Preface |
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ix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
About the Author |
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xvii | |
Introduction |
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xix | |
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PART 1: SURVEYING PHYSICIANS'H&P: CHALLENGES, TOOLS, AND STANDARDS |
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What Physicians Want: The EHR at the Point of Care |
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3 | (12) |
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Five Medical Practice Priorities |
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3 | (3) |
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Importance of Additional EHR Features |
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6 | (1) |
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Analysis of the Five Practice Priorities |
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7 | (1) |
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The Health Information Technology Lexicon |
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8 | (5) |
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13 | (2) |
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Surveying the Electronic Chasm, Its Depth and Its Causes |
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15 | (14) |
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Unreliable Implementation Results |
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15 | (2) |
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Reduced Efficiency of Entry of Individualized Narrative Data |
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17 | (1) |
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Reduced Productivity Following Implementation of an EHR system |
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17 | (1) |
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Noncompliant E/M Documentation and Coding |
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18 | (2) |
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Charts with Restricted Documentation Features Can Compromise Quality of Care |
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20 | (2) |
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Excessive Training Time for the Electronic H&P Component |
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22 | (1) |
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Underlying Causes of the Electronic Chasm |
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23 | (1) |
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Practical EHR Goals, Requirements, and Standards For Success |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (3) |
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Quality Care, the Medical Diagnostic Process, the Physicians' Medical Record, and E/M Compliance |
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29 | (20) |
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29 | (2) |
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The Medical Diagnostic Process and Quality Care |
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31 | (2) |
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Structured Medical Records and The Promotion of Quality Patient Care |
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33 | (4) |
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E/M Compliance, the Medical Record, and the Diagnostic Process |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (5) |
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45 | (4) |
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Information Integration: Data, Protocols, and Process |
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49 | (20) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (4) |
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56 | (6) |
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E/M Compliance, the Diagnostic Process, and Medical Record Solutions |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (6) |
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PART 2: ANALYZING PREVALENT ELECTRONIC H&P DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS |
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Assessing Potential Barriers to Success With Electronic H&P |
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69 | (16) |
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Surveying the Current Electronic H&P Landscape |
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70 | (8) |
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Overview of Electronic H&P Challenges |
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78 | (3) |
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Placing H&P Design Issues on the EHR Enhancement Agenda |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (4) |
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Toolkit for Analyzing Electronic H&P Software |
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85 | (8) |
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Evolution of the Current E/M Compliance Paradox |
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85 | (2) |
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Medical Record Design Elements |
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87 | (4) |
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91 | (2) |
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The Source of Electronic H&P Design Issues |
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93 | (28) |
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Reimbursement Policies and Patient Care |
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93 | (2) |
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Identifying the Common Causes of Data Entry Design Problems |
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95 | (1) |
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The Evolution of H&P Design and Functionality |
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96 | (2) |
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Copy and Paste Functionality |
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98 | (1) |
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Graphic User Interface Issues |
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99 | (4) |
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Narrative Interface Issues |
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103 | (7) |
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Summary of Problems With the Use of Macros |
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110 | (4) |
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Increasing Speed Is Not The Same Achieving Efficiency |
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114 | (1) |
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E/M Compliance and the Need to Address Medical Necessity |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (3) |
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Data Entry Design Issues: The Medical History Component |
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121 | (16) |
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Potential Side Effects of Increasing Speed of Documentation |
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121 | (1) |
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Overview of the Medical History Component |
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122 | (1) |
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Chief Complaint and PFSH (Initial Visit) |
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123 | (2) |
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Review of Systems (Initial Visit) |
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125 | (3) |
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PFSH and ROS (Established Patient Visit) |
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128 | (6) |
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134 | (3) |
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Data Entry Design Issues: Examination, Making Decision Making, and Nature of the Presenting Problem |
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137 | (16) |
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Analyzing the Physical Examination Component |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (5) |
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146 | (1) |
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Coding Software Compliance Limitations |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (4) |
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PART 3: REENVISIONING THE ELECTRONIC H&P |
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Design and Functionality Criteria for H&P Success |
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153 | (16) |
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154 | (1) |
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Goals for the Electronic H&P |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (8) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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Data Entry Parameters and the H&P Design Toolkit |
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169 | (24) |
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Options for Data Entry Personnel |
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169 | (2) |
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Options for Delayed Data Entry |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Assembling the Data Entry Toolkit |
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172 | (5) |
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Toolkit for Data Entry by Writing and Dictation |
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177 | (7) |
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Functionality and Protocol |
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184 | (5) |
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189 | (4) |
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Design Solutions for the Medical History Component |
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193 | (22) |
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Chief Complaint, PFSH, and ROS: Initial Visit |
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193 | (15) |
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PFSH and ROS: Follow-up Visits |
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208 | |
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History of Present Illness (HPI) |
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206 | (5) |
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Data Entry Tools Available for the Medical History |
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211 | (1) |
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Functionality of the Medical History Component of EHRs |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Design Solutions for the Nature of the Presenting Problem |
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215 | (10) |
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Integrating the NPP into Software Design |
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215 | (1) |
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Design for Compliance, Quality, and Efficiency |
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216 | (5) |
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Design and Functionality for Physicians Working Wiht a Paper Data Transfer Medium |
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221 | (1) |
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Design and Functionality for Physicians Performing Direct Data Entry |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (3) |
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Design Solutions for the Physical Examination Record |
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225 | (16) |
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Design for Compliance, Quality, and Efficiency |
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226 | (5) |
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Design Enhancements for the Graphic Interface Section |
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231 | (3) |
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Data Entry Tools Available for the Physical Examination Record |
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234 | (4) |
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Functionality of the Physical Examination Record |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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Design Solutions for Medical Decision Making and Final Nature of the Presenting Problem |
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241 | (22) |
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Identifying Current MDM Challenges |
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241 | (3) |
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EHR Design and Functionality Principles to Address the MDM Challenges |
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244 | (7) |
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Design Features for Each Section of MDM Documentation |
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251 | (1) |
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EHR Design Considerations for Impressions, Plans, and Data Ordered |
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252 | (2) |
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Data Entry Tools Available for MDM |
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254 | (1) |
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Functionality of MDM Documentation and the NPP |
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255 | (6) |
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261 | (2) |
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Additional Design Features for the Electronic H&P |
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263 | (22) |
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Time-Based E/M Care (Counseling Visits) |
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264 | (2) |
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Unconventional E/M Services |
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266 | (1) |
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Documentation Tools To Help Physicians Working With Other Clinicians |
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266 | (1) |
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Patient Educational Materials |
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267 | (1) |
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``Translational'' Consultation Reports |
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267 | (1) |
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Subsequent Care: Summary Screen for Prior Encounter |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (2) |
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Report Design and Protocol Functionality |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (4) |
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281 | (4) |
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PART 4: PRACTICE TRANSFORMATION AND HEALTH INFORMATION TRANSFORMATION |
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Roadmap for Successful Practice Transformation: Avoiding the Electronic Chasm |
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285 | (10) |
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The Medical Practice Transformation Process |
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286 | (3) |
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The Practice Transformation Pyramid |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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Preparation for Practice Transformation |
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295 | (14) |
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Building a Transformation Team |
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295 | (2) |
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Establishing Criteria for the Electronic H&P |
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297 | (5) |
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302 | (1) |
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Setting Economic Parameters |
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302 | (5) |
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307 | (2) |
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Practice Transformation: Foundation Level |
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309 | (14) |
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310 | (1) |
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Overview of Software Evaluation |
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311 | (3) |
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Software Evaluation Tools |
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314 | (2) |
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Developing an Iterative Process |
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316 | (3) |
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Investing in a Solid Foundation |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (2) |
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Practice Transformation: Health Information Transformation (HITr) |
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323 | (18) |
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323 | (3) |
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Components of Health Information Transformation (HITr) |
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326 | (1) |
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Physician Compliance Assessment and Training |
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326 | (7) |
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Confirmation of EHR Design and Functionality Customizations |
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333 | (1) |
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Verification of Successful Transformation |
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334 | (3) |
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Streamlining the HITr Process Following Initial Success |
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337 | (1) |
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Value of the HITr Process |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (3) |
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Assessment and Transformation for Practices Already Using EHRs |
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341 | (10) |
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Status of Groups Currently Using EHRs |
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342 | (1) |
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The EHR Assessment Process for a Practice |
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342 | (5) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (3) |
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Conclusion: The Role of Practical EHR in Health Information Technology |
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351 | (2) |
Appendix A: Calculating Costs of Paper-Based Medical Records |
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353 | (4) |
Appendix B: Calculating Medical Practice Overhead Costs |
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357 | (4) |
Appendix C: Table of Risk |
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361 | (2) |
Appendix D: Relating NPP and E/M Levels of Care Compliance |
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363 | (4) |
Appendix E: Importance of Adhering to E/M Compliance With Electronic H&P |
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367 | (8) |
Appendix F: Sample Electronic H&P Screens and Forms |
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375 | (14) |
Appendix G: Sample Forms for EHR Evaluation |
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389 | (10) |
Appendix H: Benchmarks for EHR Design and Functionality |
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399 | (2) |
Appendix I: Practical EHR Axioms |
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401 | (4) |
Index |
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405 | |