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Human Cold Stress [Kõva köide]

(Emeritus Professor, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 158 pages, kõrgus x laius: 216x138 mm, kaal: 450 g, 2 Tables, black and white; 6 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Halftones, black and white; 7 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367551993
  • ISBN-13: 9780367551995
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 158 pages, kõrgus x laius: 216x138 mm, kaal: 450 g, 2 Tables, black and white; 6 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Halftones, black and white; 7 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367551993
  • ISBN-13: 9780367551995
"This book provides an up-to-date, accessible, and comprehensive coverage of human cold stress from principles and theory to practical application. It defines cold stress and how people respond to it. It describes how to assess a cold environment to predict when discomfort, wind-chill, hypothermia, shivering, frostbite, and other consequences will occur. It also advises on what to do to prevent unacceptable outcomes, including determination and selection of clothing to preserve comfort and health. The book will be of interest to practitioners and students and anyone involved with fields such as textiles, clothing, and industrial hygiene"--

This book provides an up-to-date, accessible, and comprehensive coverage of human cold stress from principles and theory to practical application.



This book provides an up-to-date, accessible, and comprehensive coverage of human cold stress from principles and theory to practical application.

It defines cold stress and how people respond to it. It describes how to assess a cold environment to predict when discomfort, wind-chill, hypothermia, shivering, frostbite, and other consequences will occur. It also advises on what to do to prevent unacceptable outcomes, including determination and selection of clothing to preserve comfort and health.

The book will be of interest to practitioners and students and anyone involved with fields such as textiles, clothing, and industrial hygiene.

Preface xi
Author Biography xiii
1 Human Cold Stress
1(6)
Cold
1(1)
Psycho-Physiological Thermoregulation
2(1)
Water
2(1)
Wind
3(1)
Feeling Cold
4(3)
2 The Body Heat Equation
7(6)
The Thermal Audit in the Cold
7(1)
Heat and Temperature
8(1)
Body Heat Transfer by Conduction (K)
9(1)
Body Heat Transfer by Convection (C)
10(1)
Body Heat Transfer by Radiation (R)
11(1)
Body Heat Transfer by Evaporation (E)
12(1)
3 Human Thermoregulation in the Cold
13(8)
A System of Physiology and Behaviour
13(1)
Blood Flow and Distribution in the Cold
14(1)
Counter-current Heat Exchange
15(1)
Arterio-Venus Anastomoses
15(1)
Piloerection
15(1)
Selective Brain Blood Flow
16(1)
Heat Production in the Cold
16(1)
The Human Thermoregulation System in the Cold
17(4)
4 Human Metabolic Heat in the Cold
21(8)
Metabolic Heat Production
21(1)
Units
21(1)
Measurement and Estimation of Metabolic Heat Production
22(3)
Standardized Estimates of Metabolic Rate
25(1)
ISO 8996, 2004: Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment - Determination of Metabolic Rate
26(2)
Metabolic Heat in Mammals
28(1)
5 Clothing in the Cold
29(10)
Keep Warm and `Look Good'
29(1)
Clothing Properties
30(1)
Thermal Insulation
30(1)
Vapour Transfer Properties of Clothing
31(2)
Ventilation, Air Permeability and Resultant Insulation of Clothing
33(2)
Measurement of Clothing Properties
35(1)
Thermal Manikins
35(1)
Human Subjects
36(1)
Thermal Models
36(3)
6 Selection of Clothing for Cold Environments
39(8)
Clothing for the Whole Body
39(1)
Protection of the Hands
40(2)
Protection of the Feet
42(1)
Protection of the head
43(1)
The Design and Evaluation of Clothing for Cold Work
43(2)
`Smart' and Active Clothing
45(2)
7 Wind Chill
47(8)
Wind and Low Temperatures
47(1)
The Wind Chill Index
48(1)
The Wind Chill Temperature (twc)
49(1)
Wind Chill and the Body Made of Cylinders
50(5)
8 Required Clothing Insulation
55(12)
Clothing for Heat Balance
55(1)
The IREQ Index
56(1)
ISO 11079 (2007) "Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Determination and interpretation of cold stress when using required clothing insulation and local cooling effects"
57(1)
Calculation of the IREQ Index
58(1)
Computer Program for the Calculation of IREQ
58(1)
The Computer Program Interface
59(1)
Computer Program to Determine IREQmin
60(1)
Inputs
60(1)
Calculations
61(2)
Outputs
63(1)
Determination of IREQneutral
64(1)
Determination of DLEneutral
64(1)
Determination of DLEmin
65(1)
Determination of twc
65(2)
9 A Computer Model of Human Response to Cold including Torso, Limbs, Head, Hands and Feet
67(12)
Computer Models of Human Thermoregulation
67(2)
Multi-Node Models for the Assessment of Cold Stress
69(1)
A `Stowijk and Hardy' Multi-Node Computer Model of Human Response to the Cold
70(1)
Interface
71(1)
Constants for Controlled, Controller and Environmental Systems
71(3)
Units
74(2)
The Thermoregulatory Loop
76(1)
Output of Predicted Human Responses
77(2)
10 Human Performance and Productivity in the Cold
79(6)
Health and Safety, Distraction and Capacity (HSDC)
79(2)
ISO Human Performance Framework
81(1)
Example: HSDC and Performance in the Cold
82(3)
11 Diverse Cold Environments
85(8)
Cold Water
85(1)
Survival Times
86(1)
Under the Water, in the Water and on the Water
86(2)
Up Mountains
88(1)
Under Pressure
89(1)
In Space
89(1)
In the Arctic and Antarctic
90(1)
Sporting Environments
90(3)
12 Diverse Populations in the Cold
93(10)
Diverse Populations
93(1)
Babies
93(1)
Children
94(1)
Elderly People
95(1)
Gender
96(1)
People with Disabilities
97(1)
Pregnant Women
98(1)
People Who Are III
98(1)
People Involved in Sports, Walks and Fun runs
99(2)
Acclimatisation to Cold
101(2)
13 Hypothermia, Freezing and Non-Freezing Cold Injuries and Death
103(8)
Hypothermia
103(1)
Rewarming the Body
104(2)
Cold Injuries'
106(1)
Non-Freezing Cold Injuries
106(1)
Freezing Cold Injuries
107(1)
Psychological `Illness'
107(1)
Statistics
108(1)
Benefits of Cold
108(3)
14 Skin Contact with Cold Surfaces
111(4)
Cold, Painful, Numb and Freezing
111(1)
A Simple Heat Transfer Model
111(2)
ISO 13732-3 (2005). Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces. Part 3: Cold surfaces
113(1)
Sticking
114(1)
15 Practical Assessment of Cold Environments
115(8)
The Survey
115(1)
Measurement of Cold Stress
116(2)
Measurement of Cold Strain
118(2)
Analysis and Interpretation
120(1)
Conclusion and Recommendations
120(1)
Case Study of a Cook-Chill Hospital Plating Area
121(2)
Appendix 1 VBA Code for the Thermoregulatory Loop in the Modified Stolwijk and Hardy Model 123(6)
References 129(10)
Index 139
Ken Parsons is Emeritus Professor of Environmental Ergonomics at Loughborough University. He has spent over 30 years conducting laboratory and field research into human cold stress. He was born on January 20, 1953, in northeast England in a coastal village called Seaton Sluice. He was part of the British Schools Exploring Society expedition to Iceland in 1970. He graduated from Loughborough University in ergonomics in 1974, obtained a postgraduate certificate in education in mathematics with a distinction from Hughes Hall, Cambridge University in 1975 and was awarded a PhD in human response to vibration in 1980, from the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton University. He founded the Human Thermal Environments Laboratory at Loughborough in 1981 and was awarded a certificate in management from the Open University in 1993. Ken became head of the Department of Human Sciences in 1996 covering research and teaching in ergonomics, psychology and human biology. He was Dean of Science from 2003 to 2009 and pro-vice chancellor for research from 2009 to 2012. He was chair of the United Kingdom Deans of Science from 2008 to 2010.

In 1992, he received the Ralph G. Nevins award from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) for significant accomplishments in the study of bioenvironmental engineering and its impact on human comfort and health. The Human Thermal Environments laboratory was awarded the Presidents Medal of the Ergonomics Society in 2001. He is one of the co-authors of the British Occupational Hygiene Society publication on thermal environments and has contributed to the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers publications on thermal comfort as well as to the ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals.

He has been a fellow of the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, the International Ergonomics Association and the Royal Society of Medicine. He was a registered European Ergonomist and an elected member to the council of the Ergonomics Society. He has been a scientific advisor to the Defence Evaluation Research Agency and the Defence Clothing and Textile Agency and a member of the Defence Scientific Advisory Committee. He has been both secretary and chair of the thermal factors committee of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), chair of the CNRS advisory committee to the Laboratoire de Physiologie et Psychologie Environmentales in Strasbourg, France, and is a life member of the Indian Ergonomics Society. He was a visiting professor to Chalmers University in Sweden and is a member of the committee of the International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics. He was an advisor to the World Health Organization on heatwaves and a visiting professor to Chongqing University in China, where he was leading academic to the National Centre for International Research of Low Carbon and Green Buildings. He was scientific editor and co-editor in chief of the journal Applied Ergonomics for 33 years and is on the editorial boards of the journals Industrial Health, Annals of Occupational Hygiene and Physiological Anthropology.

He is co-founder of the United Kingdom Indoor Environments Group and a founding member of the UK Clothing Science Group, the European Society for Protective Clothing, the Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings and the thermal factors scientific committee of the ICOH. He was chair of ISO TC 159 SC5 Ergonomics of the Physical Environment for over 20 years and is convenor to the ISO working group on integrated environments, chair of the British Standards Institution committee on the ergonomics of the physical environment and convenor of CEN TC 122 WG11, which is the European standards committee concerned with the ergonomics of the physical environment.