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Helium Cryogenics Second Edition 2012 [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 470 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 904 g, 9 Illustrations, color; 211 Illustrations, black and white, 1 Hardback
  • Sari: International Cryogenics Monograph Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Feb-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 1441999787
  • ISBN-13: 9781441999788
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 470 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 904 g, 9 Illustrations, color; 211 Illustrations, black and white, 1 Hardback
  • Sari: International Cryogenics Monograph Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Feb-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 1441999787
  • ISBN-13: 9781441999788
Teised raamatud teemal:
Twenty five years have elapsed since the original publication of Helium Cryogenics. During this time, a considerable amount of research and development involving helium fluids has been carried out culminating in several large-scale projects. Furthermore, the field has matured through these efforts so that there is now a broad engineering base to assist the development of future projects.

Helium Cryogenics, 2nd edition brings these advances in helium cryogenics together in an updated form. As in the original edition, the author's approach is to survey the field of cryogenics with emphasis on helium fluids. This approach is more specialized and fundamental than that contained in other cryogenics books, which treat the associated range of cryogenic fluids. As a result, the level of treatment is more advanced and assumes a certain knowledge of fundamental engineering and physics principles, including some quantum mechanics.

The goal throughout the work is to bridge the gap between the physics and engineering aspects of helium fluids to provide a source for engineers and scientists to enhance their usefulness in low-temperature systems.

Dr. Van Sciver is a Distinguished Research Professor and John H. Gorrie Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Florida State University. He is also a Program Director at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL). Dr. Van  Sciver joined the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering and the NHMFL in 1991, initiating and teaching a graduate program in magnet and materials engineering and in cryogenic thermal sciences and heat transfer. He also led the NHMFL development efforts of the cryogenic systems for the NHMFL Hybrid and 900 MHz NMR superconducting magnets. Between 1997 and 2003, he served as Director of Magnet Science and Technology at the NHMFL. Dr. Van Sciver is a Fellow of the ASME and the Cryogenic Society of America and American Editor for the journal Cryogenics. He is the 2010 recipient of the Kurt Mendelssohn Award.

Prior to joining Florida State University, Dr. Van Sciver was Research Scientist and then Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Engineering Physics and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 1976 to 1991. During that time he also served as the Associate Director of the Applied Superconductivity Center. Dr. Van Sciver received his PhD in Low Temperature Physics from the University of Washington-Seattle in 1976. He received his BS degree in Engineering Physics from Lehigh University in 1970.



Dr. Van Sciver is author of over 200 publications and patents in low temperature physics, liquid helium technology, cryogenic engineering and magnet technology. The first edition of Helium Cryogenics was published by Plenum Press (1986). The present work is an update and expansion of that original project.

Arvustused

Steven W Van Scivers Helium Cryogenics is used as a textbook in a graduate level mechanical engineering course. It goes into fine details of some of the complexities of heat transfer and flow of various states and mixtures of states of He. For those interested in the cryogenic properties of 3He and 4He this book is an invaluable reference, as it has an account of all the current knowledge on the subject. (Blair Jamieson, Physics in Canada, La Physique au Canada, Vol. 69 (3), 2013)

1 Cryogenic Principles and Applications
1(16)
1.1 Temperature Scale
2(2)
1.2 Historical Background
4(3)
1.3 Applications for Cryogenics
7(2)
1.4 Thermodynamic Laws
9(8)
1.4.1 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
9(5)
1.4.2 Third Law of Thermodynamics
14(2)
Further Readings
16(1)
2 Low-Temperature Materials Properties
17(42)
2.1 Heat Capacity
18(8)
2.1.1 Lattice Heat Capacity
19(4)
2.1.2 Electronic Heat Capacity
23(1)
2.1.3 Heat Capacity of Special Materials
24(2)
2.2 Thermal Contraction
26(3)
2.3 Conductivities: Electrical and Thermal
29(13)
2.3.1 Electrical Resistivity of Metals
30(2)
2.3.2 Magneto-Resistance in Metals
32(2)
2.3.3 Electrical Conductivity of Semiconductors
34(1)
2.3.4 Thermal Conductivity of Metals
34(3)
2.3.5 Lattice Thermal Conductivity
37(2)
2.3.6 Contact Resistance
39(3)
2.4 Mechanical Properties
42(2)
2.5 Superconductivity
44(15)
2.5.1 Type I Superconductivity
45(5)
2.5.2 Type II Superconductivity
50(6)
References
56(1)
Further Readings
57(2)
3 Helium as a Classical Fluid
59(26)
3.1 Helium Phase Diagram
59(2)
3.2 Gaseous Helium
61(8)
3.2.1 Intermolecular Interactions
62(2)
3.2.2 Virial Expansion
64(3)
3.2.3 Empirical Equations of State
67(2)
3.3 State Properties of Liquid He I
69(7)
3.3.1 Density
70(2)
3.3.2 Thermal Properties
72(2)
3.3.3 Vapor Pressure
74(1)
3.3.4 Surface Tension
75(1)
3.4 Transport Properties of Gaseous and Liquid He I
76(9)
3.4.1 Modeling Transport Properties
77(2)
3.4.2 Transport Properties
79(5)
References
84(1)
Further Readings
84(1)
4 Classical Helium Fluid Mechanics
85(30)
4.1 Single Phase Internal Flow
86(6)
4.1.1 General Considerations
86(2)
4.1.2 One Dimensional Internal Flow
88(4)
4.2 Supercritical Helium
92(5)
4.2.1 Compressible Fluid Mechanics
92(2)
4.2.2 Experimental Confirmation
94(3)
4.3 Helium Two-Phase Flow
97(11)
4.3.1 Flow Regimes and Transitions
97(3)
4.3.2 Pressure Drop Correlations
100(3)
4.3.3 Natural Circulation Loops
103(5)
4.4 Flow Through Porous Media
108(7)
References
113(1)
Further Readings
114(1)
5 Classical Helium Heat Transfer
115(48)
5.1 Regimes of Heat Transfer
117(3)
5.2 Convective Heat Transfer
120(3)
5.3 Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer
123(11)
5.3.1 Nucleation Theory
124(3)
5.3.2 Heat Transfer Correlations
127(3)
5.3.3 Maximum Nucleate Boiling Heat Flux
130(4)
5.4 Film Boiling
134(5)
5.4.1 Minimum Film Boiling Heat Flux
135(3)
5.4.2 Heat Transfer Correlations
138(1)
5.5 Surface Effects
139(1)
5.6 Channel Heat Transfer
140(6)
5.7 Forced Convection Heat Transfer
146(5)
5.7.1 General Considerations
146(1)
5.7.2 Heat Transfer Correlations
147(3)
5.7.3 Two Phase Flow Heat Transfer
150(1)
5.8 Transient Heat Transfer
151(12)
5.8.1 Surface Temperature Difference
154(3)
5.8.2 Transition to Film Boiling
157(2)
References
159(2)
Further Readings
161(2)
6 Helium as a Quantum Fluid
163(64)
6.1 Ideal Quantum Gases
165(10)
6.1.1 Density of an Ideal Bose Gas
168(2)
6.1.2 Internal Energy of an Ideal Bose Gas
170(1)
6.1.3 Specific Heat of an Ideal Bose Gas
171(1)
6.1.4 Vapor Pressure of an Ideal Bose Gas
172(2)
6.1.5 Latent Heat of an Ideal Bose Gas
174(1)
6.2 Liquid He II Properties
175(8)
6.2.1 State Properties of He II
176(3)
6.2.2 Transport Properties of He II
179(2)
6.2.3 Fountain Effect
181(2)
6.3 Excitations in He II
183(3)
6.4 Two-Fluid Model
186(17)
6.4.1 Equations of Motion
188(3)
6.4.2 Thermomechanical Effect
191(2)
6.4.3 Sound Propagation
193(4)
6.4.4 Viscous Flow
197(3)
6.4.5 Heat Transport
200(3)
6.5 Vortices and Turbulence in He II
203(24)
6.5.1 Helium II in Rotation
203(4)
6.5.2 Critical Velocities
207(6)
6.5.3 Mutual Friction
213(4)
6.5.4 Steady-State Heat Transport
217(1)
6.5.5 Forced Convection Heat Transport
218(1)
6.5.6 Attenuation of Second Sound
219(2)
6.5.7 Development of Turbulence
221(1)
6.5.8 Second Sound Shock
222(3)
References
225(1)
Further Readings
226(1)
7 He II Heat and Mass Transfer
227(90)
7.1 Steady-State He II Heat Transport in Wide Channels
229(22)
7.1.1 He II Heat Conductivity Function
230(2)
7.1.2 Peak Heat Flux in Wide Channels
232(103)
7.1.3 Peak Heat Flux in Saturated He II
335
7.1.4 He II Heat Transfer in Cylindrical Geometries
239(2)
7.1.5 Static Bath He II Heat Exchangers
241(6)
7.1.6 He II Two Phase Heat Transfer and Flow
247(4)
7.2 Transient Heat Transport in Wide Channels
251(10)
7.2.1 He II Diffusion Equation
253(2)
7.2.2 Analytic Solution Methods
255(3)
7.2.3 Numerical Solution of the He II Diffusion Equation
258(3)
7.3 Forced Convection Heat Transport in Wide Channels
261(9)
7.3.1 He II Energy Equation
262(1)
7.3.2 Steady State Heat Transport: Analytic Solution
263(2)
7.3.3 Pressure Drop in Turbulent He II
265(2)
7.3.4 He II Joule Thomson Effect
267(1)
7.3.5 Transient Heat Transport in Forced Flow He II: Numerical Solution
268(2)
7.4 Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media
270(8)
7.4.1 Steady Laminar Heat Transport in He II
270(3)
7.4.2 He II Heat and Mass Transfer Through Porous Media
273(2)
7.4.3 He II Fountain Pumps
275(2)
7.4.4 He II Vapor: Liquid Phase Separators
277(1)
7.5 Kapitza Conductance
278(17)
7.5.1 Phonon Radiation Limit
280(5)
7.5.2 Acoustic Mismatch Theory
285(4)
7.5.3 Small Heat Flux Kapitza Conductance (ΔT<<T)
289(3)
7.5.4 Large Heat Flux Kapitza Conductance (ΔTT)
292(3)
7.6 Film Boiling Heat Transfer
295(22)
7.6.1 Film Boiling Heat Transfer Experiments
296(5)
7.6.2 Theoretical Models for Film Boiling Heat Transfer
301(6)
7.6.3 Transient Film Boiling Heat Transfer
307(4)
References
311(4)
Further Readings
315(2)
8 Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems
317(60)
8.1 Ideal Liquefaction
318(5)
8.2 First Law of Steady Flows
323(1)
8.3 Isenthalpic Expansion
324(18)
8.3.1 Joule-Thomson Effect
324(4)
8.3.2 Joule-Thomson Coefficient of Real Gases
328(4)
8.3.3 Joule-Thomson Liquefier
332(5)
8.3.4 Cascade JT Liquefier
337(1)
8.3.5 He II JT Liquefier
338(4)
8.4 Isentropic Expansion
342(8)
8.4.1 Claude Liquefier
343(6)
8.4.2 Collins Helium Liquefaction System
349(1)
8.5 Closed-Cycle Refrigeration
350(8)
8.5.1 Isothermal Refrigeration
353(1)
8.5.2 Isobaric Refrigeration
354(4)
8.6 Regenerative Referigeration Cycles
358(9)
8.6.1 Stirling Cycle
359(3)
8.6.2 Gifford McMahon Cycle
362(2)
8.6.3 Pulse Tube Cryocoolers
364(1)
8.6.4 Hybrid Helium Liquefiers
365(2)
8.7 Nonideal Refrigeration Components
367(1)
8.8 Refrigeration Technology
368(3)
8.9 Summary
371(6)
References
375(1)
Further Readings
375(2)
9 3He and Refrigeration Below 1 K
377(16)
9.1 Properties of Pure 3He
378(2)
9.2 3He-4He Mixtures and Dilution Refrigeration
380(3)
9.3 Statistical Models for Pure 3He
383(3)
9.4 Submillikelvin Refrigeration
386(2)
9.5 Superfluid 3He
388(5)
References
392(1)
Further Readings
392(1)
10 Special Topics in Helium Cryogenics
393(38)
10.1 Thermal Insulation
393(12)
10.1.1 Solid Conduction
394(1)
10.1.2 Gas Conduction
395(2)
10.1.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
397(5)
10.1.4 Multilayer Insulation (MLI)
402(2)
10.1.5 Powder Insulations
404(1)
10.2 Helium Adsorption
405(9)
10.2.1 Adsorption Thermodynamics
406(6)
10.2.2 Physical Properties of Helium Films
412(2)
10.3 Magnetic Refrigeration
414(17)
10.3.1 Paramagnetic Materials
415(5)
10.3.2 Thermodynamics of Magnetic Refrigeration
420(4)
10.3.3 Continuous Magnetic Refrigerators
424(2)
10.3.4 Nuclear Demagnetization
426(2)
References
428(1)
Further Readings
429(2)
Appendix 1 Compressibility Factor for Helium 431(4)
Appendix 2 Properties of Liquid Helium 435(12)
Appendix 3 He II Heat Conductivity Function 447(2)
Appendix 4 Temperature-Entropy Diagrams for Helium 449(2)
Appendix 5 T-S Diagrams in He II Region 451(4)
Appendix 6 Helium T-S Diagrams 455(6)
Index 461(8)
About the Author 469
Steven W. Van Sciver, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA, [email protected]