Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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List of Commonly Used Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms |
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xxi | |
About the Companion Website |
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xxvii | |
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1 Vectors and Their Matrix Representations in Selected Reference Frames |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 General Features of Notation |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.1 Definition and Description of a Vector |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Equality of Vectors |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.5 Representation of a Vector in a Selected Reference Frame |
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6 | (1) |
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1.6 Matrix Operations Corresponding to Vector Operations |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Cross Product and Skew Symmetric Cross Product Matrices |
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8 | (1) |
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1.7 Mathematical Properties of the Skew Symmetric Matrices |
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9 | (1) |
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1.8 Examples Involving Skew Symmetric Matrices |
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10 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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2 Rotation of Vectors and Rotation Matrices |
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13 | (18) |
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2.1 Vector Equation of Rotation and the Rodrigues Formula |
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13 | (2) |
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2.2 Matrix Equation of Rotation and the Rotation Matrix |
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15 | (1) |
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2.3 Exponentially Expressed Rotation Matrix |
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16 | (1) |
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2.4 Basic Rotation Matrices |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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2.6 Orthonormality of the Rotation Matrices |
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18 | (2) |
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2.7 Mathematical Properties of the Rotation Matrices |
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20 | (2) |
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2.7.1 Mathematical Properties of General Rotation Matrices |
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20 | (2) |
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2.7.2 Mathematical Properties of the Basic Rotation Matrices |
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22 | (1) |
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2.8 Examples Involving Rotation Matrices |
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22 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.9 Determination of the Angle and Axis of a Specified Rotation Matrix |
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25 | (4) |
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2.9.1 Scalar Equations of Rotation |
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25 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Determination of the Angle of Rotation |
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26 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Determination of the Axis of Rotation |
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26 | (3) |
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2.9.4 Discussion About the Optional Sign Variables |
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29 | (1) |
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2.10 Definition and Properties of the Double Argument Arctangent Function |
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29 | (2) |
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3 Matrix Representations of Vectors in Different Reference Frames and the Component Transformation Matrices |
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31 | (32) |
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3.1 Matrix Representations of a Vector in Different Reference Frames |
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31 | (1) |
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3.2 Transformation Matrices Between Reference Frames |
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32 | (2) |
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3.2.1 Definition and Usage of a Transformation Matrix |
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32 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Basic Properties of a Transformation Matrix |
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33 | (1) |
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3.3 Expression of a Transformation Matrix in Terms of Basis Vectors |
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34 | (3) |
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3.3.1 Column-by-Column Expression |
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34 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Row-by-Row Expression |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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3.4 Expression of a Transformation Matrix as a Direction Cosine Matrix |
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37 | (1) |
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3.4.1 Definitions of Direction Angles and Direction Cosines |
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37 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Transformation Matrix Formed as a Direction Cosine Matrix |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5 Expression of a Transformation Matrix as a Rotation Matrix |
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38 | (2) |
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3.5.1 Correlation Between the Rotation and Transformation Matrices |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Distinction Between the Rotation and Transformation Matrices |
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39 | (1) |
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3.6 Relationship Between the Matrix Representations of a Rotation Operator in Different Reference Frames |
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40 | (1) |
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3.7 Expression of a Transformation Matrix in a Case of Several Successive Rotations |
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40 | (2) |
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3.7.1 Rotated Frame Based (RFB) Formulation |
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41 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Initial Frame Based (IFB) Formulation |
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41 | (1) |
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3.8 Expression of a Transformation Matrix in Terms of Euler Angles |
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42 | (15) |
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3.8.1 General Definition of Euler Angles |
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42 | (1) |
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3.8.2 IFB (Initial Frame Based) Euler Angle Sequences |
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42 | (1) |
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3.8.3 RFB (Rotated Frame Based) Euler Angle Sequences |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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3.8.6 Remark 3.6: Preference Between IFB and RFB Sequences |
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45 | (1) |
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3.8.7 Commonly Used Euler Angle Sequences |
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45 | (1) |
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3.8.8 Extraction of Euler Angles from a Given Transformation Matrix |
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46 | (11) |
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3.9 Position of a Point Expressed in Different Reference Frames and Homogeneous Transformation Matrices |
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57 | (6) |
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3.9.1 Position of a Point Expressed in Different Reference Frames |
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51 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Homogeneous, Nonhomogeneous, Linear, Nonlinear, and Affine Relationships |
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52 | (1) |
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3.9.3 Affine Coordinate Transformation Between Two Reference Frames |
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53 | (1) |
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3.9.4 Homogeneous Coordinate Transformation Between Two Reference Frames |
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54 | (1) |
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3.9.5 Mathematical Properties of the Homogeneous Transformation Matrices |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (5) |
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4 Vector Differentiation Accompanied by Velocity and Acceleration Expressions |
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63 | (18) |
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4.1 Derivatives of a Vector with Respect to Different Reference Frames |
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63 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Differentiation and Resolution Frames |
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63 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Components in Different Differentiation and Resolution Frames |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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4.2 Vector Derivatives with Respect to Different Reference Frames and the Coriolis Transport Theorem |
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66 | (4) |
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4.2.1 First Derivatives and the Relative Angular Velocity |
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66 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Second Derivatives and the Relative Angular Acceleration |
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68 | (2) |
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4.3 Combination of Relative Angular Velocities and Accelerations |
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70 | (1) |
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4.3.1 Combination of Relative Angular Velocities |
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70 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Combination of Relative Angular Accelerations |
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71 | (1) |
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4.4 Angular Velocities and Accelerations Associated with Rotation Sequences |
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71 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Relative Angular Velocities and Accelerations about Relatively Fixed Axes |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Angular Velocities Associated with the Euler Angle Sequences |
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74 | (3) |
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4.5 Velocity and Acceleration of a Point with Respect to Different Reference Frames |
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77 | (4) |
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4.5.1 Velocity of a Point with Respect to Different Reference Frames |
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77 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Acceleration of a Point with Respect to Different Reference Frames |
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78 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Velocity and Acceleration Expressions with Simplified Notations |
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79 | (2) |
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5 Kinematics of Rigid Body Systems |
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81 | (44) |
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5.1 Kinematic Description of a Rigid Body System |
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82 | (2) |
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5.1.1 Body Frames and Joint Frames |
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82 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Kinematic Chains, Kinematic Branches, and Kinematic Loops |
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83 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Joints or Kinematic Pairs |
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83 | (1) |
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5.2 Position Equations for a Kinematic Chain of Rigid Bodies |
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84 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Relative Orientation Equation Between Successive Bodies |
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85 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Relative Location Equation Between Successive Bodies |
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85 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Orientation of a Body with Respect to the Base of the Kinematic Chain |
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85 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Location of a Body with Respect to the Base of the Kinematic Chain |
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86 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Loop Closure Equations for a Kinematic Loop |
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86 | (1) |
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5.3 Velocity Equations for a Kinematic Chain of Rigid Bodies |
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87 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Relative Angular Velocity between Successive Bodies |
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87 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Relative Translational Velocity Between Successive Bodies |
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88 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Angular Velocity of a Body with Respect to the Base |
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89 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Translational Velocity of a Body with Respect to the Base |
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89 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Velocity Equations for a Kinematic Loop |
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90 | (1) |
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5.4 Acceleration Equations for a Kinematic Chain of Rigid Bodies |
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90 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Relative Angular Acceleration Between Successive Bodies |
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91 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Relative Translational Acceleration Between Successive Bodies |
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92 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Angular Acceleration of a Body with Respect to the Base |
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92 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Translational Acceleration of a Body with Respect to the Base |
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93 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Acceleration Equations for a Kinematic Loop |
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93 | (1) |
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5.5 Example 5.1: A Serial Manipulator with an RRP Arm |
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94 | (12) |
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5.5.1 Kinematic Description of the System |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (5) |
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100 | (3) |
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5.5.4 Acceleration Analysis |
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103 | (3) |
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5.6 Example 5.2: A Spatial Slider-Crank (RSSP) Mechanism |
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106 | (19) |
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5.6.1 Kinematic Description of the Mechanism |
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106 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Loop Closure Equations |
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108 | (1) |
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5.6.3 Degree of Freedom or Mobility |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (9) |
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119 | (3) |
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5.6.6 Acceleration Analysis |
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122 | (3) |
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6 Joints and Their Kinematic Characteristics |
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125 | (60) |
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6.1 Kinematic Details of the Joints |
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125 | (2) |
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6.1.1 Description of a Joint as a Kinematic Pair |
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125 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Degree of Freedom or Mobility of a Joint |
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126 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Number of Distinct Joints Between Two Rigid Bodies |
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126 | (1) |
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6.1 A Classification of the Joints |
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127 | (1) |
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6.2 Typical Lower Order Joints |
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128 | (4) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Plane-on-Plane Joint |
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132 | (1) |
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6.3 Higher Order Joints with Simple Contacts |
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132 | (2) |
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6.3.1 Line-on-Plane Joint |
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132 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Point-on-Plane Joint |
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133 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Point-on-Surface Joint |
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133 | (1) |
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6.4 Typical Multi-Joint Connections |
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134 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Fork-on-Surface Joint |
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134 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Triangle-on-Surface Joint |
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136 | (2) |
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6.5 Rolling Contact Joints with Point Contacts |
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138 | (10) |
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6.5.1 Surface-on-Surface Joint |
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138 | (6) |
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6.5.2 Curve-on-Surface Joint |
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144 | (3) |
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6.5.3 Curve-on-Curve Joint |
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147 | (1) |
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6.6 Rolling Contact Joints with Line Contacts |
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148 | (19) |
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148 | (7) |
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6.6.2 Cone-on-Cylinder Joint |
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155 | (2) |
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6.6.3 Cone-on-Plane Joint |
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157 | (4) |
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6.6.4 Cylinder-on-Cylinder Joint |
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161 | (3) |
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6.6.5 Cylinder-on-Plane Joint |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (10) |
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6.7.1 Example 6.1: An RRRSP Mechanism |
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167 | (4) |
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6.7.2 Example 6.2: A Two-Link Mechanism with Three Point-on-Plane Joints |
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171 | (3) |
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6.7.3 Example 6.3: A Spatial Cam Mechanism |
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174 | (3) |
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6.7 A Example 6.4: A Spatial Cam Mechanism That Allows Rolling Without Slipping |
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177 | (8) |
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7 Kinematic Features of Serial Manipulators |
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185 | (14) |
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7.1 Kinematic Description of a General Serial Manipulator |
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185 | (1) |
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7.2 Denavit-Hartenberg Convention |
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186 | (1) |
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7.3 D--H Convention for Successive Intermediate Links and Joints |
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187 | (3) |
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7.3.1 Assignment and Description of the Link Frames |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Relative Position Formulas Between Successive Links |
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189 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Alternative Multi-Index Notation for the D-H Convention |
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189 | (1) |
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7.4 D--H Convention for the First Joint |
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190 | (3) |
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7.5 D--H Convention for the Last Joint |
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193 | (2) |
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7.6 D--H Convention for Successive Joints with Perpendicularly Intersecting Axes |
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195 | (1) |
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7.7 D-H Convention for Successive Joints with Parallel Axes |
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195 | (2) |
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7.8 D-H Convention for Successive Joints with Coincident Axes |
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197 | (2) |
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8 Position and Motion Analyses of Generic Serial Manipulators |
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199 | (34) |
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201 | (1) |
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8.2 Compact Formulation of Forward Kinematics |
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202 | (1) |
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8.3 Detailed Formulation of Forward Kinematics |
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203 | (2) |
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8.4 Manipulators with or without Spherical Wrists |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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8.6 Inverse Kinematic Solution for a Regular Manipulator |
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208 | (4) |
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8.6.1 Regular Manipulator with a Spherical Wrist |
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208 | (3) |
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8.6.2 Regular Manipulator with a Nonspherical Wrist |
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211 | (1) |
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8.7 Inverse Kinematic Solution for a Redundant Manipulator |
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212 | (2) |
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8.7.1 Solution by Specifying the Variables of Certain Joints |
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212 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Solution by Optimization |
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213 | (1) |
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8.8 Inverse Kinematic Solution for a Deficient Manipulator |
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214 | (1) |
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8.8.1 Compromise in Orientation in Favor of a Completely Specified Location |
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214 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Compromise in Location in Favor of a Completely Specified Orientation |
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215 | (1) |
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8.9 Forward Kinematics of Motion |
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215 | (3) |
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8.9.1 Forward Kinematics of Velocity Relationships |
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215 | (1) |
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8.9.2 Forward Kinematics of Acceleration Relationships |
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216 | (2) |
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8.10 Jacobian Matrices Associated with the Wrist and Tip Points |
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218 | (2) |
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8.11 Recursive Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Formulations |
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220 | (3) |
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8.11.1 Orientations of the Links |
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220 | (1) |
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8.11.2 Locations of the Link Frame Origins |
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221 | (1) |
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8.11.3 Locations of the Mass Centers of the Links |
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221 | (1) |
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8.11.4 Angular Velocities of the Links |
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221 | (1) |
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8.11.5 Velocities of the Link Frame Origins |
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222 | (1) |
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8.11.6 Velocities of the Mass Centers of the Links |
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222 | (1) |
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8.11.7 Angular Accelerations of the Links |
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222 | (1) |
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8.11.8 Accelerations of the Link Frame Origins |
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222 | (1) |
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8.11.9 Accelerations of the Mass Centers of the Links |
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223 | (1) |
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8.12 Inverse Motion Analysis of a Manipulator Based on the Jacobian Matrix |
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223 | (2) |
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8.12.1 Inverse Velocity Analysis of a Regular Manipulator |
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224 | (1) |
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8.12.2 Inverse Acceleration Analysis of a Regular Manipulator |
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225 | (1) |
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8.13 Inverse Motion Analysis of a Redundant Manipulator |
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225 | (4) |
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8.13.1 Inverse Velocity Analysis |
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225 | (3) |
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8.13.2 Inverse Acceleration Analysis |
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228 | (1) |
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8.14 Inverse Motion Analysis of a Deficient Manipulator |
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229 | (1) |
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8.15 Inverse Motion Analysis of a Regular Manipulator Using the Detailed Formulation |
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230 | (3) |
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8.15.1 Inverse Velocity Solution |
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230 | (1) |
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8.15.2 Inverse Acceleration Solution |
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231 | (2) |
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9 Kinematic Analyses of Typical Serial Manipulators |
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233 | (108) |
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233 | (17) |
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9.1.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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234 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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235 | (2) |
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9.1.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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237 | (3) |
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9.1.4 Multiplicity Analysis |
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240 | (2) |
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9.1.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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242 | (2) |
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9.1.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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244 | (1) |
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9.1.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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245 | (2) |
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9.1.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (8) |
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9.2.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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250 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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251 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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253 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Multiplicity Analysis |
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254 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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255 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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255 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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256 | (1) |
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9.2.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (15) |
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9.3.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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259 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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260 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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262 | (2) |
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9.3.4 Multiplicity Analysis |
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264 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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266 | (3) |
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9.3.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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269 | (1) |
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9.3.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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269 | (2) |
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9.3.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (8) |
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9.4.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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273 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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274 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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275 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Multiplicity Analysis |
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277 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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278 | (1) |
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9.4.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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279 | (1) |
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9.4.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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279 | (1) |
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9.4.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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280 | (1) |
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9.5 An RP2R3 Manipulator without an Analytical Solution |
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281 | (4) |
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9.5.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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282 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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282 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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283 | (2) |
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9.5 4 Multiplicity Analysis |
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285 | (5) |
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9.5.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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287 | (1) |
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9.5.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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287 | (1) |
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9.5.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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287 | (2) |
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9.5.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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289 | (1) |
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9.6 An RPRPR2 Manipulator with an Uncustomary Analytical Solution |
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290 | (13) |
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9.6.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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290 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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291 | (2) |
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9.6.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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293 | (4) |
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9.6.4 Multiplicity Analysis |
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297 | (1) |
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9.6.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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298 | (1) |
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9.6.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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298 | (1) |
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9.6.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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299 | (2) |
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9.6.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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301 | (2) |
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9.7 A Deficient Puma Manipulator with Five Active Joints |
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303 | (10) |
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9.7.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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303 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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304 | (1) |
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9.7.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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305 | (1) |
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9.7.3.1 Solution in the Case of Fully Specified Tip Point Location |
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305 | (2) |
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9.7.3.2 Solution in the Case of Fully Specified End-Effector Orientation |
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307 | (1) |
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9.7.4 Multiplicity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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307 | (1) |
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9.7.4.1 Analysis in the Case of Fully Specified Tip Point Location |
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307 | (1) |
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9.7.4.2 Analysis in the Case of Fully Specified End-Effector Orientation |
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308 | (1) |
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9.7.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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308 | (1) |
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9.7.5.1 Analysis in the Case of Fully Specified Tip Point Location |
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308 | (1) |
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9.7.5.2 Analysis in the Case of Fully Specified End-Effector Orientation |
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309 | (1) |
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9.7.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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310 | (1) |
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9.7.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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310 | (1) |
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9.7.7 A Solution in the Case of Fully Specified Tip Point Velocity |
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310 | (1) |
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9.7.7.2 Solution in the Case of Fully Specified End-Effector Angular Velocity |
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311 | (1) |
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9.7.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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312 | (1) |
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9.7.8.1 Analysis in the Case of Fully Specified Tip Point Velocity |
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312 | (1) |
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9.7.8.2 Analysis in the Case of Fully Specified End-Effector Angular Velocity |
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313 | (1) |
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9.8 A Redundant Humanoid Manipulator with Eight Joints |
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313 | (28) |
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9.8.1 Kinematic Description According to the D-H Convention |
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313 | (2) |
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9.8.2 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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315 | (1) |
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9.8.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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316 | (7) |
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9.8.4 Multiplicity Analysis |
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323 | (3) |
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9.8.5 Singularity Analysis in the Position Domain |
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326 | (2) |
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9.8.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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328 | (1) |
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9.8.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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328 | (5) |
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9.8.8 Singularity Analysis in the Velocity Domain |
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333 | (2) |
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9.8.9 Consistency of the Inverse Kinematics in the Position and Velocity Domains |
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335 | (6) |
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10 Position and Velocity Analyses of Parallel Manipulators |
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341 | (82) |
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10.1 General Kinematic Features of Parallel Manipulators |
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343 | (4) |
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10.2 Position Equations of a Parallel Manipulator |
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347 | (4) |
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10.3 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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351 | (8) |
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10.4 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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359 | (9) |
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10.5 Velocity Equations of a Parallel Manipulator |
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368 | (3) |
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10.6 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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371 | (6) |
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10.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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377 | (7) |
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10.8 Stewart-Gough Platform as a 6UPS Spatial Parallel Manipulator |
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384 | (18) |
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10.8.1 Kinematic Description |
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384 | (2) |
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10.8.2 Position Equations |
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386 | (1) |
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10.8.3 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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387 | (2) |
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10.8.4 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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389 | (7) |
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10.8.5 Velocity Equations |
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396 | (1) |
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10.8.6 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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397 | (1) |
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10.8.7 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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398 | (4) |
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10.9 Delta Robot: A 3RS2S2 Spatial Parallel Manipulator |
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402 | (21) |
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10.9.1 Kinematic Description |
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402 | (2) |
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10.9.2 Position Equations |
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404 | (3) |
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10.9.3 Independent Kinematic Loops and the Associated Equations |
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407 | (3) |
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10.9.4 Inverse Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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410 | (2) |
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10.9.5 Forward Kinematics in the Position Domain |
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412 | (5) |
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10.9.6 Velocity Equations |
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417 | (1) |
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10.9.7 Inverse Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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418 | (2) |
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10.9.8 Forward Kinematics in the Velocity Domain |
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420 | (3) |
Bibliography |
|
423 | (2) |
Index |
|
425 | |