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Opacity 2014 ed. [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 572 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, 1 Illustrations, color; 97 Illustrations, black and white, 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Astrophysics and Space Science Library 402
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 146148796X
  • ISBN-13: 9781461487968
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Opacity 2014 ed.Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 572 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, 1 Illustrations, color; 97 Illustrations, black and white, 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Astrophysics and Space Science Library 402
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 146148796X
  • ISBN-13: 9781461487968
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781461487968.html
Märksõnad:
The interaction of radiation with matter is a fundamental process in the universe; in particular, the absorption and scattering of radiation by matter (the opacity) govern the formation, evolution, and structure of stars and planets. But opacity is also important in many terrestrial applications in which radiation is the dominant means of energy transfer, such as controlled nuclear-fusion, laser ablation, atmospheric entry and reentry, and the "greenhouse" effect. This book covers all aspects of opacity and equations of state for plasmas, gases, vapors, and dust and emphasizes the continuous transformation of phases and molecular compositions with changing density and temperature under conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) while preserving the basic abundances of the chemical elements in a mixture.

Arvustused

The authors approach their subject in a comprehensive and thorough manner. It is a must buy for any library concerned with atomic and molecular physics and astronomy theory, and a highly-recommended textbook for all students concerned with radiative processes. (Simon Jeffery, The Observatory, Vol. 135 (1245), April, 2015)

1 Introduction 1(8)
2 Definitions 9(20)
2.1 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE)
9(1)
2.2 The Equation of Radiative Transfer
10(7)
2.3 The Planck or Emission Mean Opacity
17(3)
2.4 The Rosseland Mean Opacity
20(2)
2.5 Other Mean Opacities
22(1)
2.6 Differences Between the Various Mean Opacities
22(5)
2.7 Summary
27(2)
3 Atomic and Molecular Structure 29(52)
3.1 Structure of Atoms and Ions
30(22)
3.1.1 The Hartree-Fock Model
31(3)
3.1.2 Approximations to the Hartree-Fock Model
34(3)
3.1.3 The Thomas-Fermi Model
37(1)
3.1.4 The Hartree-Fock-Slater Method
38(1)
3.1.5 Parametric Potentials
38(2)
3.1.6 The Hartree-Plus-Statistical-Exchange Method
40(1)
3.1.7 The Multi-configuration Approximation
40(1)
3.1.8 The Close-Coupling Approximation
41(2)
3.1.9 Isoelectronic Sequences
43(1)
3.1.10 The Screening Constant Method
43(6)
3.1.11 The Quantum Defect Method
49(2)
3.1.12 Multiple Scattering Xα Method
51(1)
3.2 Structure of Molecules and Molecular Ions
52(26)
3.2.1 Diatomic Molecules
53(9)
Internuclear Potential Function and Vibrational Motion
55(4)
Electronic States and Angular Momentum Coupling
59(3)
3.2.2 Polyatomic Molecules
62(21)
Vibrations
62(2)
Rotation and Rotation-Vibration Interaction
64(4)
Symmetric Top Molecules
64(1)
Asymmetric Top Molecules
65(1)
Ab Initio Calculations of Rotation-Vibration Wave Functions and Energies
66(2)
Electronic States
68(16)
Ab Initio Calculation of Wave Functions and Potential Surfaces
69(9)
3.3 Summary
78(3)
4 Equation of State (EOS) 81(42)
4.1 Atomic Processes
83(20)
4.1.1 The Model of the Mean Ion with Unfolded Term Splitting (MIUTS)
84(15)
The Screening Constant Method
85(6)
Continuum Lowering, E0
89(2)
The Thomas-Fermi Model
91(2)
Zink's Parameterized T-F Model
93(2)
The Thomas-Fermi Shell Model
95(2)
The Relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater Model
97(1)
The "Muffin-Tin" Model
98(1)
Unfolding the Mean Ion Model
98(1)
4.1.2 The Method of Detailed Configuration Accounting with Explicit Term Splitting (DCAETS)
99(4)
4.2 Molecular Processes
103(17)
4.2.1 Homogeneous Chemical Equilibrium in the Gas Phase
104(10)
4.2.2 Disequilibrium Abundances
114(1)
4.2.3 Heterogeneous Chemical Equilibrium Between Gas and Condensed Phases
115(5)
4.3 Summary
120(3)
5 Radiative Cross Sections 123(140)
5.1 Basic Concepts
123(10)
5.1.1 Classical Description
124(7)
5.1.2 Quantum Mechanical Description
131(2)
5.2 Absorption in the Single-Electron Dipole Approximation
133(75)
5.2.1 Atomic Cross Sections
133(19)
Bound-Bound Processes
133(12)
Bound-Free Processes
145(4)
Free-Free Processes
149(3)
5.2.2 Molecular Cross Sections
152(56)
Physics of Molecular Transitions
152(26)
Rotational Transitions
153(2)
Vibration-Rotation Band Strengths
155(1)
Diatomic Molecules
155(1)
Polyatomic Molecules
158(2)
Electronic Transitions
160(1)
Diatomic Molecules
160(1)
Polyatomic Molecules
163(9)
Photoionization
172(2)
Photodissociation
174(4)
Methods for Determining Molecular Band Strengths, Oscillator Strengths, and Cross Sections
178(35)
Experimental Methods
178(3)
Theoretical Calculations of Molecular Transition Probabilities
181(1)
H-F, LCAO-MO, and MCA Methods
181(1)
Photoionization
193(1)
Photodissociation
201(7)
5.3 Collective Effects
208(19)
5.3.1 Atomic Auger Transitions
209(3)
5.3.2 Molecular Autoionization and Predissociation
212(1)
5.3.3 Collective Response of the Atom or Molecule as a Whole
213(12)
The Polarization Propagator Method
218(7)
5.3.4 Interaction of Radiation with the Plasma
225(2)
5.4 Scattering
227(8)
5.4.1 Nonrelativistic Scattering
227(2)
5.4.2 Form Factors
229(1)
5.4.3 Molecular Scattering
230(3)
5.4.4 Calculation of the Scattering Cross Section from the Absorption Cross Section
233(2)
5.5 Relativity, Multipole, and Other Effects
235(9)
5.5.1 Bound-Free Processes
235(6)
5.5.2 Bound-Bound Processes
241(1)
5.5.3 Free-Free Processes
242(2)
Electron-Ion Interaction
242(1)
Electron-Electron Interaction
243(1)
5.6 Extinction by Grains and Droplets
244(16)
5.6.1 Basic Relationships
245(1)
5.6.2 Spherical Particles
246(8)
Uniform Particles
246(6)
Homogeneously Layered Core-Mantle Particles
252(2)
5.6.3 Nonspherical Particles
254(5)
Symmetric Nonspherical Particles
254(1)
Randomly Shaped Particles
255(4)
5.6.4 Refractive Indices and Particle Size Distributions
259(1)
5.7 Summary
260(3)
6 Continuum Transitions 263(24)
6.1 Bound-Free Absorption
263(5)
6.1.1 Photoionization
263(2)
6.1.2 Photodissociation
265(3)
6.2 Free-Free Absorption
268(9)
6.2.1 Free-Free Absorption by Ions
268(5)
6.2.2 Free-Free Absorption by Neutrals
273(4)
6.3 Compton Scattering by Free Electrons
277(6)
6.4 Extinction by Grains and Droplets
283(2)
6.5 Summary
285(2)
7 Bound-Bound (Line) Transitions 287(82)
7.1 Line Transitions of Thermally Excited States
287(4)
7.1.1 Atomic Line Transitions
287(1)
7.1.2 Molecular Vibration-Rotation Line Transitions
288(3)
7.1.3 Vibronic Transitions
291(1)
7.2 Line Broadening
291(30)
7.2.1 Doppler Broadening
294(2)
7.2.2 Broadening by Electron Impacts
296(13)
The Impact Approximation
296(13)
Nonhydrogenic Neutral Atoms
296(3)
Nonhydrogenic Ions
299(9)
Hydrogen
308(1)
Hydrogenic Ions
309(1)
7.2.3 Broadening by Ion Impacts
309(2)
The Quasi-Static Approximation
309(2)
7.2.4 Broadening by Neutral Impacts
311(9)
Resonance Broadening
311(1)
Van der Waals Broadening
312(1)
Pressure Broadening of Vibration-Rotation Lines
312(11)
Infrared and Microwave 'Continuum' Absorption
318(2)
7.2.5 The Total Line Shape for Absorption Lines
320(1)
7.2.6 Auto-Ionization, Auger Transition, Dielectronic Recombination
320(1)
7.3 Line Splitting and Line Smearing
321(42)
7.3.1 Multiplet Splitting
321(2)
7.3.2 Statistical Configuration Splitting
323(11)
Unresolved Transition Arrays and Supertransition Arrays
328(6)
7.3.3 Molecular Band Models
334(22)
Just-Overlapping Lines Models and Smeared-Line Models
334(7)
Diatomics
334(6)
Polyatomics
340(1)
Other Band Models
341(7)
Regular Models
341(1)
Regular Models for Collision-Broadened Lines (Elsasser Model)
341(1)
Regular Models for Doppler-Broadened Lines
342(1)
Regular Models for Voigt Profile Lines
342(1)
Random Line Models
342(1)
Random Doppler Models
344(1)
Random Mixed Lorentz - Doppler Models
345(1)
Hybrid Models
345(3)
Other Methods for Molecular Bands
348(8)
Time-Correlation Function Method for Absorption
348(2)
Time-Correlation Method for Vibronic Spectral Functions
350(4)
The Method of Moments
354(2)
7.3.4 Opacity Distribution Function (ODF) and Statistical Opacity Sampling (SOS) Techniques
356(7)
The Opacity Distribution Function (ODF)
357(122)
Statistical Opacity Sampling (SOS) Techniques
361(2)
7.3.5 Isotope Effects
363(1)
7.4 Resonance Scattering
363(2)
7.5 Summary
365(4)
8 Collision-Induced Absorption (CIA) 369(14)
8.1 Pure Rotational and Translational (i.e, ΔJ = 0) Transitions (Far Infrared)
371(4)
8.1.1 Collision-Induced Absorption in a One-Component Gas
373(2)
8.1.2 Rare Gas Mixtures
375(1)
8.2 Transitions in the Fundamental Vibrational Band (Near Infrared)
375(5)
8.2.1 Diatomic Gas Pairs (e.g., H2-H2)
375(4)
8.2.2 Rare Gas Atom - Nonpolar Diatomic Pairs
379(1)
8.3 Collision-Induced Absorption iiiMixtures of Nonpolar Gases
380(1)
8.4 Summary
381(2)
9 Electron Conduction and Electron Opacity 383(22)
9.1 Conduction by Nondegenerate Nonrelativistic Electrons
384(2)
9.2 Conduction by Degenerate Nonrelativistic Electrons
386(6)
9.2.1 Conduction in a Partially Degenerate Magnetoplasma
392(1)
9.3 Conduction by Degenerate Relativistic Electrons
392(12)
9.4 Summary
404(1)
10 Equations of State and Opacities for Mixtures 405(6)
10.1 The Opacity for Atomic Mixtures
405(3)
10.2 Molecular Mixtures
408(2)
10.3 Summary
410(1)
11 Limits, Approximations, Scaling, and Interpolations 411(10)
11.1 Opacity Limits
411(3)
11.2 Approximations
414(4)
11.2.1 Atomic Ions
414(2)
11.2.2 Rectangular 'Box' Approximation Molecular Band Model
416(2)
11.3 Opacity Scaling
418(1)
11.4 Interpolation of Opacities
418(1)
11.5 Summary
419(2)
12 Uncertainties in Models, Methods, and Calculations 421(4)
12.1 Physical Processes
421(3)
12.2 Chemical Abundances
424(1)
12.3 Mathematical Procedures
424(1)
12.4 Summary
424(1)
13 Comparisons with Experiments 425(18)
13.1 Model and Code Comparisons
425(2)
13.1.1 Pure Elements
425(1)
13.1.2 Astrophysical Mixtures
426(1)
13.2 Experimental Situation
427(15)
13.2.1 Molecules
427(7)
13.2.2 High-Temperature Plasmas
434(6)
13.2.3 Collision-Induced Absorption
440(2)
13.3 Summary
442(1)
14 Special Cases 443(14)
14.1 Opacity Trenches
443(1)
14.2 Opacity of Light Element Mixtures Simulating a Heavier Element Opacity
444(1)
14.3 Non-LTE Opacity
444(11)
14.3.1 Two-Temperature Opacity
445(1)
14.3.2 General Non-LTE Opacity
446(9)
14.4 Summary
455(2)
Appendix A: List of Symbols 457(12)
Appendix B: Glossary and Abbreviations 469(10)
Appendix C: Some Mathematical Functions 479(16)
C.1 Bessel Functions
479(6)
C.1.1 Bessel Functions of the First, Second, and Third Kind
479(3)
Bessel Functions of the First Kind
479(1)
Bessel Functions of the Second Kind (Also Called Weber or Neumann Functions)
480(1)
Bessel Functions of the Third Kind (Also Called Hankel Functions)
481(1)
C.1.2 Modified Bessel Functions (Also Called Basset Functions) of the First and Second Kind
482(2)
Modified Bessel Functions of the First Kind
482(1)
Modified Bessel Functions of the Second Kind
483(1)
C.1.3 Spherical Bessel Functions
484(1)
Spherical Bessel Function of the First Kind
484(1)
Spherical Bessel Function of the Second Kind
484(1)
Spherical Bessel Functions of the Third Kind (Spherical Hankel Functions)
485(1)
C.2 Binomial Function (Hypergeometric Distribution)
485(1)
C.2.1 Binomial Distribution
486(1)
C.3 Fermi Integrals
486(2)
C.3.1 Non-relativistic Fermi Integrals
486(2)
Approximations
487(1)
C.3.2 Relativistic Fermi Integrals
488(1)
C.4 Hermite Polynomials
488(1)
C.5 Generalized Laguerre Polynomials
489(1)
C.6 Legendre Polynomials
489(3)
C.6.1 UnassociatedsLegendre Polynomials
489(1)
C.6.2 Associated Legendre Polynomials
490(2)
C.7 Coulomb Corrections to Pressure and Entropy of an Ideal Gas of Ions
492(1)
C.8 Spherical Harmonics
492(3)
C.8.1 Scalar Spherical Harmonics
492(1)
C.8.2 Vector Spherical Harmonics
493(2)
Appendix D: Units, Conversion Factors, and Fundamental Physical Constants for Opacities 495(6)
Appendix E: Some Relevant Websites 501(2)
References 503(60)
Subject Index 563
Dr. Walter F. Huebner is a research scientist with the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas.