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E-raamat: Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications

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  • Formaat: 562 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000258271
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Nanotechnology: Principles and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 562 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 27-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000258271
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This book gives a summary of the rapidly growing field of nanotechnology and includes materials and technologies that help in developing particles of various sizes, which can be utilized in different areas of research. It discusses the role of nanotechnology in different aspects, such as healthcare, especially in target-specific drug therapy for managing a number of medical disorders; agriculture, for developing smart field systems; and food industry, for improving and stabilizing the quality, healthiness, and shelf life of food. Being multidisciplinary, this book brings together the principles, theory, practices, and applications of not only nanotechnology but also those of nanobiotechnology, pharmaceuticals, food packaging, biosensors, and electronic devices. The book will be an exhilarating read for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students, general readers interested in nanotechnology, and researchers in chemistry, biology, and engineering.

The scope of the book extends from basic research in physics, chemistry, and biology, including computational work and simulations, through to the development of new devices and technologies for applications in a wide range of industrial sectors (including information technology, medicine, manufacturing, high-performance materials, and energy and environmental technologies). It covers organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials and is an interdisciplinary book.

Preface xxi
1 Introduction and Basics of Nanotechnology
1(40)
Anjali Saharan
Pooja Mittal
Kashish Wilson
Inderjeet Verma
1.1 Introduction
2(2)
1.2 Historical Background
4(1)
1.3 Classification of Nanoparticles
5(5)
1.3.1 Nanoparticles Based on Origin
5(1)
1.3.1.1 Natural nanomaterials
5(1)
1.3.1.2 Synthetic (engineered) nanomaterials
5(1)
1.3.2 Nanoparticles Based on Dimensional Structures
6(1)
1.3.2.1 One-dimensional nanoparticles
6(1)
1.3.2.2 Two-dimensional nanoparticles
6(1)
1.3.2.3 Three-dimensional nanoparticles
7(1)
1.3.3 Nanoparticles Based on Material
8(1)
1.3.3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
8(1)
1.3.3.2 Inorganic nanomaterials
8(1)
1.3.3.3 Organic nanomaterials
9(1)
1.3.3.4 Composite-based nanomaterials
9(1)
1.4 Various Approaches for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
10(9)
1.4.1 Physical Methods
10(1)
1.4.1.1 Sol-gel technique
10(1)
1.4.1.2 Solvothermal synthesis
10(1)
1.4.1.3 Emulsion-solvent evaporation method
11(1)
1.4.1.4 Double emulsion and evaporation method
11(1)
1.4.1.5 Emulsion-diffusion method
12(1)
1.4.1.6 Solvent displacement/precipitation method
12(1)
1.4.1.7 Solvent evaporation technique
13(1)
1.4.1.8 Solvent displacement technique
13(1)
1.4.1.9 Emulsification/solvent diffusion technique
13(1)
1.4.2 Chemical Methods
14(1)
1.4.2.1 Supercritical antisolvent
14(1)
1.4.2.2 Chemical reduction
15(1)
1.4.2.3 Laser ablation
15(1)
1.4.2.4 Inert gas condensation
15(1)
1.4.2.5 Salting out method
15(1)
1.4.2.6 Salting out technique
16(1)
1.4.2.7 Dialysis method
16(1)
1.4.2.8 Emulsification/solvent diffusion
17(1)
1.4.2.9 Nanoprecipitation method
17(1)
1.4.2.10 Polymerization method
17(1)
1.4.2.11 Coacervation or ionic gelation method
18(1)
1.4.2.12 Ionic gelation or coacervation of hydrophilic polymers
18(1)
1.5 Characterization Parameters of Nanoparticles
19(1)
1.5.1 Particle Size and Surface Morphology Characterization
19(1)
1.5.2 Zeta Potential
19(1)
1.6 Application of Nanotechnology in Various Fields
20(9)
1.6.1 Applications in Medical Technology, Drug Delivery, and Diagnosis of Diseases
20(2)
1.6.2 Nanotechnology in Electronics/Nanoelectronics
22(1)
1.6.3 Nanotechnology in Food Science
23(1)
1.6.4 Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells and Solar Cells
24(1)
1.6.5 Nanotechnology for Better Air Quality
25(1)
1.6.6 Nanotechnology for Improvement of Fuel Availability
26(1)
1.6.7 Nanotechnology in Reduction of Water Pollution
26(1)
1.6.8 Nanotechnology for Improvement of Fabrics
27(1)
1.6.9 Nanotechnology in Chemical and Biological Sensors
27(2)
1.7 Future Prospects of Nanotechnology
29(1)
1.8 Conclusion
30(11)
Multiple Choice Questions
35(4)
Answer Key
39(1)
Long Answer Questions
39(1)
Short Answer Questions
39(2)
2 Application of Nanotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences
41(30)
Rakesh K. Sindhu
Gagandeep Kaur
Arashmeet Kaur
Shivam Garg
Shantanu K. Yadav
Sumitra Singh
2.1 Introduction
41(1)
2.2 Historical Background
42(1)
2.2.1 Loading of Drugs
42(1)
2.2.2 Drug Release
43(1)
2.3 Nanoparticle Delivery System
43(1)
2.3.1 Properties of Nanoparticles
44(1)
2.3.2 Disadvantages of Nanoparticles
44(1)
2.4 Nanoparticles: Classification
44(5)
2.4.1 Depending on the Nature of Nanoparticles
44(1)
2.4.1.1 Organic nanoparticles
44(1)
2.4.1.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
45(2)
2.4.2 Depending on Physical and Chemical Basis
47(1)
2.4.2.1 Carbon-based nanoparticles
47(1)
2.4.2.2 Ceramic nanoparticles
47(1)
2.4.2.3 Semiconductor nanoparticles
47(1)
2.4.2.4 Polymeric nanoparticles
48(1)
2.4.2.5 Lipid-based nanoparticles
48(1)
2.4.2.6 Nanocarriers
48(1)
2.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
49(3)
2.5.1 Top-Down Method
49(1)
2.5.2 Bottom-Up Method
50(2)
2.6 Properties of Nanoparticles
52(3)
2.6.1 Chemical Properties
54(1)
2.6.2 Physical Characteristics
54(1)
2.7 Characterization
55(3)
2.8 Nanoparticles and Their Technological Enhancements
58(4)
2.8.1 Biomedical and Nanomedical Applications
58(1)
2.8.2 Smart Drug-Delivery Technology
58(1)
2.8.3 Nanopharmaceuticals
59(1)
2.8.4 Cancer Treatments
59(1)
2.8.5 Application in Diagnostic Technique
60(1)
2.8.6 Sensors with the Aid of Nanotechnology
60(1)
2.8.7 Nanotechnology in Food Science
61(1)
2.8.8 Nanoparticles in Ophthalmic Delivery
61(1)
2.8.9 Nanotechnology in Heart Disease
61(1)
2.9 Conclusion
62(9)
Multiple Choice Questions
68(1)
Answer Key
69(1)
Short Answer Questions
69(1)
Long Answer Questions
69(2)
3 Nanographenes for Renewable Energy
71(54)
Parth Malik
Showkat Hassan Mir
Rachna Gupta
Tapan K. Mukherjee
3.1 Introduction
72(3)
3.2 Major Aspects of Graphene Chemistry
75(3)
3.3 Synthesis Strategy of Graphene for Advancing Renewable Energy Utilization
78(1)
3.4 Potential Areas where Graphene Can Maximize Renewable Energy Output
79(17)
3.4.1 Batteries
81(6)
3.4.2 Renewable Fuels
87(4)
3.4.3 Photovoltaic Cells
91(1)
3.4.3.1 Graphene-based materials for DSSCs
92(4)
3.5 Application of Graphene Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
96(2)
3.6 Future Directions
98(2)
3.7 Conclusion
100(25)
Multiple Choice Questions
118(4)
Answer Key
122(1)
Short Answer Questions
122(1)
Long Answer Questions
123(2)
4 Nanotechnology: Applications, Opportunities, and Constraints in Agriculture
125(24)
Priya Chugh
Saleem Jahangir Dar
4.1 Introduction
126(1)
4.2 Nanotechnology
127(1)
4.3 Nano-farming: Novel Approach in Agriculture
128(2)
4.4 Mechanism of Uptake and Diffusion of Nanoparticles in the Biological System
130(1)
4.5 Nano-products in Precision Agriculture
131(8)
4.5.1 Seed Germination
131(1)
4.5.2 Nano-fertilizers
132(1)
4.5.3 Shelf Life Extension for Fruits and Vegetables
133(1)
4.5.4 Nano-pesticides
134(2)
4.5.5 Plant Nanobionics and Photosynthesis
136(1)
4.5.6 Plant Genetic Engineering and Nanomaterials
136(1)
4.5.7 Atomically Modified Seeds
137(1)
4.5.8 Internet of Nano-Things in Farming
137(1)
4.5.9 Nanobiosensors
137(1)
4.5.9.1 Three parts of nanobiosensors
138(1)
4.6 Constraints
139(1)
4.7 Key Challenges Ahead
140(1)
4.7.1 Societal Effects
140(1)
4.7.2 Cost and Access
140(1)
4.7.3 Environmental and Human Health Risks
140(1)
4.8 Conclusion and Future Prospect
140(9)
Multiple Choice Questions
145(2)
Answer Key
147(1)
Short Answer Questions
148(1)
Long Answer Questions
148(1)
5 Nanotechnological Advances for Nutraceutical Delivery
149(34)
Shaveta Sharma
Puneet Sudan
Vimal Arora
Manish Goswami
Chander Parkash Dora
5.1 Introduction
150(3)
5.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals
153(2)
5.3 Problems in Nutraceuticals Delivery
155(1)
5.3.1 Bioavailability
155(1)
5.4 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals
156(4)
5.5 Various Nanocarriers for Nutraceuticals
160(3)
5.5.1 Polymeric Micelles
160(1)
5.5.2 Nanoparticles
160(1)
5.5.3 Metal Nanoparticles
161(1)
5.5.4 Hybrid Nanoparticles
161(1)
5.5.5 Targeted Delivery System
162(1)
5.5.6 Nanoemulsion
162(1)
5.5.7 Nanosuspension
162(1)
5.5.8 Liposome
163(1)
5.6 Application of Nanotechnology for Delivery of Nutraceuticals
163(5)
5.7 Market Potential
168(3)
5.8 Future Scope
171(1)
5.9 Conclusion
171(12)
Multiple Choice Questions
179(2)
Answer Key
181(1)
Short Answer Questions
181(1)
Long Answer Questions
182(1)
6 Nanobiotechnology: Applications and Future Prospects
183(18)
Tapan Behl
Priya Nijhawan
Arun Kumar
Rakesh K. Sindhu
6.1 Introduction
183(1)
6.2 Pros of Nanobiotechnology
184(1)
6.3 Applications of Nanobiotechnology
184(6)
6.3.1 Diagnostic Applications
184(1)
6.3.2 Detection
185(1)
6.3.3 Individual Target Probe
185(1)
6.3.4 Protein Chips
185(1)
6.3.5 Sparse Cell Detection
185(1)
6.3.6 Nanotechnology as a Device in Imaging
186(1)
6.3.7 Therapeutic Applications
186(1)
6.3.8 Nanobiotechnology in the Food Sector
186(1)
6.3.9 Drug Delivery
186(1)
6.3.10 Liposomes
187(1)
6.3.11 Surfaces
187(1)
6.3.12 Biomolecular Engineering
187(1)
6.3.13 Biopharmaceuticals
188(1)
6.3.14 Nanotechnology in Cardiovascular Treatment
188(1)
6.3.15 Nanotechnology in Dental Care
188(1)
6.3.16 Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Treatment
188(2)
6.4 Future Prospects of Nanobiotechnology
190(1)
6.5 Challenges for Nanobiotechnology
191(1)
6.6 Future Scope
191(2)
6.7 Conclusion
193(8)
Multiple Choice Questions
197(2)
Answer Key
199(1)
Short Answer Questions
199(1)
Long Answer Questions
199(2)
7 Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications
201(48)
Anurag Sangwan
Parth Malik
Rachna Gupta
Rakesh Kumar Ameta
Tapan K. Mukherjee
7.1 Introduction
202(3)
7.2 Formation Rationale and Variations of Nanocomposites
205(7)
7.2.1 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites
206(1)
7.2.1.1 Processing methods
206(1)
7.2.1.2 Structural overview
207(1)
7.2.2 Metal Matrix Nanocomposite
208(1)
7.2.2.1 Processing and preparation
208(1)
7.2.3 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites
209(1)
7.2.3.1 Processing approaches
209(2)
7.2.3.2 Properties of PMNCs
211(1)
7.3 Characterizations of Nanocomposites
212(7)
7.3.1 Optical Characterization
213(1)
7.3.1.1 Scanning electron microscopy
214(1)
7.3.1.2 Transmission electron microscopy
214(1)
7.3.1.3 Atomic force microscopy
215(1)
7.3.2 Crystal Structure Inspection
216(1)
7.3.3 Spectroscopic Characterization
217(1)
7.3.3.1 Fluorescence spectroscopy
217(1)
7.3.3.2 Solid-state NMR spectroscopy
218(1)
7.3.3.3 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
218(1)
7.4 Material Significance of Nanocomposites in Inter- and Cross-Disciplinary Domains
219(9)
7.4.1 Aerospace Sector
219(1)
7.4.2 Automotive Industry
220(1)
7.4.3 Food Packaging
220(1)
7.4.3.1 Direct contact of food with active components
221(1)
7.4.3.2 Gas barrier packaging materials
221(2)
7.4.4 Biomedical Applications
223(1)
7.4.4.1 Orthopedic implants
224(1)
7.4.4.2 Dental implants
224(1)
7.4.4.3 Tissue engineering
225(1)
7.4.4.4 Drug-delivery system for cancer treatment
226(1)
7.4.5 Electronic Applications
227(1)
7.5 Future Directions and Inspirations
228(2)
7.6 Conclusion
230(19)
Multiple Choice Questions
243(3)
Answer Key
246(1)
Short Answer Questions
246(1)
Long Answer Questions
247(2)
8 Nanobiosensors and Their Applications
249(40)
Ankit Kumar Singh
Agnidipta Das
Pradeep Kumar
8.1 Introduction
249(2)
8.2 Principle and Working
251(2)
8.3 Nanobiosensors: Types and Functionalization
253(13)
8.3.1 Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors
254(1)
8.3.1.1 Acoustic wave biosensors
254(1)
8.3.1.2 Magnetic biosensors
255(1)
8.3.1.3 Electrochemical biosensors
256(3)
8.3.2 Nanotube-Based Sensors (Carbon Nanotubes]
259(1)
8.3.2.1 Functionalization of CNTs
260(1)
8.3.3 Nanowire-Based Sensors
261(1)
8.3.3.1 Functionalization of Si/metal nanowires
262(1)
8.3.3.2 Functionalization of conducting polymer nanowire
263(1)
8.3.4 Silver
264(1)
8.3.5 Gold
264(1)
8.3.5.1 Uses of gold nanoparticle biosensors
264(1)
8.3.6 Graphene
265(1)
8.3.7 PEBBLE Nanobiosensors
265(1)
8.3.8 Semiconductor
266(1)
8.3.8.1 Functionalization of colloidal quantum dots
266(1)
8.4 Selection and Optimization of Nanomaterials for Nanobiosensor Technology
266(2)
8.5 Applications of Nanobiosensors
268(8)
8.5.1 Biological, Biomedical, and Diagnostic Applications
268(3)
8.5.1.1 In cancer detection
271(1)
8.5.2 Environmental Applications
272(1)
8.5.3 Application in Food Analysis
273(1)
8.5.3.1 Nanobiosensors in agriculture and agroproducts
274(1)
8.5.4 Miscellaneous Applications
275(1)
8.5.4.1 Microorganism detection
275(1)
8.6 Current Trends and Recent Developments in Nanobiosensors
276(3)
8.7 Future of Nanobiosensors
279(10)
Multiple Choice Questions
284(3)
Answer Key
287(1)
Short Answer Questions
287(1)
Long Answer Questions
288(1)
9 Nanofertilizers: Applications and Future Prospects
289(44)
Manju Bernela
Ruma Rani
Parth Malik
Tapan K. Mukherjee
9.1 Introduction
290(2)
9.2 Nanofertilizers
292(2)
9.3 Manufacturing of Nanofertilizers
294(2)
9.4 Types of Nanofertilizers
296(16)
9.4.1 Macronutrient-Based Nanofertilizers
296(1)
9.4.1.1 Nitrogen nanofertilizers
296(1)
9.4.1.2 Phosphorus nanofertilizers
297(1)
9.4.1.3 Potassium nanofertilizers
298(1)
9.4.1.4 Calcium nanofertilizers
299(1)
9.4.1.5 Magnesium nanofertilizers
300(1)
9.4.1.6 Sulfur nanofertilizers
300(1)
9.4.2 Micronutrient-Based Nanofertilizers
301(1)
9.4.2.1 Iron nanofertilizers
301(1)
9.4.2.2 Zinc nanofertilizers
302(1)
9.4.2.3 Copper nanofertilizers
302(1)
9.4.2.4 Manganese nanofertilizers
303(1)
9.4.2.5 Boron nanofertilizers
304(1)
9.4.2.6 Molybdenum nanofertilizers
304(1)
9.4.2.7 Nickel nanofertilizers
305(1)
9.4.3 Biofertilizers-Based Nanofertilizers
305(3)
9.4.3.1 Effects on morphological and physiological aspects
308(1)
9.4.3.2 Enhanced nutritional security in plant system
308(1)
9.4.3.3 Improved pests and pathogen resistance
309(3)
9.5 Future Prospects
312(1)
9.6 Conclusion
313(20)
Multiple Choice Questions
327(4)
Answer Key
331(1)
Short Answer Questions
331(1)
Long Answer Questions
332(1)
10 Nanotechnology in Food Production
333(36)
Kanishka Rawat
10.1 Introduction
334(1)
10.2 Nanomaterials in Food
335(5)
10.2.1 Nanoemulsions
336(1)
10.2.2 Nanoparticles
336(2)
10.2.3 Nanocomposites
338(2)
10.2.4 Nanostructured Materials
340(1)
10.3 Nanotechnology in Food Processing
340(5)
10.3.1 Improvement in Texture, Flavor, and Appearance of Food
341(1)
10.3.2 Nutritional Value of Food
342(1)
10.3.3 Improvement in Shelf Life
343(1)
10.3.4 Nanoencapsulation
343(2)
10.4 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging
345(5)
10.4.1 Biobased Packaging
346(1)
10.4.2 Improved Packaging
347(1)
10.4.3 Active Packaging
348(1)
10.4.4 Smart Packaging
348(1)
10.4.5 Detection of Pathogens with Nanosensors
349(1)
10.5 Safety Issues
350(2)
10.6 Regulations for Food Nanotechnology
352(1)
10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
353(16)
Multiple Choice Questions
365(3)
Answer Key
368(1)
Short Answer Questions
368(1)
Long Answer Questions
368(1)
11 Nanophotocatalysts: Applications and Future Scope
369(34)
Balwinder Kaur
11.1 Introduction
369(1)
11.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
370(2)
11.3 Types of Photocatalysts
372(1)
11.4 Overview of Nanomaterials
373(5)
11.4.1 Inorganic Semiconductor Materials
373(2)
11.4.2 Quantum Confinement Effect
375(2)
11.4.3 Doped Semiconductor Nanomaterials
377(1)
11.5 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
378(4)
11.5.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
379(1)
11.5.1.1 Top-down approach
380(1)
11.5.1.2 Bottom-up approach
381(1)
11.6 Characterization Tools and Techniques
382(3)
11.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction
382(1)
11.6.2 Electron Microscopy
383(1)
11.6.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope
383(1)
11.6.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope
383(1)
11.6.3 UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
384(1)
11.6.4 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
384(1)
11.7 Nanostructured Photocatalysts
385(4)
11.7.1 Binary Semiconductor Photocatalysts
385(1)
11.7.2 Ternary Oxide Photocatalyst
386(1)
11.7.2.1 AB2O4 type
386(1)
11.7.2.2 ABO2 type
386(1)
11.7.2.3 ABO4 type
386(1)
11.7.2.4 Ternary oxide photocatalyst (ABxCy)
387(1)
11.7.3 Solid Solution Photocatalysts
387(2)
11.7.4 Nanocomposites
389(1)
11.8 Applications
389(3)
11.8.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
390(1)
11.8.2 Wastewater Treatment
390(1)
11.8.3 Photocatalytic Disinfection
390(1)
11.8.4 Air Purification
391(1)
11.9 Conclusion and Future Scope
392(11)
Multiple Choice Questions
398(2)
Answer Key
400(1)
Short Answer Questions
401(1)
Long Answer Questions
401(2)
12 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging: Current Uses and Future Applications
403(40)
Sheetal Thakur
Inderjeet Verma
Anjali Saharan
12.1 Introduction
403(3)
12.2 Improved Packaging Using Nanotechnology
406(5)
12.2.1 Active Packaging
406(1)
12.2.1.1 Flavor or odor scavengers
407(1)
12.2.1.2 Ethylene forager
407(1)
12.2.2 Intelligent/Smart Packaging
408(1)
12.2.2.1 Radiofrequency identification systems (active tags)
409(1)
12.2.2.2 Smart sensors
409(1)
12.2.2.3 Time-temperature indicators
410(1)
12.2.3 Freshness Indicators
410(1)
12.2.4 Integrity Indicators
411(1)
12.3 Commercially Available Food-Packaging Systems
411(8)
12.3.1 Nanomaterials
411(1)
12.3.2 Nanoparticles
412(1)
12.3.3 Nanocomposites
413(1)
12.3.4 Chemical-Release Nanopackaging
414(1)
12.3.5 Nano-Based Antimicrobial Packaging
415(1)
12.3.6 Antimicrobial Packing
416(1)
12.3.7 Nanosensors
416(1)
12.3.8 Nanobiodegradable Packaging
417(1)
12.3.9 Nanocoatings
418(1)
12.3.10 Nanolaminates
418(1)
12.3.11 Clay Nanoparticles and Nanocrystals
418(1)
12.4 Nanotechnology Applications in Processing and Packaging of Foods
419(2)
12.5 Safety Issues and Regulations
421(4)
12.6 Conclusion
425(2)
12.7 Future Scope
427(16)
Multiple Choice Questions
436(4)
Answer Key
440(1)
Short Answer Questions
440(1)
Long Answer Questions
441(2)
13 Biomedical Diagnostics through Nanocomputing
443(18)
Varun Sapra
Luxmi Sapra
Jasminder Kaur Sandhu
Gunjan Chhabra
13.1 Introduction
444(3)
13.2 Nanotechnology in Medical Science
447(8)
13.2.1 Nanorobots
448(2)
13.2.2 Structure and Design of Nanorobots
450(1)
13.2.2.1 Components of nanorobots
450(1)
13.2.3 Types of Nanorobots
451(1)
13.2.4 Applications of Nanorobots in Medicine
452(3)
13.3 Conclusion
455(6)
Multiple Choice Questions
458(2)
Answer Key
460(1)
Short Answer Questions
460(1)
Long Answer Questions
460(1)
14 Nanofluids: Current Applications and Future Challenges
461(36)
Balwinder Kaur
Subhash Chand
Balraj Saini
14.1 Introduction
461(2)
14.2 Types of Nanofluids
463(1)
14.3 Preparation
463(4)
14.3.1 One-Step Method
465(1)
14.3.2 Two-Step Method
466(1)
14.4 Stability of Nanofluids
467(4)
14.5 Applications of Nanofluids
471(11)
14.5.1 Electronic Applications
471(1)
14.5.1.1 Microscale fluidic use
471(1)
14.5.1.2 Cooling of microchips
472(1)
14.5.2 Motorized Applications
473(1)
14.5.2.1 Nanofluids in fuels
473(1)
14.5.2.2 Nanofluids as coolant
473(1)
14.5.2.3 Nanofluids as braking and various vehicular fluids
474(1)
14.5.3 Gas Absorption, Mass Transfer, and Separation
474(1)
14.5.4 Nanofluid Phase Change Materials
474(1)
14.5.5 Biomedical Applications of Nanofluids
475(1)
14.5.6 Nanofluid for Oil Recovery
475(2)
14.5.7 Heat Transfer Applications
477(1)
14.5.7.1 Industrial cooling applications
477(1)
14.5.7.2 Nuclear Reactors
477(1)
14.5.8 Uses of Nanofluids in Chemical Reactions
477(3)
14.5.9 Solar Energy Harvesting
480(2)
14.6 Merits of Nanofluids
482(1)
14.7 Demerits of Nanofluids
482(1)
14.8 Future Outlook and Upcoming Challenges in Nanofluids
483(1)
14.9 Conclusion
484(13)
Multiple Choice Questions
492(2)
Answer Key
494(1)
Short Answer Questions
495(1)
Long Answer Questions
495(2)
15 Nanoelectronics: Basic Concepts, Approaches, and Applications
497(28)
Balwinder Kaur
Radhika Marwaha
Subhash Chand
Balraj Saini
15.1 Introduction
497(1)
15.2 Need of Nanoelectronics
498(1)
15.3 Basic Underlying Principle
499(2)
15.3.1 Quantum Tunneling
499(1)
15.3.2 Coulomb Blockade
500(1)
15.4 Microelectronic Transistors
501(15)
15.4.1 Solid-State Quantum Effect and Single Electron Nanoelectronic Devices
502(1)
15.4.1.1 Quantum dots
503(9)
15.4.1.2 Resonant tunneling diodes
512(1)
15.4.1.3 Single electron transistor
513(3)
15.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects
516(9)
Multiple Choice Questions
522(2)
Answer Key
524(1)
Short Answer Questions
524(1)
Long Answer Questions
524(1)
Index 525
Rakesh K. Sindhu is an associate professor at Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India. His current research focuses on the standardization as well as phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of herbal drugs and products. He is also involved in the formulation and standardization of nanoherbal products. Dr. Sindhu has published 3 books, 4 book chapters, and more than 30 research papers and filed 6 patents.

Mansi Chitkara is a professor and head of the Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Chitkara University. Her current research focuses on nanomaterials and synthesis as well as characterization of nanoherbal materials for pharmaceutical and medical applications. Dr. Chitkara has published more than 35 research papers in reputed international journals and presented her research in several international and national conferences.

Inderjeet Singh Sandhu is a professor at Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University. His research areas include nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, and nanoelectrodynamics. Dr. Sandhu has published several research papers in highimpact factor journals and book chapters in international publications.
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