Preface |
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xiii | |
Limits of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty of Software |
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xv | |
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1 The Wireless Channel: Propagation and Fading |
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1 | (24) |
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4 | (11) |
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1.1.1 General Path Loss Model |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (5) |
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15 | (10) |
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1.2.1 Parameters for Small-Scale Fading |
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15 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Time-Dispersive vs. Frequency-Dispersive Fading |
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16 | (3) |
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1.2.3 Statistical Characterization and Generation of Fading Channel |
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19 | (6) |
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25 | (46) |
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2.1 Indoor Channel Models |
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25 | (15) |
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2.1.1 General Indoor Channel Models |
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26 | (2) |
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2.1.2 IEEE 802.11 Channel Model |
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28 | (2) |
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2.1.3 Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Channel Model |
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30 | (5) |
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35 | (5) |
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2.2 Outdoor Channel Models |
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40 | (31) |
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41 | (9) |
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50 | (4) |
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2.2.3 Ray-Based Channel Model |
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54 | (7) |
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2.2.4 Frequency-Selective Fading Channel Model |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (6) |
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71 | (40) |
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3.1 Statistical MIMO Model |
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71 | (13) |
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3.1.1 Spatial Correlation |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (8) |
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3.2 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model |
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84 | (13) |
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3.2.1 Statistical Model of Correlated MIMO Fading Channel |
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84 | (4) |
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3.2.2 Generation of Correlated MIMO Channel Coefficients |
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88 | (2) |
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3.2.3 I-METRA MIMO Channel Model |
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90 | (4) |
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3.2.4 3GPP MIMO Channel Model |
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94 | (3) |
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3.3 SCM MIMO Channel Model |
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97 | (14) |
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3.3.1 SCM Link-Level Channel Parameters |
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98 | (4) |
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3.3.2 SCM Link-Level Channel Modeling |
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102 | (3) |
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3.3.3 Spatial Correlation of Ray-Based Channel Model |
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105 | (6) |
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111 | (42) |
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4.1 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission |
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111 | (10) |
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4.1.1 Single-Carrier Transmission |
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111 | (4) |
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4.1.2 Multi-Carrier Transmission |
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115 | (5) |
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4.1.3 Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier Transmission |
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120 | (1) |
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4.2 Basic Principle of OFDM |
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121 | (21) |
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4.2.1 OFDM Modulation and Demodulation |
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121 | (5) |
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4.2.2 OFDM Guard Interval |
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126 | (6) |
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132 | (4) |
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136 | (3) |
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4.2.5 Water-Filling Algorithm for Frequency-Domain Link Adaptation |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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4.4 OFDMA: Multiple Access Extensions of OFDM |
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143 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Resource Allocation - Subchannel Allocation Types |
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145 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Resource Allocation - Subchannelization |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (3) |
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5 Synchronization for OFDM |
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153 | (34) |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Effect of Integer Carrier Frequency Offset (IFO) |
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159 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Effect of Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset (FFO) |
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160 | (2) |
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5.3 Estimation Techniques for STO |
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162 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO |
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162 | (6) |
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5.3.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for STO |
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168 | (2) |
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5.4 Estimation Techniques for CFO |
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170 | (7) |
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5.4.1 Time-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO |
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170 | (3) |
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5.4.2 Frequency-Domain Estimation Techniques for CFO |
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173 | (4) |
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5.5 Effect of Sampling Clock Offset |
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177 | (1) |
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5.5.1 Effect of Phase Offset in Sampling Clocks |
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177 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Effect of Frequency Offset in Sampling Clocks |
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178 | (1) |
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5.6 Compensation for Sampling Clock Offset |
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178 | (2) |
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5.7 Synchronization in Cellular Systems |
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180 | (7) |
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5.7.1 Downlink Synchronization |
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180 | (3) |
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5.7.2 Uplink Synchronization |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (22) |
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187 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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6.2 Training Symbol-Based Channel Estimation |
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190 | (5) |
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6.2.1 LS Channel Estimation |
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190 | (1) |
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6.2.2 MMSE Channel Estimation |
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191 | (4) |
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6.3 DFT-Based Channel Estimation |
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195 | (4) |
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6.4 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation |
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199 | (1) |
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6.5 Advanced Channel Estimation Techniques |
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199 | (10) |
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6.5.1 Channel Estimation Using a Superimposed Signal |
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199 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Channel Estimation in Fast Time-Varying Channels |
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201 | (3) |
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6.5.3 EM Algorithm-Based Channel Estimation |
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204 | (2) |
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6.5.4 Blind Channel Estimation |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (42) |
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209 | (15) |
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210 | (6) |
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7.1.2 Distribution of OFDM Signal |
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216 | (2) |
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7.1.3 PAPR and Oversampling |
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218 | (4) |
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222 | (2) |
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7.2 PAPR Reduction Techniques |
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224 | (27) |
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7.2.1 Clipping and Filtering |
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224 | (7) |
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7.2.2 PAPR Reduction Code |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Partial Transmit Sequence |
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234 | (4) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (10) |
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8 Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Techniques |
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251 | (12) |
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8.1 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination Technique |
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251 | (6) |
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8.1.1 Fractional Frequency Reuse |
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251 | (3) |
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8.1.2 Soft Frequency Reuse |
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254 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse |
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255 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Dynamic Channel Allocation |
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256 | (1) |
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8.2 Inter-Cell Interference Randomization Technique |
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257 | (3) |
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8.2.1 Cell-Specific Scrambling |
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257 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Cell-Specific Interleaving |
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258 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Frequency-Hopping OFDMA |
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258 | (2) |
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8.2.4 Random Subcarrier Allocation |
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260 | (1) |
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8.3 Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation Technique |
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260 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Interference Rejection Combining Technique |
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260 | (2) |
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8.3.2 IDMA Multiuser Detection |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (18) |
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263 | (2) |
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9.2 Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity |
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265 | (7) |
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9.2.1 Channel Capacity when CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side |
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266 | (4) |
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9.2.2 Channel Capacity when CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side |
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270 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Channel Capacity of SIMO and MISO Channels |
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271 | (1) |
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9.3 Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels |
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272 | (9) |
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10 Antenna Diversity and Space-Time Coding Techniques |
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281 | (38) |
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281 | (6) |
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283 | (4) |
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10.1.2 Transmit Diversity |
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287 | (1) |
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10.2 Space-Time Coding (STC): Overview |
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287 | (7) |
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287 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Pairwise Error Probability |
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289 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Space-Time Code Design |
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292 | (2) |
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10.3 Space-Time Block Code (STBC) |
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294 | (25) |
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10.3.1 Alamouti Space-Time Code |
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294 | (4) |
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10.3.2 Generalization of Space-Time Block Coding |
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298 | (4) |
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10.3.3 Decoding for Space-Time Block Codes |
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302 | (5) |
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10.3.4 Space-Time Trellis Code |
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307 | (12) |
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11 Signal Detection for Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Systems |
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319 | (54) |
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11.1 Linear Signal Detection |
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319 | (3) |
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11.1.1 ZF Signal Detection |
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320 | (1) |
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11.1.2 MMSE Signal Detection |
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321 | (1) |
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11.2 OSIC Signal Detection |
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322 | (5) |
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327 | (2) |
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11.4 Sphere Decoding Method |
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329 | (10) |
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339 | (5) |
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11.6 Lattice Reduction-Aided Detection |
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344 | (8) |
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11.6.1 Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) Algorithm |
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345 | (4) |
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11.6.2 Application of Lattice Reduction |
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349 | (3) |
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11.7 Soft Decision for MIMO Systems |
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352 | (21) |
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11.7.1 Log-Likelihood-Ratio (LLR) for SISO Systems |
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353 | (5) |
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11.7.2 LLR for Linear Detector-Based MIMO System |
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358 | (3) |
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11.7.3 LLR for MIMO System with a Candidate Vector Set |
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361 | (3) |
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11.7.4 LLR for MIMO System Using a Limited Candidate Vector Set |
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364 | (6) |
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Appendix 11 A Derivation of Equation (11.23) |
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370 | (3) |
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12 Exploiting Channel State Information at the Transmitter Side |
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373 | (22) |
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12.1 Channel Estimation on the Transmitter Side |
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373 | (2) |
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12.1.1 Using Channel Reciprocity |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (6) |
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12.3 Precoded Spatial-Multiplexing System |
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381 | (2) |
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12.4 Antenna Selection Techniques |
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383 | (12) |
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12.4.1 Optimum Antenna Selection Technique |
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384 | (2) |
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12.4.2 Complexity-Reduced Antenna Selection |
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386 | (4) |
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12.4.3 Antenna Selection for OSTBC |
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390 | (5) |
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395 | (24) |
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13.1 Mathematical Model for Multi-User MIMO System |
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396 | (1) |
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13.2 Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System |
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397 | (4) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (2) |
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13.3 Transmission Methods for Broadcast Channel |
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401 | (18) |
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401 | (3) |
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13.3.2 Block Diagonalization |
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404 | (4) |
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13.3.3 Dirty Paper Coding (DPC) |
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408 | (4) |
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13.3.4 Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding |
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412 | (7) |
References |
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419 | (12) |
Index |
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431 | |