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xii | |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xv | |
| Glossary |
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xvii | |
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xx | |
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xxiii | |
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xxvi | |
| Other Authorities |
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xli | |
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xliv | |
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1 | (24) |
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1.1 Aims, Significance and Methodology |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2 The Trust as Legal Institution and Economic Entity |
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5 | (6) |
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1.3 Taxation of Trust-Related Income |
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11 | (7) |
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11 | (2) |
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1.3.2 International Taxation |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Trust Income Concepts |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (4) |
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Part I National Tax Laws: Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States |
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25 | (118) |
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27 | (30) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (4) |
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29 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Australia and New Zealand |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.3 General Grantor Rules |
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32 | (7) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (13) |
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2.5.1 United States and Australia |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (4) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (42) |
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3.1 General Beneficiary Attribution |
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58 | (3) |
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3.2 Inbound Beneficiary Taxation |
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61 | (18) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Dividend, Interest and Royalty Income |
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68 | (6) |
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74 | (3) |
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3.2.6 Inbound Beneficiary Conclusions |
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77 | (2) |
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3.3 Outbound Beneficiary Taxation |
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79 | (17) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (6) |
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3.3.4 Round-Trip Situations |
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90 | (3) |
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3.3.5 Outbound Beneficiary Conclusions |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (14) |
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4.1 The Trust Entity and Trust Attribution |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (7) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (13) |
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113 | (2) |
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5.2 Australia, United States and New Zealand |
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115 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Taxable Distributions |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Conduit and Round-Trip Situations |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (17) |
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6.1 International Trust Tax Settings |
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126 | (6) |
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6.1.1 Domestic and General Taxation |
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127 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Inbound and Conduit Settings |
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128 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Outbound and Round-Trip Settings |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (150) |
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7 The International Tax Order and the Interaction of Tax Laws |
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145 | (34) |
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7.1 International Tax Order |
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145 | (11) |
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146 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Coordination of Tax Laws |
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148 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Some Themes and a Brief Timeline |
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149 | (1) |
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7.1.4 The Partnership Report |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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7.1.6 Coherence of International Taxation |
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152 | (4) |
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7.2 Interaction of Domestic Laws and the BEPS Project |
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156 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Trust-Based Mismatches and Arbitrage |
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156 | (3) |
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7.2.2 BEPS Action 2 and Domestic Laws |
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159 | (6) |
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165 | (14) |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Outbound Application of General Taxing Claims |
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171 | (3) |
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7.3.4 Specifically Outbound Regimes |
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174 | (3) |
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7.3.5 Other Anti-BEPS Measures |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (80) |
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8.1 History and Background |
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180 | (8) |
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188 | (8) |
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8.2.1 `Person' for Treaty Purposes |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (5) |
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194 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Anti-Abuse Limitations |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (55) |
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198 | (1) |
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8.3.2 The Transparent Entity Clause |
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199 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Fiscal Transparency |
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200 | (10) |
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8.3.4 Application of the Transparent Entity Clause to Trust Income |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (2) |
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8.3.6 Differential Transparency |
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214 | (1) |
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8.3.7 Role of the Grantor |
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215 | (2) |
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8.3.8 Transparent Attribution Analyses |
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217 | (12) |
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8.3.9 Consequences of Recognizing Fiscal Transparency of Hybrids |
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229 | (1) |
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8.3.10 Attribution of Business Structures |
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230 | (6) |
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8.3.11 Beneficial Ownership |
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236 | (4) |
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8.3.12 Corporate Participation Dividends |
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240 | (4) |
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8.3.13 Treaty Relief in Residence Countries |
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244 | (7) |
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251 | (5) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Effect of Treaty Relief |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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9 Conclusions and Proposals: Taxing the Shadow |
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259 | (34) |
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259 | (7) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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9.2 Non-Taxation and Double Taxation |
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266 | (13) |
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267 | (5) |
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272 | (7) |
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9.3 Tax and Treaty Design |
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279 | (12) |
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9.3.1 Conflicts of Attribution |
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279 | (5) |
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9.3.2 Attribution Conflict Strategies and Double Taxation |
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284 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Trust Income and Distributions |
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288 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Internal Coherence of Tax Laws and Treaties |
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289 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Recommendations Generally |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
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Appendix: Detail of Beneficiary Attribution and Taxation |
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293 | (53) |
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293 | (18) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (4) |
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300 | (7) |
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307 | (4) |
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A.2 Inbound Taxation of Business Income |
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311 | (11) |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (5) |
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321 | (1) |
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A.3 Inbound Taxation of Dividend, Interest and Royalty Income |
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322 | (20) |
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322 | (8) |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (5) |
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338 | (4) |
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A.4 Foreign Tax Credit: Identity of Taxpayer |
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342 | (4) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
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346 | (11) |
| Index |
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357 | |