| Preface to the First Edition |
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xv | |
| Preface to the Second Edition |
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xvii | |
| Preface to the Third Edition |
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xix | |
| Abbreviations |
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xxv | |
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PART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES |
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3 | (66) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (32) |
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i Views on the Existence of a State of War |
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6 | (3) |
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ii Relevance of a `State of War' |
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9 | (1) |
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iii Elastic Application of the Notion `State of War' |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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v Relevance of a Declaration of War |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (4) |
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b Declarations by Non-State Entities |
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17 | (2) |
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vi Objective Assessment of the Existence of `War' |
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19 | (1) |
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vii Distinction between War and Other Hostilities |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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b War, Raids and Expeditionary Forces |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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(2) Intra-State Terrorism or Terrorism against a Specific State |
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25 | (1) |
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(3) Genocidal Strategies: Global Jihad Terrorism |
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26 | (3) |
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(4) Prevention of Terrorism |
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29 | (1) |
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d Definition of Terrorism |
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30 | (1) |
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(1) `Traditional' Terrorism |
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30 | (1) |
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(2) Genocidal or Jihad Terrorism |
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31 | (3) |
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(3) Common Characteristics of all Forms of Terrorism |
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34 | (1) |
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e A Specific Definition of War |
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34 | (3) |
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C Changes in the International Society |
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37 | (9) |
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i Democratisation of the International Society |
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37 | (8) |
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ii The Cross-Effects of Practices in Different Wars |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (23) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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(1) General Characteristics |
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56 | (2) |
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(2) Political Affiliations of Liberation Wars |
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58 | (1) |
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(3) Participation of Liberation Movements in International Conferences |
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59 | (2) |
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b Resistance or Partisan Wars |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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iv Methodological War: Guerrilla War |
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64 | (3) |
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v Classification of Modern Wars |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (48) |
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A Limitation of the Use of Force |
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69 | (23) |
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69 | (3) |
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ii Rules Prohibiting Aggression |
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72 | (8) |
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iii Prohibition of Certain Intervention |
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80 | (1) |
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a The Relative Notion of Intervention |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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(2) Forms of Intervention |
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83 | (1) |
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b Assisting the Government in Internal Conflicts |
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84 | (2) |
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c Assistance to Insurgents |
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86 | (3) |
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d Assistance to Groups in other Non-State Conflicts |
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89 | (1) |
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e The Effect of Assistance to Either Party |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (25) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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b Anticipatory Self-Defence |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (4) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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vi Conflicts with Jus Cogens |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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viii Justified Intervention |
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105 | (1) |
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a Excesses in the Reserved Domain |
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105 | (2) |
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b Assistance to Insurgents |
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107 | (1) |
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c Humanitarian Intervention |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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(2) The Right to Protect (R2P) |
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110 | (1) |
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d Pre-emptive Intervention |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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f Patronising Intervention |
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111 | (2) |
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ix Self-Determination: Revival of Just War Theories |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (26) |
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A Double Nature of Relevant Factors |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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ii Failure of the International Judicial System |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (22) |
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122 | (1) |
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ii Coordination of Foreign Policy |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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b The Contemporary Position |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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(2) Conventional Disarmament |
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129 | (1) |
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(3) Verification Problems |
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130 | (1) |
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(4) Diffusion of Tensions by Talks |
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131 | (1) |
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(5) Restraint of Arms Trade |
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132 | (4) |
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iv Peaceful Settlement of Disputes |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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vi Interaction by Trade and Loans |
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138 | (1) |
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vii Institutional Factors |
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139 | (4) |
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4 The War-Waging Machinery |
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143 | (26) |
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A The Resources of States |
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143 | (1) |
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B Belligerents and Combatants |
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144 | (3) |
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C The Notion of Combatant |
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147 | (19) |
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i The Principle of Distinction |
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147 | (1) |
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ii Qualifications for Combatant Status |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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(i) The Special Position of Volunteers |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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(iv) Problems Relating to the Geneva Requirements |
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155 | (5) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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D Legal Effects of Combatant Status |
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166 | (3) |
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5 The Nature of the Law of War |
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169 | (38) |
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A The Historical Background |
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169 | (4) |
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B The Function of the Law of War |
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173 | (2) |
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i Force Supplements Unsatisfactory Law |
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173 | (1) |
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ii The International Element |
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174 | (1) |
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iii The Element of Complexity |
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174 | (1) |
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C The Contents of the Law of War |
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175 | (32) |
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i Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello |
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175 | (1) |
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ii The Law of the Hague and the Law of Geneva |
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176 | (1) |
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iii Identification of the Law of War |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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(1) `Humanitarian Law'and `Human Rights' |
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178 | (1) |
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(2) Operation of Human Rights in War |
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179 | (2) |
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iv Bodies Participating in Drafting of Rules of the Law of War |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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vi General Principles of Ethics of Warfare |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (4) |
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c Rules Prohibiting Unnecessary Suffering |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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e Minimum Standards and Inherent Rights |
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195 | (1) |
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f Jus Cogens, Natural Law and Sociologically Necessary Rules |
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196 | (2) |
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vii The Fallacies of Customary Law |
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198 | (3) |
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viii The Absurd Notion of Negative Custom |
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201 | (6) |
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6 Spatial Application of the Law of War |
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207 | (36) |
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A Traditional Spatial Application |
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207 | (17) |
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i Delimitation of Territory |
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207 | (1) |
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ii Regions of War and Theatre of War |
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207 | (1) |
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iii Neutrals and Neutralised Areas |
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208 | (3) |
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211 | (5) |
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216 | (3) |
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vi Areas under Occupation |
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219 | (3) |
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vii Positive and Negative Zones |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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ix Distinction between Zones and Internal Application |
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224 | (1) |
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B Extended Application in Internal Conflicts |
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224 | (19) |
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i Application in Internationalised Conflicts |
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224 | (1) |
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a Declarations of Adherence |
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224 | (2) |
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b Express Provisions on Applicability to Liberation Movements |
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226 | (1) |
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c Informal Adherence of Liberation Movements |
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227 | (1) |
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d Formal Adherence of Liberation Movements |
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228 | (2) |
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e Recognition of Belligerency and Statehood |
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230 | (1) |
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ii Direct Application of the Law of War in the Internal Sphere of States |
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231 | (1) |
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a Variability of Constitutional Provisions |
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232 | (1) |
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b Application by Municipal Courts |
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233 | (1) |
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c The Rationale Behind Applicability and Non-Applicability |
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234 | (1) |
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d The Attitude of the ICRC |
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235 | (1) |
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e Article 4A of Geneva Convention III |
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236 | (1) |
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f Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions in Internal Conflicts |
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236 | (1) |
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g Analysis of Provisions of Protocol II of 1977 |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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(2) The Ambit of Article 1 |
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239 | (4) |
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PART II RULES ON BELLIGERENCE |
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7 Restrictions on Weapons |
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243 | (64) |
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A The Ambit of Relevant Rules |
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243 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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ii The Historical Background |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (20) |
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i The Meaning of Conventional Weapons |
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245 | (1) |
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ii The 1981 Weaponry Convention |
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246 | (1) |
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a The Lucerne and Lugano Conferences |
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246 | (1) |
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b The Structure of the Convention |
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247 | (1) |
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c Mechanism of Indirect Obligation |
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247 | (1) |
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d Protocol I on Fragmentation Weapons |
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248 | (1) |
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e Protocol II on Treacherous Weapons |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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(2) Remotely Delivered Mines |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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(4) Delayed Action Devices |
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252 | (1) |
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(5) Recording of Minefields |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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f Protocol III on Incendiary Weapons |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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(2) The `Jungle Exception' |
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255 | (1) |
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g Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons |
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256 | (1) |
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iii The Landmine Convention of 1997 |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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vi Other Unregulated Weapons: Drones and Robots |
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262 | (2) |
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vii Other Questionable Weapons |
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264 | (1) |
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C Weapons of Mass Destruction |
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265 | (14) |
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265 | (1) |
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a Definition of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) |
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265 | (3) |
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b Identification of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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a The Special Case of Nuclear Weapons |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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(2) Narrowing Down the Criteria |
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273 | (2) |
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(3) Criteria Applied to Nuclear Weapons |
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275 | (2) |
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d Nuclear Weapons and Recent Developments in the Law of War |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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E Biological and Chemical Weapons |
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280 | (14) |
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i CBW: The Common Background |
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280 | (1) |
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a The Historical Background |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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c Separate Treatment of Biological and Chemical Weapons |
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281 | (1) |
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d Efforts of Disarmament Bodies |
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282 | (1) |
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e Regulation by Special Treaties |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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a Provisions of the 1972 Convention (BTWC) |
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282 | (3) |
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b The Review Conference Mechanism |
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285 | (1) |
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iii Chemical Weapons (CW) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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(1) The Application of Early Rules |
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285 | (3) |
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(2) The Geneva Gas Protocol |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (1) |
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c The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (5) |
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i Specific Prohibition by General Treaties |
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294 | (1) |
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ii The En-Mod Convention of 1977 |
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295 | (3) |
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iii Environmental Obligations under General International Law |
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298 | (1) |
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G Information and Cyberspace Warfare |
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299 | (2) |
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H War Scenario in Outer Space |
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301 | (6) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (5) |
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8 Prohibited Methods of Warfare |
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307 | (38) |
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A General Rules For All Warfare |
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307 | (30) |
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i The Doctrine of Illegitimate Targets |
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307 | (2) |
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ii Identification of Immune Objectives |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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c Military and Civilian Objectives Distinguished |
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311 | (1) |
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(1) The Notion of a `Military Target' |
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311 | (1) |
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(2) The Enumerative Approach |
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311 | (3) |
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314 | (1) |
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iii Consequential Protection |
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315 | (1) |
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a Prohibition of Area Bombing |
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315 | (2) |
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b Specific Exemptions from Attack |
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317 | (1) |
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(1) Civilians and Persons hors de combat |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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(4) Food Supplies and Crops |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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(6) Hospitals, Hospital Ships and Medical Units |
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323 | (1) |
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(7) Attacks on Dangerous Installations |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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(i) Provisions for International Wars |
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324 | (1) |
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(ii) Provisions for Internal Warfare |
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325 | (1) |
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(9) Places for Religious Worship |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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iv Specifically Prohibited Methods |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (4) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (3) |
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(3) The Legal Effects of Perfidy |
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336 | (1) |
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B Specific Rules for Naval Warfare |
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337 | (8) |
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i The Special Case of Warfare at Sea |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (5) |
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345 | (52) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (51) |
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346 | (4) |
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ii The Treatment of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked |
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350 | (3) |
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iii Specially Protected Groups |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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c Civil Defence Personnel |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (10) |
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366 | (2) |
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iv Treatment of Terrorists |
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368 | (1) |
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a Not Civilians and Not Soldiers but `Illegal Combatants' |
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368 | (2) |
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b Extraordinary Rendition |
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370 | (6) |
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c Guantanamo Camp, Rendition and Extraterritorial Justification |
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376 | (1) |
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d Waterboarding and Other Forms of Torture |
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377 | (14) |
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e Minimum Standard of Treatment of Detainees and Terrorists |
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391 | (6) |
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PART III CONSEQUENTIAL ASPECTS OF THE LAW OF WAR |
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10 Effects of State of War |
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397 | (22) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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B Effects on Communications |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (19) |
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i Entry into Force of Certain Rules of the Law of War |
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400 | (1) |
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ii The Effect of War on Treaties |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (1) |
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a The Effects of War on Property |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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(2) Prize and Confiscation of Contraband |
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405 | (6) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (2) |
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(5) The Uneven Right of Taking |
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414 | (1) |
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b The Effect of War on Contracts |
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414 | (3) |
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c Effect of War and Terrorism on Insurance Contracts |
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417 | (2) |
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11 Execution of the Law of War |
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419 | (8) |
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A Methods of Implementation |
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419 | (8) |
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i The Weapons Conventions |
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419 | (1) |
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ii Treaties on Methods and Humanitarian Rules |
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420 | (1) |
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a Protective Power System |
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421 | (1) |
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b Fact-Finding Commissions |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (1) |
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d The Role of Individuals |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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12 Suspension of the Law of War |
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427 | (56) |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (18) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (4) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (2) |
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ii The Problem of Reciprocity |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (3) |
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b The Application to Third Parties |
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439 | (1) |
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c Application to Non-States |
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440 | (3) |
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d A General or a Contractual Basis of Obligation? |
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443 | (4) |
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C Sanctions and Responsibility for Breaches |
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447 | (36) |
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i State Responsibility and Sanctions |
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447 | (1) |
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a Reaction against Violations of the Law of War: Condemnation |
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448 | (1) |
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b Embargo and Economic Sanctions |
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|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
ii Individual Responsibility |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
a Identification of War Crimes |
|
|
452 | (3) |
|
b War Crimes and Universal Jurisdiction |
|
|
455 | (3) |
|
c Prosecution for War Crimes and Immunity |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
d Prevention of Terrorism: Freezing of Assets |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
e Prosecution for War Crimes by War Crimes Tribunals |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
(1) The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) |
|
|
460 | (3) |
|
(2) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
(3) The Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
(4) The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
(5) The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
(6) The East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
(7) The International Criminal Court (ICC) |
|
|
468 | (3) |
|
f Concepts Used by War Crimes Tribunals |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
(1) The Doctrine of Respondeat Superior |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
(2) Doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) |
|
|
473 | (7) |
|
g The Contribution of Courts and War Crimes Tribunals to the Body of Law of War |
|
|
480 | (3) |
| Conclusions |
|
483 | (8) |
| Select Bibliography |
|
491 | (34) |
| Index |
|
525 | |