paper Associations
1109(4)
Herbert Holik
Index 1113
After obtaining his diploma in mechanical engineering from the University of Stuttgart, Germany, Herbert Holik spent three years in R&D for cryogenics. He then worked for over 35 years in the paperrelated supplier industry holding responsible positions, mainly in R&D. He has taught as a lecturer and guest lecturer at various national and international universities. Herbert Holik is coauthor of several books and encyclopaedias related to paper science and authored a large number of technical and scientific papers. His numerous patents cover most areas of paper making. He was an active member of national and international working groups on paper technology, machinery safety, testing and standardization as well as education.
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