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E-raamat: Porcelain Analysis and Its Role in the Forensic Attribution of Ceramic Specimens

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  • Sari: Cultural Heritage Science
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Nov-2021
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030809522
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The material for this book arose from the author’s research into porcelains over many years, as a collector in appreciation of their artistic beauty , as  an analytical chemist in the scientific interrogation of their body paste, enamel pigments and glaze compositions, and as a ceramic historian in the assessment of their manufactory foundations and their correlation with available documentation relating to their recipes and  formulations. A discussion of the role of analysis in the framework of a holistic assessment of artworks and specifically the composition of porcelain, namely  hard paste, soft paste, phosphatic, bone china and magnesian, is followed by its growth from its beginnings in China to its importation into Europe in the 16th Century. A survey of European porcelain manufactories in the 17th and 18th Centuries is followed by a description of the raw materials, minerals and recipes for porcelain manufacture and details of the chemistry of the high temperature firing processes involved therein. The historical backgrounds to several important European factories are considered, highlighting the imperfections in the written record that have been perpetuated through the ages. The analytical chemical information derived from the interrogation of specimens, from fragments, shards or perfect finished items, is reviewed and operational protocols established for the identification of a factory output from the data presented. Several case studies are examined in detail across several porcelain manufactories to indicate the role adopted by modern analytical science, with information provided at the quantitative elemental oxide and qualitative molecular spectroscopic levels, where applicable. The attribution of a specimen to a particular factory is either supported thereby or in some cases a potential reassessment of an earlier attribution is indicated. Overall, the information provided by analytical chemical data is seen to be extremely useful for porcelain identification and for its potential attribution in the context of a holistic forensic evaluation of hitherto unknown porcelain exemplars of questionable factory origins.
1 Introduction
1(64)
1.1 Setting the Scene: Analytical Data and Connoisseurship for Attribution in Art
2(8)
1.2 Application to Ceramics and Porcelains
10(6)
1.3 The Growth of English and European Porcelains in the Eighteenth Century
16(9)
1.4 Body Compositions of Early Porcelains
25(8)
1.5 Key Analytical Markers for Porcelain Identification
33(14)
1.6 Raw Material Composition
47(5)
1.7 The Requirement for an Analytical Protocol for Porcelain Attribution
52(5)
1.8 Is There a Need for Analytical Data Input for the Definitive Porcelain Attribution for Unknown Specimens?
57(3)
References
60(5)
2 Chinese Porcelains and their Early European Competitors
65(34)
2.1 Early Porcelain Manufacture in China
66(5)
2.2 The European Challenge to Imported Chinese Porcelains
71(5)
2.2.1 Straits Chinese Porcelain
75(1)
2.3 The Export of Chinese Porcelain to Europe Through Canton and Nanking
76(11)
2.4 Portuguese Shipments of Chinese Porcelain
87(2)
2.5 The Early European Response
89(3)
2.6 Aristocratic Financial Support for European Manufactories
92(2)
2.7 Early French Soft Paste Porcelain Compositions
94(1)
References
95(4)
3 Establishing the Historical Baseline Chronology for European Porcelains
99(66)
3.1 The Earliest European Porcelain Manufactory: The Medici Manufactory at Florence
99(10)
3.2 The First English Porcelain Manufactory at Fulham?
109(11)
3.3 The First French Porcelain Manufactory at Rouen
120(5)
3.4 St Cloud Porcelain
125(3)
3.5 Meissen Porcelain
128(5)
3.6 Pomona, Chelsea, Limehouse and Bow
133(11)
3.6.1 Pomona, Newcastle-Under Lyme
133(1)
3.6.2 Bow, Stratford, London
134(3)
3.6.3 Chelsea Porcelain
137(4)
3.6.4 Limehouse
141(3)
3.7 Other Selected Porcelain Manufactories
144(10)
3.7.1 Austria
145(1)
3.7.2 Italy
146(2)
3.7.3 Spain
148(2)
3.7.4 Bohemia
150(1)
3.7.5 Russia, St Petersburg
151(1)
3.7.6 The Netherlands
152(1)
3.7.7 Switzerland
153(1)
3.7.8 Other Porcelain Manufactories
153(1)
3.8 Summary and Conclusions from a Background Comparison of Early Porcelain Manufactories
154(4)
References
158(7)
4 Types of Porcelain and Their Elemental Oxide Compositions
165(32)
4.1 Types of Porcelain
166(9)
4.2 Compositional Differentiation of Porcelains
175(8)
4.3 The Role of the External Decorating Workshop
183(2)
4.4 An Analytical Mantra
185(3)
4.5 The Concept of Accuracy, Error, Detection Limits and Precision in Analytical Measurements and Their Importance for Porcelain Studies
188(3)
4.6 The Concept of Ratios of Analytical Data
191(4)
References
195(2)
5 Analytical Science and Case Studies of Porcelains
197(10)
5.1 The Groundwork for Debate in a Holistic Study
198(7)
References
205(2)
6 Case Studies I. Analytical Data Which Have Materially Contributed Towards the Factory Attribution of Porcelain Specimens
207(44)
6.1 The Burghley House Jars: The Earliest English Porcelain Survivors?
208(25)
6.1.1 The Burghley House Scenario
208(6)
6.1.2 Background to the Analyses
214(3)
6.1.3 The Burghley House Jars: The Analyses
217(14)
6.1.4 The Arnhold Teabowl
231(1)
6.1.5 Conclusions
231(2)
6.2 A Unique Rockingham Porcelain Table
233(7)
6.2.1 Wentworth Castle and Wentworth Woodhouse
233(6)
6.2.2 Conclusions
239(1)
6.3 A Rare Nantgarw Porcelain Trumpet Spill Vase?
240(6)
References
246(5)
References for Section 6.1
246(2)
References for Section 6.2
248(1)
References for Section 6.3
249(2)
7 Case Studies II: Analytical Data Which Have Revealed that Significant Revision Is Required to the Perceived Historical Knowledge of Porcelain Factories (Part A)
251(32)
7.1 Nantgarw Porcelain: An Exclusively Soft Paste Phosphatic Body?
252(15)
7.1.1 Soft Paste Nantgarw China: The Historical Belief
253(3)
7.1.2 The Curious Case of Hard Paste Nantgarw China
256(5)
7.1.3 Conclusions
261(6)
7.2 An Analytical Conundrum: Anatase in Ming Porcelain Shards. What Surprises Lie in Wait for an Unsuspecting Analyst?
267(5)
7.2.1 Conclusions
271(1)
7.3 The Strange Case and Ongoing Saga of Bow and Factory-A Marked Porcelains: Can these Actually be One and the Same Manufactory?
272(6)
7.3.1 The "Factory A" Marked Porcelains
273(5)
References
278(5)
References for Section 7.1
278(1)
References for Section 7.2
279(1)
References for Section 7.3
280(3)
8 Case Studies III: Analytical Data Which Have Revealed That a Significant Revision Is Required to the Historical Knowledge of Porcelain Manufactories (Part B)
283(38)
8.1 Analysis of a Rare Pendock-Barry, Barry- Barry Derby Porcelain Plate
284(13)
8.1.1 Genealogy of the Pendock Family
291(1)
8.1.2 Estimated Date of Manufacture of the Barry Barry Service from Genealogical and Heraldic Evidence
292(3)
8.1.3 Analytical Studies of the Barry-Barry Service Porcelain
295(2)
8.2 Ballerina on Porcelain: A Rara Avis, But Where Did It Come From?
297(18)
8.2.1 Setting the Scene
297(2)
8.2.2 A History of Ballet
299(4)
8.2.3 Dancers Depicted on Porcelain
303(4)
8.2.4 Porcelain Spill Vase: Potential Factories
307(3)
8.2.5 Analytical Information from Raman Spectroscopic Analysis
310(3)
8.2.6 Conclusions
313(2)
8.3 Meissen Hard Paste Porcelain: A Similar Composition Vis-a-Vis the Vienna Du Paquier Factory and Can Analytical Science Differentiate Between Them?
315(3)
References
318(3)
References for Section 8.1.4
318(1)
References for Section 8.2.6
318(1)
References for Section 8.3.1
319(2)
9 Challenges for Analytical Science (Case Studies IV)
321(42)
9.1 The Amarna Princess: An Authenticity Problem?
322(5)
9.1.1 The Amama Princess Scenario
324(3)
9.1.2 Conclusion
327(1)
9.2 A Swansea Porcelain Mug with an Unusual Handle: A Rare Specimen Which Only Partially Satisfies the Standard Exemplars?
327(3)
9.3 Rockingham Porcelain: Is It Bone China or Phosphatic Soft Paste Porcelain?
330(6)
9.3.1 Rockingham Porcelain Exemplars
331(2)
9.3.2 Analytical Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Rockingham Porcelains
333(3)
9.3.3 Conclusions
336(1)
9.4 Is All Blue Cobalt Blue? Hidden Gems in Porcelain Decoration Revealed by Combinatorial Analytical Techniques
336(14)
9.4.1 Glass Frit and Cullet
337(1)
9.4.2 Smalt, Cobalt Blue, Egyptian Blue, Han Blue and Bristol Blue
338(3)
9.4.3 The Presence of Arsenic in Blue Glass Colourants for Porcelain Decoration
341(3)
9.4.4 Smalt or Lapis Lazuli?
344(2)
9.4.5 Analyses of Pigments on Porcelains and Their Input to the Attribution Process
346(3)
9.4.6 Conclusions
349(1)
9.5 Did They or Did They Not Manufacture Nantgarw Porcelain at the Swansea China Works in 1815?
350(8)
9.5.1 The Scenario
350(3)
9.5.2 Can Analytical Science Differentiate Between Nantgarw Porcelain Made in the Nantgarw China Works and a Nantgarw-Bodied China Made in the Swansea China Works?
353(5)
References
358(5)
References for Section 9.1
358(1)
References for Section 9.2
358(1)
References for Section 9.3
358(1)
References for Section 9.4
359(2)
References for Section 9.5
361(2)
10 A Forensic Holistic Conundrum - An Ongoing Controversy
363(18)
10.1 The King George II Porcelain Busts
364(1)
10.2 Chronology and Life of King George II
365(2)
10.3 Candidates for the Manufactory of the King George II Busts
367(4)
10.4 Description of the King George II Bust and Its Purpose
371(2)
10.5 Analysis of the King George II Porcelain Busts
373(6)
10.5.1 The Surviving King George II Busts
374(3)
10.5.2 A Summary of the Analytical Data and Its Interpretation
377(2)
References
379(2)
11 The Answer Lies in the Glaze!
381(18)
11.1 The Nantgarw Glaze Recipes
382(2)
11.2 Analysis of Nantgarw Porcelain Glazed Shards
384(4)
11.3 Glaze Analyses Undertaken on Finished Nantgarw Porcelains
388(3)
11.4 The Use of Analytical Raman Spectroscopy to Estimate the Kiln Firing Temperatures from Glaze Analyses
391(2)
11.4.1 An Estimation of Glaze Firing Temperatures from Raman Band Intensities
392(1)
11.5 The Parallel Manufacture of Glass
393(3)
11.5.1 The Composition of Early Glass
395(1)
11.6 Conclusions
396(1)
References
397(2)
12 Assessment of the Role of Chemical Analysis in the Holistic Attribution of Porcelains to Factory Sources, Their Characterisation and the Evaluation of Their Chronology
399(16)
12.1 The Assessment of a Porcelain Type and the Need for Compositional Analysis
400(3)
12.2 Analytical Achievements and Failures: Early Versus Modern Analyses
403(4)
12.3 The Strength of Analytical Data
407(2)
12.4 Holistic Attributions Made With or Without the Inclusion of Analytical Evidence or Another Component
409(3)
References
412(3)
Appendices
415(134)
Appendix I Lady Charlotte Guest/Schreiber (1812--1895)
415(8)
References
422(1)
Appendix II The "Bearded Tulip": Who Was "De Junic" and Can Analysis Help to Unravel the Mystery Surrounding this Artist?
423(11)
What Is Known About "de Junic"?
425(8)
References
433(1)
Appendix III Retailers of Porcelain: A Source of Uncertainty for Analytical Attribution?
434(9)
Did the Swansea China Works Ever Produce Nantgarw Porcelain?
441(1)
References
441(2)
Appendix IV The Importance of Establishing the Correct Chronology for Factory Operations in a Holistic Forensic Analytical Approach. Example: The Swansea and Nantgarw Manufactories, 1814--1820
443(18)
Transcript of an Interview given by Henry Morris, formerly of the Swansea China Works, to Colonel Grant Francis on the 14th August
1850. Reproduced in the Cambrian newspaper on the 3rd January, 1896 and then quoted by William Turner in his book The Ceramics of Swansea and Nantgarw, published in 1897
443(4)
Chronology of Activities and Landmark Dates at the Swansea and Nantgarw China Works
447(7)
Details of the Auction Sales of Swansea and Nantgarw Porcelains
454(4)
Conclusions
458(2)
References
460(1)
Appendix V Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett -- Coutts of Highgate, 1814--1906
461(2)
Appendix VI American Porcelain Manufacture
463(10)
John Bartlam's Cain Hoy China Manufactory, Charleston, 1765--1770; The Bonnin & Morris Manufactory, the American China Manufactory, Philadelphia, 1770--1773
463(6)
Nineteenth Century Porcelains in the United States of America: The Role of the Presidency
469(3)
References
472(1)
Appendix VII Curiosities in Ceramics Composition Exposed by Chemical Analysis
473(15)
Ancient Ceramics that Contain Asbestos
474(1)
Analysis of Corsican Ceramics
475(1)
References
476(1)
Coade Stone -- An Eighteenth Century Architectural Ceramic
476(5)
References
481(1)
White Earthenwares
482(5)
References
487(1)
Appendix VIII Knowledge Transfer in the Age of Enlightenment
488(8)
The Rise of the Coffee Shop in European Culture
491(4)
References
495(1)
Appendix IX Ancient Pigments Nomenclature Confusion: An Analytical Challenge
496(10)
Pigments
498(5)
References
503(3)
Appendix X The Tek Sing Treasure
506(7)
Analysis of Porcelains Related to the Tek Sing Treasure
510(3)
References
513(1)
Appendix XI The Ehrenfriede von Tschirnhaus (1651--1708) and Johann Bottger (1682--1717) Controversy
513(6)
References
518(1)
Appendix XII The Re-Creation of Nantgarw Porcelain
519(14)
Joseph William Mellor
520(2)
Summary of the First Attempt to Re-Create the Nantgarw Porcelain Body by Ernest Morton Nance and Joseph Mellor in the 1930s
522(3)
The Nantgarw Glazes
525(3)
The Modern Re-Creation of Nantgarw Porcelain
528(4)
References
532(1)
Appendix XIII Armorial Services in English and Welsh Porcelains
533(16)
Heraldic Achievements
534(1)
English Porcelain Armorial Services of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
535(3)
Welsh Porcelain Armorial Services
538(6)
The Scientific Study of Armorial Porcelain Services
544(2)
Conclusions
546(1)
References
546(3)
Glossary 549(12)
Selected Bibliography 561(4)
Index 565
Professor H.G.M. Edwards M.A., B.Sc., D.Phil., C.Chem., F.R.S.C. Emeritus Professor of Molecular Spectroscopy, Director of the Centre for Astrobiology and Extremophiles Research , Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK. Honorary Scientific Adviser to The De Brecy Trust for the scientific evaluation and pigment composition of Renaissance and later period paintings.Howell Edwards studied Chemistry at Jesus College, University of Oxford. Following a Research Fellowship at Jesus College at the University of Cambridge, he took a lectureship in Structural and Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Bradford where he subsequently became Professor of Molecular Spectroscopy and Head of the Chemical and Forensic Sciences Division. In 2003, he received the Sir Harold Thompson Award from Elsevier Science for his international contributions to vibrational spectroscopy. He is the recipient of the Emanuel Boricky Medal for 2008/2009 from Charles University, Prague, for distinguished international contributions to geochemistry and mineralogical analysis. He was awarded the Charles Mann Award from the US Federation of Analytical Chemical Spectroscopic Societies in 2011 for his distinguished international work on the applications of Raman spectroscopy.

Professor Edwards has wide-ranging interests in the applications of Raman spectroscopy to the characterisation of materials particularly in forensic, art historical, astrobiological and archaeological contexts. He is a guest editor and contributing author of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the oldest scientific journal in the world. He has been a forerunner in the Raman spectroscopic identification of chemicals produced in biodegradation processes for prehistoric and contemporary systems in an archaeological context he first investigated the Raman spectra of Dirina lichen colonization of toxic metal substrates on Italian Renaissance wallpaintings in 1991 and has extensively studied the pigments and associated materials involved in paintings from prehistoric cave art to the 20th Century. He is science lead on the European Space agency/Roscosmos ExoMars Raman Laser spectrometer instrument in the Pasteur suite of a planetary rover which will interrogate the Martina surface and subsurface to search for biosignatures and signs of extant and extinct life, scheduled to launch in 2020, with particular responsibility for the interpretation of Raman spectroscopic biosignatures from biogeological niche environments on Mars. He is also UK representative on the ESA/Roscosmos Landing Site Selection Group dedicated to determine where the spacecraft will land on Mars for the deployment of the rover vehicle.