Safeguard the success of aquaculture operations without expensive antibiotics!Diseases are a major threat to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Because antibiotics have many drawbacks, increasing importance is being placed on understanding the mechanisms that make nutrition a key factor in host defense against pathogens. Nutrition and Fish Health is the first book to provide comprehensive information on nutrition as a means to improve fish health and defend against infection. Nutrition and Fish Health offers state-of-the-art information on diseases affecting cold-water and warm-water fish, as well as marine shrimp. It comprehensively addresses such vital issues as:
nutrition and feeding management immuno-stimulants mycotoxins fish immune system mechanisms the use of vaccines nutrition and environmental stress
Nutrition and Fish Health is a comprehensive guide to using nutrition to make your aquaculture operation a success. Proper fish nutrition can help you:
reduce the risk of disease decrease the risk of environmental contamination associated with the use of antibiotics increase production of good quality product increase profits
Generously illustrated with graphs, charts, tables, and photographs, Nutrition and Fish Health is an essential guidebook for aquaculturists, fish producers, extension agents, aquaculture students, disease specialists, and feed formulators.
About the Editors xiii Contributors xv Foreword xvii Yolanda J. Brady Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Overview of Warm-Water Fish Diseases 1(10) John A. Plumb Introduction 1(1) Infectious Disease Agents 2(5) Disease Control 7(4) An Overview of the Economically Important Diseases of Salmonids 11(68) Joseph M. Groff Scott E. LaPatra Introduction 11(2) Bacterial Diseases 13(31) Viral Diseases 44(9) Parasitic Diseases 53(7) Conclusion 60(19) The Penaeid Shrimp Viruses TSV, IHHNV, WSSV, and YHV: Current Status in the Americas, Available Diagnostic Methods, and Management Strategies 79(24) Donald V. Lightnter Introduction 79(3) The Viruses of Concern: Biology, Range, and Hosts 82(6) Diagnostic Methods 88(3) The Threat of WSSV and YHV to the Americas 91(1) Strategies for Control of Virus Disease 92(11) Overview of Nutritional Strategies Affecting the Health of Marine Fish 103(16) Wendy M. Sealey Delbert M. Gatlin III Introduction 103(1) Dietary Approaches 104(8) Conclusions 112(7) Nutritional Aspects of Health and Related Components of Baitfish Performance 119(12) Rebecca Lochmann Harold Phillips Introduction 119(2) Nutrient Requirements 121(6) Summary 127(4) Nutritional Deficiencies in Commercial Aquaculture: Likelihood, Onset, and Identification 131(18) Ronald W. Hardy Introduction 131(2) Likelihood of Deficiencies of Essential Nutrients 133(2) Evolution of Essential Nutrient Levels in Fish Diets 135(2) Onset and Identification of Nutritional Deficiencies 137(7) Other Nutritional Problems 144(1) Important Points for Fish Farmers 145(4) Immunity and Disease Resistance in Fish 149(14) Craig A. Shoemaker Phillip H. Klesius Chhorn Lim Introduction 149(1) The Immune Tissues and Organs of Fish 150(2) Innate Immunity and Disease Resistance 152(3) Humoral Immunity 155(1) Cell-Mediated Immunity 156(1) Factors Influencing Innate Resistance and Acquired Immunity of Fish 156(2) Conclusion 158(5) Dietary Ascorbic Acid Requirement for Growth and Health in Fish 163(26) Meng H. Li Edwin H. Robinson Introduction 163(1) Deficiency Signs 164(2) Dietary Requirements 166(3) Reproduction 169(2) Immune Response and Disease Resistance 171(2) Stress Response 173(1) Assessment of Status 174(1) Tissue Storage 175(1) Use in Commercial Aquaculture 175(14) Dietary Iron and Fish Health 189(12) Chhorn Lim Phillip H. Klesius Craig A. Shoemaker Introduction 189(1) Deficiency and Toxicity Signs 190(2) Dietary Requirement 192(1) Bioavailability 193(1) Immune Response and Disease Resistance 194(2) Conclusion 196(5) The Role of Dietary Phosphorus, Zinc, and Selenium in Fish Health 201(12) Chhorn Lim Phillip H. Klesius Carl D. Webster Introduction 201(1) Phosphorus 202(1) Zinc 203(3) Selenium 206(3) Conclusion 209(4) Influence of Dietary Lipid Composition on the Immune System and Disease Resistance of Finfish 213(22) Shannon K. Balfry David A. Higgs Introduction 213(3) Fish Immunology: General Considerations 216(5) Dietary Fatty Acids and the Immune Response 221(2) Eicosanoid Synthesis and Activity 223(2) Dietary Fatty Acids, Eicosanoids, and the Immune Response 225(10) Immunostimulants in Fish Diets 235(32) Ann L. Gannam Robin M. Schrock Introduction 235(2) The Genetic Basis of the Immune Response 237(1) Nutritional Contributions to the Immune Response 238(1) Immunostimulant Sources and Molecular Structure 239(5) Modes of Action of Immunostimulants 244(4) Pathogens and Immunostimulants 248(1) Relationship to Other Regulatory Systems 249(1) Dosage and Absorption 250(2) Basal Immunostimulatory Status 252(2) Pathogen-Host Interactions and Innate Disease Resistance 254(2) Life Stage Differences 256(1) Species Differences 257(1) Stress and Disease Resistance 258(1) Environmental Influences 259(1) Summary and Conclusions 260(7) Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds 267(22) Bruce B. Manning Introduction 267(1) Effect of Aflatoxin in Feeds on Fish and Other Animals 268(2) Other Mycotoxins Produced by Aspergillus Molds 270(1) Mycotoxins Produced by Penicillium Molds 271(1) Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Effect on Fish and Other Animals 272(4) Other Mycotoxins: The Ergot Alkaloids 276(1) Effect of Mycotoxins on the Immune Response 276(2) Sampling Technique for Mycotoxin Analysis of Feed Commodities 278(1) Screening, Analysis, and Detection of Mycotoxins 278(2) Prevention of Mycotoxin Contamination in Grains and Fish Feeds 280(1) Treatments to Reduce Mycotoxin Concentrations in Fish Feeds 281(1) Regulatory Control of Mycotoxin Contamination 282(1) Conclusion 283(6) Feed Allowance and Fish Health 289(12) Richard T. Lovell Veronica O. Okwoche Myung Y. Kim Introduction 289(1) Methods 290(3) Effects of Feed Allowance on Growth and Health 293(2) Discussion 295(6) Dietary Lipids and Stress Tolerance of Larval Fish 301(12) Charles R. Weirich Robert C. Reigh Introduction 301(1) Essential Fatty Acids 302(4) Phospholipids 306(2) Conclusions 308(5) Modulation of Environmental Requirements of Finfish Through Nutrition 313(4) Joseph R. Tomasso Delbert M. Gatlin III Charles R. Weirich Introduction 313(1) Modulation of Tolerance to Low Temperature 313(1) Modulation of Tolerance to Low Salinity 314(1) Modulation of Tolerance to Nitrite Exposure 315(1) Conclusions 315(2) Vaccines: Prevention of Diseases in Aquatic Animals 317(20) Phillip H. Klesius Craig A. Shoemaker Joyce J. Evans Chhorn Lim Introduction 317(1) Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture Systems 317(2) Immune Capacity of Aquatic Animals 319(1) Active and Passive Immunization 320(1) Vaccine Strategies 320(8) Immunization Routes Employed in Fish Vaccination 328(1) Reasons for Vaccine Failures 329(1) Age of Immunization 330(1) Immunostimulants and Adjuvants 331(1) Conclusion 331(6) Index 337
Chhorn Lim, PhD, has more than 25 years of experience in aquaculture nutrition and feed development research. Currently, he is the Nutrition Scientist at the Fish Diseases and Parasites Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services at Auburn, Alabama, where he conducts research on the interactions between nutrition, immune system function, and disease resistance. Carl D. Webster, PhD, has more than 10 years of experience in aquaculture nutrition and diet development research. Currently, he is Principal Investigator for Aquaculture at the Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, where he conducts research on nutrition requirements and practical diet formulations for fish and crustacean species that are currently or potentially cultured.
