| Preface |
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xv | |
| About the Author |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (36) |
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1.1 Scope and Organization |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 Evolution of Mobile Telecommunications |
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5 | (8) |
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1.2.1 Terrestrial Systems |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (5) |
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1.3 Satellite System Architecture |
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13 | (10) |
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1.3.1 Radio Frequency Environment |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Tolerable Delay in Data Delivery |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Mobility Management |
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20 | (1) |
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1.3.6 Phys'ical Environment |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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1.3.8 Spectrum Management |
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22 | (1) |
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1.3.9 Radio Link Reliability |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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1.5 Regulatory Considerations |
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23 | (1) |
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1.6 Operational Considerations |
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24 | (2) |
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1.7 Mobile Systems - A Comparison |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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1.9 Practical Limitations |
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27 | (2) |
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1.10 Related Satellite Systems |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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1.10.2 Satellite Navigation Systems |
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30 | (1) |
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1.10.3 Direct Broadcasts to Individuals and Mobiles |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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1.11.3 System Architecture |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
| 2 Satellite Constellations |
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37 | (52) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (31) |
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2.2.1 Orbital Mechanics Basics |
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38 | (18) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Eclipse on Satellites |
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58 | (3) |
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2.2.5 The Sun's Interference |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (7) |
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2.2.8 Summary of Orbital Characteristics |
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68 | (1) |
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2.3 Satellite Constellations |
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69 | (16) |
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2.3.1 Considerations in Constellation Design |
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72 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Polar Constellations |
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73 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Inclined Orbit Constellations |
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75 | (4) |
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2.3.4 Hybrid Constellations |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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2.3.6 Constellations for Non-Real-Time Systems |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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2.3.8 Availability Considerations for Non-Geostationary Satellites |
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80 | (5) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
| 3 Radio Link |
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89 | (86) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (11) |
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3.2.1 Spectrum Sharing Methods |
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92 | (6) |
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3.2.2 Spectrum Forecast Methodology |
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98 | (2) |
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3.3 Propagation Characteristics |
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100 | (62) |
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3.3.1 General Propagation Characteristics |
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101 | (10) |
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3.3.2 Land Mobile Channel |
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111 | (35) |
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146 | (7) |
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3.3.4 Aeronautical Channel |
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153 | (5) |
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3.3.5 System Implications |
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158 | (4) |
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162 | (8) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (4) |
| 4 Modulation, Coding and Multiple Access |
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175 | (52) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (22) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (4) |
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4.2.4 Performance Comparison of Conventional Digital Modulation Schemes |
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183 | (8) |
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4.2.5 Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) Modulation Systems |
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191 | (3) |
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4.2.6 Spread Spectrum Modulation |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (11) |
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4.3.1 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) |
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204 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Modulation and Coding Trends and Issues |
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205 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Automatic Repeat Request |
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207 | (1) |
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4.4 Multiple Access Schemes |
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208 | (14) |
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4.4.1 Comparison of Multiple Access Schemes |
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212 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Comparison of Spectral and Power Efficiency |
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214 | (8) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
| 5 Fixed Earth Stations and User Terminals |
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227 | (44) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (34) |
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231 | (8) |
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239 | (9) |
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248 | (16) |
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264 | (5) |
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264 | (5) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
| 6 Spacecraft |
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271 | (44) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (30) |
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273 | (23) |
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296 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Effect of Orbital Characteristics on Spacecraft Design |
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298 | (4) |
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302 | (4) |
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304 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Implementation Issues |
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306 | (1) |
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6.4 Emerging Technologies |
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306 | (2) |
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6.5 Launching Satellite Constellations |
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308 | (4) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
| 7 System Architecture |
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315 | (42) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Ancillary Terrestrial Component |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (14) |
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322 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Constraints and Considerations |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Technical Trade-off Analysis |
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327 | (4) |
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7.3.5 Impact of Satellite Altitude |
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331 | (3) |
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7.4 Network Considerations |
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334 | (21) |
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334 | (4) |
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7.4.2 Functional Entities |
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338 | (3) |
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7.4.3 Network Connectivity |
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341 | (4) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (3) |
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7.4.6 Mobility Management |
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348 | (7) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
| 8 Satellite Radio Interface Standards |
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357 | (68) |
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357 | (2) |
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8.2 Satellite Radio Interface Standards |
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359 | (48) |
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359 | (21) |
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8.2.2 Satellite Component of UMTS/IMT-2000 |
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380 | (27) |
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8.3 Interactive Mobile Broadband Broadcast Standard |
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407 | (15) |
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407 | (15) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
| 9 Operational Considerations |
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425 | (44) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (3) |
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9.3 Subscriber and Gateway Commissioning |
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428 | (3) |
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428 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Mobile Earth Stations |
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429 | (2) |
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9.4 Radio Resource Management |
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431 | (24) |
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9.4.1 Spectrum Management |
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431 | (23) |
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454 | (1) |
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9.5 Radio Frequency Monitoring |
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455 | (8) |
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9.5.1 Radio Frequency Interference |
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460 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Radio Frequency Interference Management |
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460 | (3) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (3) |
| 10 Commercial Issues |
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469 | (46) |
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469 | (3) |
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472 | (11) |
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10.3 Service Distribution Model |
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483 | (3) |
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486 | (2) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (18) |
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490 | (8) |
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10.6.2 ITU Traffic and Spectrum Forecast Methodology |
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498 | (9) |
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10.6.3 Eurocontrol/FAA Approach to Traffic Model Methodology |
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507 | (1) |
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10.7 End-User Perspective - A Case Study |
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507 | (6) |
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10.7.1 A Maritime Perspective |
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507 | (6) |
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513 | (1) |
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513 | (2) |
| 11 Representative MSS Systems |
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515 | (66) |
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515 | (1) |
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11.2 Geostationary Satellite Systems |
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516 | (28) |
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516 | (18) |
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11.2.2 Asia Cellular Satellite (ACeS) System |
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534 | (5) |
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539 | (5) |
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11.3 LightSquared MSS-ATC Proposal |
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544 | (3) |
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544 | (1) |
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11.3.2 MSS-ATC Hybrid Network |
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545 | (2) |
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547 | (17) |
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547 | (10) |
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557 | (7) |
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564 | (4) |
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564 | (4) |
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568 | (4) |
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568 | (4) |
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11.7 Hybrid Orbit Systems |
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572 | (5) |
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572 | (5) |
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577 | (4) |
| 12 Mobile Satellite Broadcast Systems |
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581 | (36) |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (3) |
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12.3 Mobile Broadcast System Requirements |
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585 | (2) |
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12.3.1 Service Requirements |
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585 | (1) |
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586 | (1) |
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12.4 System Configuration |
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587 | (1) |
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588 | (2) |
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12.6 Transmission Technology |
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590 | (4) |
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12.7 OSI Architecture in a Broadcast Context |
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594 | (3) |
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12.8 Prevalent Transmission Systems |
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597 | (7) |
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12.9 Receiver Architecture |
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604 | (2) |
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12.10 DVB-SH System Architecture |
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606 | (5) |
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12.11 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Services (MBMS) |
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611 | (1) |
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12.12 DBS Reception on Mobile Terminals |
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612 | (1) |
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613 | (1) |
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614 | (3) |
| 13 Related Satellite Systems |
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617 | (38) |
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617 | (1) |
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13.2 Distress and Safety Systems |
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617 | (10) |
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13.2.1 Cospas-Sarsat Search and Rescue System |
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619 | (8) |
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627 | (15) |
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627 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Satellite Navigation Principles |
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628 | (2) |
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13.3.3 Navigation System Examples |
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630 | (12) |
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13.4 Mobile Very Small Aperture Terminals |
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642 | (7) |
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643 | (1) |
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644 | (3) |
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647 | (2) |
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13.5 Terrestrial Cellular System |
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649 | (4) |
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13.5.1 System Architecture |
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650 | (3) |
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653 | (1) |
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653 | (2) |
| 14 The Future |
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655 | (48) |
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655 | (1) |
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656 | (3) |
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659 | (1) |
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14.4 Capacity Enhancement Techniques |
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659 | (13) |
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14.4.1 Multi-User Detection |
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660 | (5) |
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14.4.2 Static and Dynamic Frequency Planning |
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665 | (1) |
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14.4.3 Cross-Layer Optimization |
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665 | (2) |
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667 | (5) |
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672 | (6) |
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14.5.1 Terrestrial System Progression |
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672 | (2) |
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14.5.2 Adaptation of Terrestrial 4G Air-Interface |
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674 | (1) |
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14.5.3 Hybrid Architecture |
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675 | (1) |
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14.5.4 Satellite-Enabled ad hoc Networks |
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676 | (2) |
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14.6 Enabling Concepts and Technologies |
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678 | (14) |
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679 | (4) |
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14.6.2 Modulation and Coding |
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683 | (2) |
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14.6.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output |
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685 | (4) |
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14.6.4 Software Defined Radio |
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689 | (3) |
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692 | (1) |
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14.8 Mobile Satellite Systems in Future Networks |
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693 | (5) |
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14.8.1 Aeronautical Systems |
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693 | (3) |
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14.8.2 Speculative Vision |
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696 | (2) |
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698 | (1) |
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699 | (4) |
| Appendix |
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703 | (12) |
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A.1 Coverage Snapshot of Representative Non-Geostationary MSS Systems |
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703 | (2) |
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A.2 A List of Useful Formulas |
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705 | (9) |
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A.2.1 Geostationary Orbit |
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705 | (6) |
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711 | (2) |
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713 | (1) |
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714 | (1) |
| Index |
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715 | |