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E-raamat: International Taxation of Trust Income: Principles, Planning and Design

  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Cambridge Tax Law Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108680516
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Cambridge Tax Law Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-May-2019
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108680516

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"This book presents the principles and design of international taxation of trust income and distributions as a coherent subject of international tax law. It begins with the trust tax rules and international settings of four countries -- Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States -- focusing on the attribution of trust income to the grantor/settlor, the beneficiary or the trust entity, trust residence, and the taxation of trust distributions. Having identified the international taxing principles that those countries apply to trusts, it infers a range of principles and settings that may be applied by countries generally and examines how the interaction of those settings may lead to double- or non-taxation overall. Consideration is given to conflicts of attribution, hybridity and fiscally homeless trusts. The book examines the interaction of tax laws in non-treaty and treaty situations and puts these interactions in context as part of the broader international tax order and recommendations of the OECD/G20 BEPS project. It proposes an approach to tax design based on an ordered overview of different taxing claims and the interests which they represent, respect for the fiscal sovereignty of countries concerned, and recognition of the differing roles of national laws and tax treaties"--

Arvustused

'This original survey of how four countries have decided to tax trusts makes an interesting comparison reflecting their different choices for dealing with the same topic. The book manages to deal with the mass of conflicting methods while at the same time keeping an eye on the policy of what the countries are trying to achieve.' John Avery Jones, Former Judge of the UK Upper Tribunal 'This book is essential reading for anyone concerned with trust taxation in an international setting. A meticulous analysis of four countries draws out the principles and policies of general importance underlying the taxation of trust income in cross-border situations. The discussion of interactions among these countries and with tax treaties reveals a myriad of issues for taxpayers and legislators alike, leading to proposals for a wide range of practical measures to achieve greater international coherence. Its lucid analysis and clear writing style make this book a pleasure to read.' Joanna Wheeler, International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation (IBFD), The Netherlands and Universiteit van Amsterdam 'Its strong theoretical analysis will hopefully encourage practitioners, academics and policymakers to think through proposed trust taxation changes more rigorously and coherently, and encourage further academic research. If you are a practitioner at all interested in policy, I strongly recommend you read this book.' Emma Chamberlain, Trust Quarterly Review

Muu info

Identifies a set of principles and corresponding tax settings that countries may apply to cross-border income derived by, through, or from a trust.
List of Figures
xii
List of Tables
xiii
Preface xv
Glossary xvii
List of Abbreviations
xx
Table of Cases
xxiii
Table of Statutes
xxvi
Other Authorities xli
List of Treaties
xliv
1 Introduction
1(24)
1.1 Aims, Significance and Methodology
2(3)
1.2 The Trust as Legal Institution and Economic Entity
5(6)
1.3 Taxation of Trust-Related Income
11(7)
1.3.1 Design Options
11(2)
1.3.2 International Taxation
13(1)
1.3.3 Trust Income Concepts
14(2)
1.3.4 Fiscal Attribution
16(2)
1.4 Scope
18(3)
1.5 Structure
21(4)
Part I National Tax Laws: Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States
25(118)
2 The Grantor
27(30)
2.1 Grantor Attribution
27(1)
2.2 History and Origins
28(4)
2.2.1 United States
29(2)
2.2.2 Australia and New Zealand
31(1)
2.2.3 United Kingdom
31(1)
2.3 General Grantor Rules
32(7)
2.3.1 United States
33(2)
2.3.2 United Kingdom
35(2)
2.3.3 Australia
37(2)
2.4 Inbound Settings
39(2)
2.5 Outbound Settings
41(13)
2.5.1 United States and Australia
43(5)
2.5.2 United Kingdom
48(4)
2.5.3 New Zealand
52(2)
2.6 Summary
54(3)
3 The Beneficiary
57(42)
3.1 General Beneficiary Attribution
58(3)
3.2 Inbound Beneficiary Taxation
61(18)
3.2.1 Foreign Income
62(1)
3.2.2 Business Income
63(3)
3.2.3 Property Income
66(2)
3.2.4 Dividend, Interest and Royalty Income
68(6)
3.2.5 Capital Gains
74(3)
3.2.6 Inbound Beneficiary Conclusions
77(2)
3.3 Outbound Beneficiary Taxation
79(17)
3.3.1 Income
79(2)
3.3.2 Capital Gains
81(3)
3.3.3 Double Tax Relief
84(6)
3.3.4 Round-Trip Situations
90(3)
3.3.5 Outbound Beneficiary Conclusions
93(3)
3.4 Summary
96(3)
4 The Trust
99(14)
4.1 The Trust Entity and Trust Attribution
99(2)
4.2 Trust Residence
101(7)
4.2.1 Australia
102(1)
4.2.2 United States
103(1)
4.2.3 United Kingdom
104(1)
4.2.4 New Zealand
105(3)
4.3 Inbound Settings
108(1)
4.4 Outbound Settings
108(3)
4.5 Summary
111(2)
5 Distributions
113(13)
5.1 Overview
113(2)
5.2 Australia, United States and New Zealand
115(5)
5.2.1 Taxable Distributions
116(2)
5.2.2 Double Tax Relief
118(1)
5.2.3 Throwback Interest
119(1)
5.3 United Kingdom
120(4)
5.3.1 Income
120(1)
5.3.2 Inbound Settings
121(1)
5.3.3 Outbound Settings
122(1)
5.3.4 Conduit and Round-Trip Situations
123(1)
5.3.5 Capital Gains
123(1)
5.4 Summary
124(2)
6 International Taxation
126(17)
6.1 International Trust Tax Settings
126(6)
6.1.1 Domestic and General Taxation
127(1)
6.1.2 Inbound and Conduit Settings
128(2)
6.1.3 Outbound and Round-Trip Settings
130(2)
6.1.4 Trust Residence
132(1)
6.2 Double Taxation
132(3)
6.3 Non-Taxation
135(4)
6.4 Trust as Proxy
139(3)
6.5 Summary
142(1)
Part II Global Taxation
143(150)
7 The International Tax Order and the Interaction of Tax Laws
145(34)
7.1 International Tax Order
145(11)
7.1.1 Tax Treaties
146(2)
7.1.2 Coordination of Tax Laws
148(1)
7.1.3 Some Themes and a Brief Timeline
149(1)
7.1.4 The Partnership Report
149(2)
7.1.5 The BEPS Project
151(1)
7.1.6 Coherence of International Taxation
152(4)
7.2 Interaction of Domestic Laws and the BEPS Project
156(9)
7.2.1 Trust-Based Mismatches and Arbitrage
156(3)
7.2.2 BEPS Action 2 and Domestic Laws
159(6)
7.3 Synthesis
165(14)
7.3.1 Overview
165(4)
7.3.2 Source Taxation
169(2)
7.3.3 Outbound Application of General Taxing Claims
171(3)
7.3.4 Specifically Outbound Regimes
174(3)
7.3.5 Other Anti-BEPS Measures
177(1)
7.3.6 Conclusion
177(2)
8 Treaties
179(80)
8.1 History and Background
180(8)
8.2 Treaty Access
188(8)
8.2.1 `Person' for Treaty Purposes
188(1)
8.2.2 Treaty Residence
189(5)
8.2.3 Dual Residence
194(1)
8.2.4 Anti-Abuse Limitations
195(1)
8.3 Trust Income
196(55)
8.3.1 Double Taxation
198(1)
8.3.2 The Transparent Entity Clause
199(1)
8.3.3 Fiscal Transparency
200(10)
8.3.4 Application of the Transparent Entity Clause to Trust Income
210(2)
8.3.5 The Saving Clause
212(2)
8.3.6 Differential Transparency
214(1)
8.3.7 Role of the Grantor
215(2)
8.3.8 Transparent Attribution Analyses
217(12)
8.3.9 Consequences of Recognizing Fiscal Transparency of Hybrids
229(1)
8.3.10 Attribution of Business Structures
230(6)
8.3.11 Beneficial Ownership
236(4)
8.3.12 Corporate Participation Dividends
240(4)
8.3.13 Treaty Relief in Residence Countries
244(7)
8.4 Distributions
251(5)
8.4.1 Source Taxation
251(2)
8.4.2 Residence Taxation
253(1)
8.4.3 Effect of Treaty Relief
253(2)
8.4.4 Post-Treaty Relief
255(1)
8.5 Summary
256(3)
9 Conclusions and Proposals: Taxing the Shadow
259(34)
9.1 Principles
259(7)
9.1.1 Source
260(1)
9.1.2 Grantor
260(3)
9.1.3 Beneficiary
263(2)
9.1.4 Trust
265(1)
9.1.5 Double Tax Relief
266(1)
9.2 Non-Taxation and Double Taxation
266(13)
9.2.1 Non-Taxation
267(5)
9.2.2 Double Taxation
272(7)
9.3 Tax and Treaty Design
279(12)
9.3.1 Conflicts of Attribution
279(5)
9.3.2 Attribution Conflict Strategies and Double Taxation
284(4)
9.3.3 Trust Income and Distributions
288(1)
9.3.4 Internal Coherence of Tax Laws and Treaties
289(1)
9.3.5 Recommendations Generally
290(1)
9.4 Conclusion
291(2)
Appendix: Detail of Beneficiary Attribution and Taxation
293(53)
A.1 General Attribution
293(18)
A.1.1 United Kingdom
293(3)
A.1.2 United States
296(4)
A.1.3 Australia
300(7)
A.1.4 New Zealand
307(4)
A.2 Inbound Taxation of Business Income
311(11)
A.2.1 Australia
311(3)
A.2.2 United States
314(2)
A.2.3 United Kingdom
316(5)
A.2.4 New Zealand
321(1)
A.3 Inbound Taxation of Dividend, Interest and Royalty Income
322(20)
A.3.1 Australia
322(8)
A.3.2 United States
330(3)
A.3.3 United Kingdom
333(5)
A.3.4 New Zealand
338(4)
A.4 Foreign Tax Credit: Identity of Taxpayer
342(4)
A.4.1 Australia
342(2)
A.4.2 United States
344(2)
Bibliography 346(11)
Index 357
Mark Brabazon SC is an Australian barrister with over thirty-five years of experience in legal practice and a member of 7 Wentworth Selborne, Sydney. He holds a Ph.D. from the University pf Sydney and B.A. and LL.M. degrees from the University of Queensland. He advises and represents taxpayers and revenue authorities and appears as counsel in tax, equity and commercial disputes at all levels. He also chairs the Council of Law Reporting for New South Wales.