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Law of War 3rd edition [Kõva köide]

The third edition of Ingrid Detter's authoritative work explores the changing legal context of modern warfare in light of events over the last decade. Ingrid Detter reviews the status of non-State actors, as individuals and groups become more prominent in international society. Covering post 9/11 events and the resulting changes in the ethos of war, the author analyses the role of military companies and examines what their legitimacy means for international society. The edition also discusses certain ’intrinsic’ rules in the Law of War, such as rules giving individuals the right to be spared genocide, torture, slavery and apartheid and assure them basic democratic rights. The author questions the right of ’illegal’ combatants to be treated as prisoners of war and suggests that a minimum standard must be afforded to all, whether captured dictators or detainees suspected of terrorism. In the modern world, the individual (the soldier, the civilian, the dictator, the terrorist or the pirate) can no longer behave as they wish. Further new topics include 'target killings', the ’right to protect’ (’R2P’, - claimed to be a new form of intervention), the use of unregulated weapons such as drones and robots, the war scenario in Outer Space and cyber crimes. There is also a discussion of new developments in the field of war crimes including severe criticism of the novel concept 'joint criminal enterprise' (JCE), which, in the opinion of the author, undermines the Rule of Law. This updated and expanded edition will be of use to statesmen, scholars and students of international relations and international law.

The third edition of Ingrid Detter's authoritative work explores the changing legal context of modern warfare in light of events over the last decade. The new edition covers post 9/11 events and the resulting changes in the ethos of war. It analyses the role of military companies sometimes authorised by States to act in war-like situations and examines what their legitimacy means for international society. The edition also discusses certain ’intrinsic’ rules such as rules giving individuals the right to be spared genocide, torture, slavery and apartheid and assure them basic democratic rights.

Arvustused

'Comprehensive, updated, synthetic and original, these are, in a nutshell, the dominating qualities of this 3rd edition. The author manages to draw an accurate picture of the Law of War while succeeding in incorporating the basic rules of the jus ad bellum and aspects of the most contemporary issues in international criminal law. Such a book deserves to be in any library worthy of this name. Eric David, Prof. ém., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium This new edition of The Law of War is a significant and updated contribution to the complete analysis on the applicable rules in the case of war. It is clearly structured and provides a comprehensive understanding of the rules that are related to armed conflicts, including new developments in the use of force against non-State actors, the use of certain weapons and international criminal law. Only few books provide such a clear and comprehensive consideration of the legal rules that apply in situations of armed conflict. Marco Odello, Aberystwyth University, UK 'Ingrid Detters book, The Law of War, is an extremely useful compendium to have on ones shelf. This third edition represents a very substantial change from the previous two, well in keeping with the breathtaking transformation of the world since those were published: one in 1987 during the Cold War and the other in 2000. ... this book is an astonishingly comprehensive and extremely useful work of reference for lawyers, but also for decision-makers - military and civilian - at all levels, for journals and anybody else considering the laws of war, confronted with real issues in live situations and with the question of which laws apply to them.' The RUSI Journal

Preface to the First Edition xv
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Preface to the Third Edition xix
Abbreviations xxv
PART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1 The Concept of War
3(66)
A The Nature of War
3(2)
B The Definition of War
5(32)
i Views on the Existence of a State of War
6(3)
ii Relevance of a `State of War'
9(1)
iii Elastic Application of the Notion `State of War'
9(2)
iv New Developments
11(1)
a War with Non-States
11(1)
b The `War on Terror'
12(1)
v Relevance of a Declaration of War
13(1)
a Declarations of States
13(4)
b Declarations by Non-State Entities
17(2)
vi Objective Assessment of the Existence of `War'
19(1)
vii Distinction between War and Other Hostilities
20(1)
a War and Armed Conflict
20(2)
b War, Raids and Expeditionary Forces
22(1)
c War and Terrorism
23(1)
(1) State Terrorism
23(2)
(2) Intra-State Terrorism or Terrorism against a Specific State
25(1)
(3) Genocidal Strategies: Global Jihad Terrorism
26(3)
(4) Prevention of Terrorism
29(1)
d Definition of Terrorism
30(1)
(1) `Traditional' Terrorism
30(1)
(2) Genocidal or Jihad Terrorism
31(3)
(3) Common Characteristics of all Forms of Terrorism
34(1)
e A Specific Definition of War
34(3)
C Changes in the International Society
37(9)
i Democratisation of the International Society
37(8)
ii The Cross-Effects of Practices in Different Wars
45(1)
D Types of War
46(23)
i Geographical Wars
46(1)
a Inter-State War
46(1)
b Civil War
47(5)
c Internal War
52(1)
d Internationalised War
53(2)
ii Programmatic Wars
55(1)
a Liberation Wars
56(1)
(1) General Characteristics
56(2)
(2) Political Affiliations of Liberation Wars
58(1)
(3) Participation of Liberation Movements in International Conferences
59(2)
b Resistance or Partisan Wars
61(1)
c Revolutionary War
62(1)
d Separatist Wars
62(1)
e Pre-emptive War
63(1)
iii Unequal Wars
63(1)
iv Methodological War: Guerrilla War
64(3)
v Classification of Modern Wars
67(2)
2 Prohibition of War
69(48)
A Limitation of the Use of Force
69(23)
i Rules Prohibiting War
69(3)
ii Rules Prohibiting Aggression
72(8)
iii Prohibition of Certain Intervention
80(1)
a The Relative Notion of Intervention
80(1)
(1) The Reserved Domain
81(2)
(2) Forms of Intervention
83(1)
b Assisting the Government in Internal Conflicts
84(2)
c Assistance to Insurgents
86(3)
d Assistance to Groups in other Non-State Conflicts
89(1)
e The Effect of Assistance to Either Party
90(2)
B Legitimising Factors
92(25)
i Recovery
93(1)
ii Hot Pursuit
93(1)
iii Self-Defence
94(1)
a General Rules
94(1)
b Anticipatory Self-Defence
95(2)
c Target Killing
97(4)
iv Reprisals
101(1)
v The Consent of a State
101(2)
vi Conflicts with Jus Cogens
103(1)
vii Non-Responsibility
104(1)
viii Justified Intervention
105(1)
a Excesses in the Reserved Domain
105(2)
b Assistance to Insurgents
107(1)
c Humanitarian Intervention
108(1)
(1) Traditional Views
108(2)
(2) The Right to Protect (R2P)
110(1)
d Pre-emptive Intervention
111(1)
e Punitive Intervention
111(1)
f Patronising Intervention
111(2)
ix Self-Determination: Revival of Just War Theories
113(4)
3 Prevention of War
117(26)
A Double Nature of Relevant Factors
117(1)
B Undermining Factors
118(3)
i Lack of Condemnation
119(1)
ii Failure of the International Judicial System
120(1)
C Stabilising Factors
121(22)
i Alliances
122(1)
ii Coordination of Foreign Policy
122(1)
iii Disarmament
123(1)
a Early Attempts
123(1)
b The Contemporary Position
124(1)
(1) Nuclear Disarmament
125(4)
(2) Conventional Disarmament
129(1)
(3) Verification Problems
130(1)
(4) Diffusion of Tensions by Talks
131(1)
(5) Restraint of Arms Trade
132(4)
iv Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
136(2)
v Pacts against War
138(1)
vi Interaction by Trade and Loans
138(1)
vii Institutional Factors
139(4)
4 The War-Waging Machinery
143(26)
A The Resources of States
143(1)
B Belligerents and Combatants
144(3)
C The Notion of Combatant
147(19)
i The Principle of Distinction
147(1)
ii Qualifications for Combatant Status
148(1)
a Potential Combatants
148(1)
(1) Regular Forces
148(2)
(2) Irregular Forces
150(1)
(i) The Special Position of Volunteers
150(2)
(ii) Military Companies
152(3)
(iii) Levee en Masse
155(1)
(iv) Problems Relating to the Geneva Requirements
155(5)
b Illegal Combatants
160(1)
(1) Terrorists
160(1)
(2) Mercenaries
161(2)
(3) Bounty Hunters
163(1)
(4) Spies
163(1)
(5) Pirates
164(2)
D Legal Effects of Combatant Status
166(3)
5 The Nature of the Law of War
169(38)
A The Historical Background
169(4)
B The Function of the Law of War
173(2)
i Force Supplements Unsatisfactory Law
173(1)
ii The International Element
174(1)
iii The Element of Complexity
174(1)
C The Contents of the Law of War
175(32)
i Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
175(1)
ii The Law of the Hague and the Law of Geneva
176(1)
iii Identification of the Law of War
177(1)
a Rules on Weapons
178(1)
b Rules on Methods
178(1)
c Humanitarian Rules
178(1)
(1) `Humanitarian Law'and `Human Rights'
178(1)
(2) Operation of Human Rights in War
179(2)
iv Bodies Participating in Drafting of Rules of the Law of War
181(1)
v The Positivist Problem
182(2)
vi General Principles of Ethics of Warfare
184(1)
a The Martens Clause
185(3)
b Common Article 3
188(4)
c Rules Prohibiting Unnecessary Suffering
192(2)
d Holistic Strategies
194(1)
e Minimum Standards and Inherent Rights
195(1)
f Jus Cogens, Natural Law and Sociologically Necessary Rules
196(2)
vii The Fallacies of Customary Law
198(3)
viii The Absurd Notion of Negative Custom
201(6)
6 Spatial Application of the Law of War
207(36)
A Traditional Spatial Application
207(17)
i Delimitation of Territory
207(1)
ii Regions of War and Theatre of War
207(1)
iii Neutrals and Neutralised Areas
208(3)
iv Demilitarised Areas
211(5)
v Denuclearised Zones
216(3)
vi Areas under Occupation
219(3)
vii Positive and Negative Zones
222(1)
viii War Zones
223(1)
ix Distinction between Zones and Internal Application
224(1)
B Extended Application in Internal Conflicts
224(19)
i Application in Internationalised Conflicts
224(1)
a Declarations of Adherence
224(2)
b Express Provisions on Applicability to Liberation Movements
226(1)
c Informal Adherence of Liberation Movements
227(1)
d Formal Adherence of Liberation Movements
228(2)
e Recognition of Belligerency and Statehood
230(1)
ii Direct Application of the Law of War in the Internal Sphere of States
231(1)
a Variability of Constitutional Provisions
232(1)
b Application by Municipal Courts
233(1)
c The Rationale Behind Applicability and Non-Applicability
234(1)
d The Attitude of the ICRC
235(1)
e Article 4A of Geneva Convention III
236(1)
f Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions in Internal Conflicts
236(1)
g Analysis of Provisions of Protocol II of 1977
236(1)
(1) General Background
236(3)
(2) The Ambit of Article 1
239(4)
PART II RULES ON BELLIGERENCE
7 Restrictions on Weapons
243(64)
A The Ambit of Relevant Rules
243(2)
i Weapons and Methods
243(1)
ii The Historical Background
243(2)
B Conventional Weapons
245(20)
i The Meaning of Conventional Weapons
245(1)
ii The 1981 Weaponry Convention
246(1)
a The Lucerne and Lugano Conferences
246(1)
b The Structure of the Convention
247(1)
c Mechanism of Indirect Obligation
247(1)
d Protocol I on Fragmentation Weapons
248(1)
e Protocol II on Treacherous Weapons
249(1)
(1) General Provisions
249(2)
(2) Remotely Delivered Mines
251(1)
(3) Booby-Traps
251(1)
(4) Delayed Action Devices
252(1)
(5) Recording of Minefields
252(1)
(6) Remnants of Mines
252(1)
f Protocol III on Incendiary Weapons
253(1)
(1) General Provisions
254(1)
(2) The `Jungle Exception'
255(1)
g Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons
256(1)
iii The Landmine Convention of 1997
256(3)
iv Naval Mines
259(2)
v Small Calibre Weapons
261(1)
vi Other Unregulated Weapons: Drones and Robots
262(2)
vii Other Questionable Weapons
264(1)
C Weapons of Mass Destruction
265(14)
i General Rules
265(1)
a Definition of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
265(3)
b Identification of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
268(2)
ii Nuclear Weapons
270(1)
a The Special Case of Nuclear Weapons
270(1)
b Reduction of Hazards?
270(2)
c Criteria for Legality
272(1)
(1) Basic Restrictions
272(1)
(2) Narrowing Down the Criteria
273(2)
(3) Criteria Applied to Nuclear Weapons
275(2)
d Nuclear Weapons and Recent Developments in the Law of War
277(2)
D Radiological Weapons
279(1)
E Biological and Chemical Weapons
280(14)
i CBW: The Common Background
280(1)
a The Historical Background
281(1)
b Modern Times
281(1)
c Separate Treatment of Biological and Chemical Weapons
281(1)
d Efforts of Disarmament Bodies
282(1)
e Regulation by Special Treaties
282(1)
ii Biological Weapons
282(1)
a Provisions of the 1972 Convention (BTWC)
282(3)
b The Review Conference Mechanism
285(1)
iii Chemical Weapons (CW)
285(1)
a The Question of Gas
285(1)
(1) The Application of Early Rules
285(3)
(2) The Geneva Gas Protocol
288(3)
b Various Drafts
291(1)
c The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
292(2)
F Environmental Weapons
294(5)
i Specific Prohibition by General Treaties
294(1)
ii The En-Mod Convention of 1977
295(3)
iii Environmental Obligations under General International Law
298(1)
G Information and Cyberspace Warfare
299(2)
H War Scenario in Outer Space
301(6)
i Space Warfare
301(1)
ii Space Weapons
302(5)
8 Prohibited Methods of Warfare
307(38)
A General Rules For All Warfare
307(30)
i The Doctrine of Illegitimate Targets
307(2)
ii Identification of Immune Objectives
309(1)
a Zones
309(1)
b Open Towns
309(2)
c Military and Civilian Objectives Distinguished
311(1)
(1) The Notion of a `Military Target'
311(1)
(2) The Enumerative Approach
311(3)
(3) Relevant Criteria
314(1)
iii Consequential Protection
315(1)
a Prohibition of Area Bombing
315(2)
b Specific Exemptions from Attack
317(1)
(1) Civilians and Persons hors de combat
317(3)
(2) Parachutists
320(1)
(3) Parlamentaires
321(1)
(4) Food Supplies and Crops
321(1)
(5) Civilian Ships
321(2)
(6) Hospitals, Hospital Ships and Medical Units
323(1)
(7) Attacks on Dangerous Installations
324(1)
(8) Cultural Property
324(1)
(i) Provisions for International Wars
324(1)
(ii) Provisions for Internal Warfare
325(1)
(9) Places for Religious Worship
326(1)
(10) Civil Defence
326(1)
iv Specifically Prohibited Methods
327(1)
a `No Quarter'
327(1)
b Starvation
327(1)
c Reprisals
328(4)
d Perfidy
332(1)
(1) General Rules
332(1)
(2) Specific Practices
333(3)
(3) The Legal Effects of Perfidy
336(1)
B Specific Rules for Naval Warfare
337(8)
i The Special Case of Warfare at Sea
337(2)
ii Submarine Warfare
339(1)
iii Blockade
340(5)
9 Humanitarian Rules
345(52)
A The Realistic Meaning
345(1)
B Specific Rules
346(51)
i Treatment of Civilians
346(4)
ii The Treatment of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
350(3)
iii Specially Protected Groups
353(1)
a Women and Children
353(1)
b Journalists
354(1)
c Civil Defence Personnel
354(1)
d Medical Personnel
354(2)
e Religious Personnel
356(1)
f Prisoners of War
356(10)
g Detainees
366(2)
iv Treatment of Terrorists
368(1)
a Not Civilians and Not Soldiers but `Illegal Combatants'
368(2)
b Extraordinary Rendition
370(6)
c Guantanamo Camp, Rendition and Extraterritorial Justification
376(1)
d Waterboarding and Other Forms of Torture
377(14)
e Minimum Standard of Treatment of Detainees and Terrorists
391(6)
PART III CONSEQUENTIAL ASPECTS OF THE LAW OF WAR
10 Effects of State of War
397(22)
A The Time Span of War
397(1)
i Inception of War
397(1)
ii The End of War
397(1)
B Effects on Communications
398(2)
C Legal Effects
400(19)
i Entry into Force of Certain Rules of the Law of War
400(1)
ii The Effect of War on Treaties
401(2)
iii Private Law Effects
403(1)
a The Effects of War on Property
404(1)
(1) Booty
404(1)
(2) Prize and Confiscation of Contraband
405(6)
(3) Requisition
411(1)
(4) Angary
412(2)
(5) The Uneven Right of Taking
414(1)
b The Effect of War on Contracts
414(3)
c Effect of War and Terrorism on Insurance Contracts
417(2)
11 Execution of the Law of War
419(8)
A Methods of Implementation
419(8)
i The Weapons Conventions
419(1)
ii Treaties on Methods and Humanitarian Rules
420(1)
a Protective Power System
421(1)
b Fact-Finding Commissions
422(2)
c Mediation
424(1)
d The Role of Individuals
425(1)
e Dissemination
426(1)
12 Suspension of the Law of War
427(56)
A Denunciation
427(2)
B Breach
429(18)
i Grounds for Deviations
429(1)
a Military Necessity
429(4)
b Anterior Breach
433(1)
c Repression of Breaches
434(2)
ii The Problem of Reciprocity
436(1)
a General Principles
436(3)
b The Application to Third Parties
439(1)
c Application to Non-States
440(3)
d A General or a Contractual Basis of Obligation?
443(4)
C Sanctions and Responsibility for Breaches
447(36)
i State Responsibility and Sanctions
447(1)
a Reaction against Violations of the Law of War: Condemnation
448(1)
b Embargo and Economic Sanctions
448(1)
c Compensation
449(1)
d Military Action
450(1)
e Legal Action
451(1)
ii Individual Responsibility
452(1)
a Identification of War Crimes
452(3)
b War Crimes and Universal Jurisdiction
455(3)
c Prosecution for War Crimes and Immunity
458(2)
d Prevention of Terrorism: Freezing of Assets
460(1)
e Prosecution for War Crimes by War Crimes Tribunals
460(1)
(1) The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
460(3)
(2) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
463(1)
(3) The Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)
463(1)
(4) The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
464(1)
(5) The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
465(2)
(6) The East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)
467(1)
(7) The International Criminal Court (ICC)
468(3)
f Concepts Used by War Crimes Tribunals
471(1)
(1) The Doctrine of Respondeat Superior
471(2)
(2) Doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE)
473(7)
g The Contribution of Courts and War Crimes Tribunals to the Body of Law of War
480(3)
Conclusions 483(8)
Select Bibliography 491(34)
Index 525
Ingrid Detter is a Senior Member of St. Antony's College, Oxford and a practising Barrister at 13 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, London. She has advised governments, multinationals, corporations and individuals on various aspects of international law and acted in national and international courts. For 21 years she was Adviser to H.H. Pope John Paul II on international law. She is former Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall and of St. Antony's College, Oxford, and Professor Emeritus of International Law at Stockholm University. She is currently the President of The Environment Institute (EnvInst), which is accredited to the United Nations. She is the author of 14 books and of numerous articles on international law and international relations.