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E-raamat: Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Global Change - The IGBP Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783642558283
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Paleoclimate, Global Change and the FutureSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Global Change - The IGBP Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783642558283
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This book provides a synthesis of the past decade of research into global changes that occurred in the earth system in the past. Focus is achieved by concentrating on those changes in the Earth"s past environment that best inform our evaluation of current and future global changes and their consequences for human populations. The book stands as a ten year milestone in the operation of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). It seeks to provide a quantitative understanding of the Earth s environment in the geologically recent past and to define the envelope of natural environmental variability against which anthropogenic impacts on the Earth System may be assessed. A set of color overhead transparencies based on the figures in the book is available free on the PAGES website (www.pages-igbp.org) for use in teaching and lecturing.

The Societal Relevance of Paleoenvironmental Research.- The Late Quaternary History of Atmospheric Trace Gases and Aerosols: Interactions Between Climate and Biogeochemical Cycles.- The History of Climate Dynamics in the Late Quaternary.- The Late Quaternary History of Biogeochemical Cycling of Carbon.- Terrestrial Biosphere Dynamics in the Climate System: Past and Future.- The Climate of the Last Millennium.- The Role of Human Activities in Past Environmental Change.- Challenges of a Changing Earth: Past Perspectives, Future Concerns.- Appendix A The Past Global Changes (PAGES) Program.- Appendix B The PAGES Data System.- References.- Acknowledgments.

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From the reviews:









"This is a comprehensive overview and thorough summary of paleoclimate research, presented with an eye firmly on the ball of future climate change. This book will sit adjacent to the ever-growing collection of IPCC Scientific Assessment volumes on my bookshelf. There are lots of well thought-out and nicely crafted figures in each, ideal for presentation to a lay audience or a class. Im planning a graduate reading seminar next quarter based on this book. Surely this is the sincerest form of praise." (David Archer, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, April, 2005)



"This book is a major addition to the field of climate science. Every chapter is written by highly knowledgeable experts in a crisp and well-focused style. The high quality and consistent tone of the chapters reflect hard work by the editors and contributors. The graphics are excellent, and the price is reasonable. This handsome and informative volume is a superb summary of the range of research that will achieve that goal." (William F. Ruddiman, Journal of Quaternary Science, Vol. 20 (3), 2005)



"The editors and authors have successfully taken on the daunting task of defining the emerging field of paleoenvironmentology. The volume is an essential reference for any scientists actively involved in the study of past environmental changes. The volume is written in an accessible enough manner for non-specialists interested in learning more about the lessons that can be drawn from studying past changes in our environment." (Michael E. Mann, Eos, Vol. 84 (40), 2003)



"The book is written by a team of recommended scientists who carefully synthesized the important modern literature. Regarding its scientific content, richness and its degree of compilation the book is exemplary. I would like to recommend, for future studies, to continue to strengthen the interdisciplinary collaboration betweenscientists in order to get a more comprehensive diagnosis on the relevant synoptic scale dynamical processes. This excellent book is recommended to all scientists or laypersons interested in past and future climate and global change." (H. Wanner, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 12 (6), 2003)



"It stands as a synthesis of our current knowledge and understanding about forcing factors and records of climate change throughout the Holocene. It very much succeeds in this through its thorough analyses of the subject and the high quality of its diagrams . The book is also a very useful source of up-to-date references on Holocene change. provides an excellent synthesis of its subject, for researchers as well as for advanced undergraduates following courses in environmental change." (Harriet Allen, The Holocene, Vol. 14 (3), 2004)

Muu info

Springer Book Archives
The Societal Relevance of Paleoenvironmental Research
1.1 Introduction
1(3)
1.2 A paleo-perspective on earth system function
4(1)
1.3 Past climate variability, human societies and human impacts
5(2)
1.3.1 The Anthropocene
5(1)
1.3.2 Societal responses to past climatic change
6(1)
1.3.3 Decadal-centennial modulation of modes of climate variability
7(1)
1.3.4 Vulnerability to extreme events
7(1)
1.4 Hydrological variability
7(1)
1.5 Ecosystem processes
8(1)
1.6 Landcover change
9(1)
1.7 Biodiversity
9(1)
1.8 Testing climate models with paleodata
10(1)
1.9 A paleo-perspective on future global change
10(3)
The Late Quaternary History of Atmospheric Trace Gases and Aerosols: Interactions Between Climate and Biogeochemical Cycles
2.1 Introduction: anthropogenic and natural changes
13(2)
2.1.1 Greenhouse gases
14(1)
2.1.2 Aerosols
14(1)
2.2 The significance of past atmospheric records
15(3)
2.2.1 Aerosol incorporation and gas occlusion in ice
15(1)
2.2.2 How reliable are the climate records obtained from ice cores?
16(2)
2.3 Glacial-interglacial cycles
18(3)
2.3.1 Greenhouse gases
18(2)
2.3.2 Aerosols and DMS
20(1)
2.4 Abrupt climatic changes during the last ice age
21(6)
2.4.1 CH4 variations
21(3)
2.4.2 N2O variations
24(2)
2.4.3 CO2 variations
26(1)
2.4.4 Dust
26(1)
2.5 The Holocene
27(1)
2.5.1 CH4 variation over the Holocene
27(1)
2.5.2 CO2 increase over the Holocene
28(1)
2.5.3 The Holocene N2O level
28(1)
2.6 The last millennium
28(3)
2.6.1 Greenhouse gases
28(2)
2.6.2 Aerosols
30(4)
Pre-industrial
30(1)
Anthropogenic increase
30(1)
2.7 Conclusions, a view in the context of future changes
31(2)
The History of Climate Dynamics in the Late Quaternary
3.1 Introduction
33(1)
3.2 Climate change under orbital forcing
34(10)
3.2.1 Developing a chronology of past climatic change
34(2)
3.2.2 Understanding glacial cycles
36(3)
3.2.3 Glacial inception
39(1)
3.2.4 The Last Glacial Maximum
40(2)
3.2.5 Glacial Termination
42(2)
3.3 Interaction among climate system components on millennial time scales
44(8)
3.3.1 Millennial scale variability in proxy data: high latitude signals
44(3)
3.3.2 Millennial variability of climate at low latitudes
47(3)
3.3.3 Modeling millennial scale climate variability
50(2)
3.4 Climate modes on interannual to centennial scales
52(11)
3.4.1 The tropical Pacific: El Nino/Southern Oscillation
53(4)
ENSO in recent centuries
53(2)
ENSO in the late Quaternary
55(1)
ENSO in the mid-Holocene
55(2)
3.4.2 Decadal variability in the extratropical Pacific
57(2)
3.4.3 North Atlantic Oscillation
59(1)
3.4.4 Tropical Atlantic: the dipole and extratropical links
60(1)
3.4.5 Global teleconnectivity
61(2)
The Late Quaternary History of Biogeochemical Cycling of Carbon
4.1 Introduction
63(1)
4.2 Continental processes and their impact on atmospheric CO2
64(4)
4.2.1 Biospheric carbon
64(3)
4.2.2 Soil carbonate
67(1)
4.2.3 Weathering and river transport
68(1)
4.3 Marine processes that affect atmospheric CO2
68(4)
4.3.1 Air-sea flux
68(1)
4.3.2 SST and SSS control (the solubility pump)
69(1)
4.3.3 Removal of ΣCO2 from surface waters by sinking Com
69(2)
4.3.4 Supply of carbonate ions to surface waters (the alkalinity pump)
71(1)
4.3.5 The export ratio (biological versus alkalinity pumps)
72(1)
4.4 Impact of marine processes on atmospheric CO2
72(6)
4.4.1 Contribution from the solubility pump
72(1)
4.4.2 Global export of ICO2 from surface waters
72(4)
Changes in N and P supply in oligotrophic regions
72(1)
Changes in Fe supply in HNLC regions
73(3)
Changes in Si supply
76(1)
4.4.3 Global rate of supply of ICO2 to surface waters
76(1)
4.4.4 Contributions from the alkalinity pump
76(1)
4.4.5 Contributors to transient excursions in atmospheric CO2
77(1)
4.5 Summary and critical areas for future research
78(3)
Terrestrial Biosphere Dynamics in the Climate System: Past and Future
5.1 Introduction
81(1)
5.2 The roles of the terrestrial biosphere in the climate system
82(4)
5.2.1 Biogeochemical roles
83(1)
5.2.2 Biophysical roles
84(2)
5.3 Terrestrial biosphere changes in the past
86(8)
5.3.1 Response of the biosphere
87(2)
Growth and/or death
87(1)
Species migration
87(1)
Changes in community composition
87(1)
Changes through evolution
88(1)
Extinction
88(1)
5.3.2 The temporal hierarchy of climate change and biospheric response
89(4)
The tectonic frequency band
89(1)
The "Orbital" frequency band (1 million to 10,000 years)
90(3)
The millennial frequency band (10,000 to 1,000 years)
93(1)
Sub-millennial frequency bands (<1000 years)
93(1)
5.3.3 The roles of changing disturbance regimes and atmospheric CO2
93(1)
Disturbance as an agent of change
93(1)
The direct effects of changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations
94(1)
5.4 Terrestrial biosphere change of the future: out of the envelope and into a world of disequilibrium
94(6)
5.4.1 Future climate change
94(1)
5.4.2 Future biosphere change
95(1)
5.4.3 The need to focus on the transient response
95(4)
5.4.4 More complicating factors
99(1)
5.5 Conclusions and future research needs
100(3)
5.5.1 The problem with biosphere feedbacks and climate sensitivity
100(1)
5.5.2 Implications for future biodiversity conservation
100(2)
5.5.3 Principal uncertainties and research imperatives
102(1)
5.5.4 The final word
102(1)
5.6 Acknowledgements
103(2)
The Climate of the Last Millennium
6.1 Introduction
105(2)
6.2 Holocene climate variability
107(3)
6.3 Temperatures over the last millennium
110(4)
6.4 Uncertainties in large-scale temperature reconstructions
114(1)
6.5 The Medieval Warm Epoch and the Little Ice Age
115(1)
6.6 20th century temperatures in perspective
116(2)
6.7 The Tropical Indo-Pacific
118(4)
6.7.1 ENSO variability
118(2)
6.7.2 Century-scale trends in the tropics
120(1)
6.7.3 Tropical variability in the last millennium
120(2)
6.8 Hydroclimatic variability in western North America
122(4)
6.8.1 Tree ring networks
122(1)
6.8.2 Interaction between time scales
123(2)
6.8.3 Extreme and persistent droughts and wet periods
125(1)
6.8.4 Ecosystem impacts of climate variability
125(1)
6.9 North Atlantic region
126(5)
6.10 The Southern Hemisphere
131(1)
6.11 Forcing Factors: causes of temperature change in the last millennium
132(5)
6.11.1 Orbital Forcing
132(1)
6.11.2 Solar variability
133(1)
6.11.3 Volcanic Forcing
134(1)
6.11.4 Internal "forcing" factors
134(1)
6.11.5 Thermohaline circulation changes
134(3)
6.12 Anthropogenic and natural climate forcings over the past millennium: model results
137(2)
6.13 Detecting twentieth century climate change
139(2)
6.14 Concluding Remarks
141(2)
The Role of Human Activities in Past Environmental Change
7.1 Introduction
143(1)
7.2 Natural and human-induced processes of environmental change
143(1)
7.3 Past human impacts on the atmosphere
144(1)
7.3.1 Greenhouse gases
144(1)
7.3.2 Trace metals, other industrial contaminants and radioisotopes
145(1)
7.4 Paleo-perspectives on acidification, eutrophication and the ecological status of lakes, coastal waters and peatlands
145(6)
7.5 Past human impacts as a result of land-use and land-cover changes
151(3)
7.6 A paleo-perspective on human activity and bio-diversity
154(2)
7.7 Past human impacts on erosionrates, sediment yields and fluvial systems
156(2)
7.8 Environmental sustainability and human vulnerability in the perspective of the paleorecords
158(4)
7.9 Some future research priorities
162(1)
7.10 Acknowledgements
162(1)
Challenges of a Changing Earth: Past Perspectives, Future Concerns
8.1 Introduction
163(1)
8.2 Understanding earth system variability
163(1)
8.2.1 Paleoclimate data and models
164(1)
8.3 Nonlinear dynamics in the earth system
164(2)
8.3.1 Earth system thresholds
164(1)
8.3.2 Hysteresis
165(1)
8.4 Is the past irrelevant to the future?
166(1)
8.5 Human vulnerability to future climate change
166(3)
Appendix A The Past Global Changes (PAGES) Program
A.1 The PAGES mission
169(1)
A.2 Research Program
169(2)
Focus 1 PANASH
169(1)
Focus 2 The PAGES/CLIVAR Intersection
169(1)
Focus 3 IMAGES
170(1)
Focus 4 Polar Programs
170(1)
Focus 5 Past Ecosystem Processes and Human Environment Interactions
170(1)
A.3 Initiatives
171(4)
A.4 Program Structure
171(1)
A.5 Links with other international programs
171(1)
A.6 Outreach and Communications
172(1)
A.7 Data Archives
172(1)
A.8 Capacity Building - encouraging North-South research partnerships
172(1)
A.9 How to get involved with PAGES activities
173
Appendix B The PAGES Data System
B.1 The PAGES Data System and its components
175(1)
B.2 The World Data Center for Paleoclimatology
175(1)
B.3 The World Data Center for Marine Environmental Sciences/PANGAEA
176(1)
B.4 MEDIAS-France
176(1)
B.5 Mirror sites/World Data Center partners
177(1)
B.6 Data cooperatives and project level data management
177(1)
B.7 Users of paleoclimatic data
177(1)
B.8 Data access and information tools
178(1)
B.9 The PAGES Data Board and data sharing
178(1)
B.10 Future directions
178(3)
References 181(36)
Index 217(4)
Acknowledgments 221
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